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Q Ct+)

!= o-Q'(t}'K=+o=
c]ocl. edg" se",ls
tha

Qhr,. T= K --

lo
l

*l.o_

,-,-Z

s,u,,.,

.qo)h= qiq =L

OrJ

++,-

\)V.l^

FF ls

Cl\a,,eeFg

5=o

V.4^

^_7/t_

o,^r-*b,na

Gro,t">Wb*l af

(Q=4,q'=,o)
5=|V*o + si
l)
(Q = o , Q'=
rel,t
,,
l
h-- ,

3*A2 K=

a{,

:ff

'

nt*t

oJr*

'

C+{,* , Q =o)resLtcl"k)
q,,l"o.1+.4

. Q '+ ( )'Q = Q
,|* cova?le
*h.o v.*t* c)d- eAY

=1

?*

"*tF-t.

D= o.Q'+(o) e =0* -- a ) nch,.*),


1V.lJ.'.' _a**, ow}p,i

ti

-Tl..r- -r_(

r"u!q) fl,,- tl

_T t?
l:hL

af

E_

is

Ftr ar.4

a_ eonnPlo,nne*.**

, [.r^

i^

rJ'

+J

sr-

co.r_

bz o6{_o,i,d {r"

{"g4lr-.

r
CLIL

K
T

FF

fu. *Io K

ob,*#,.,.ad

ff

-{rc, a5K FF

w?- haA th,

6.oh*t sg*Ua0 of r

'

{"\Iowt'*5,

el

uoir" {"-

dJa ++^2--Ta,^,d- K lnPy*s,*'


eT^o\
cor_ o'b*ar, +t^2 {"tLo,,tq

D--TQ'+T'Q

D=oe q=a

,ror 'T>O i

N\.J^ T =,t

"

l,-* t

P= TQ'+ Kq

Wh,O.tn. ,4ra,

w{

O*

rr,

a -re

a,,a_.^,-

it

+t,4 o'J+le^)
(l^o* v.o o,o,*'\.

S=46Q:Q'(+L*

qt. t

lqtt*,tl

d \T ry

Cha--Je-,}l,e Tablo
Q(++)
'r

"

4+

in p*,*

"h""S,

(,l",,\ta,[o"J"
t)

Ch orac{<ti
-TI"L Log'r,,a

c ?uaf,,

p-o

nS

a* FF l, a,s
|

"{"*{l- / cAJ1-

a clruorac*erh'c- elnfi,b"
Fl.ip _ Flop

uc.tb,

=P
Q k+) = f,Q'+ n'Q

Q&*4)

=Q(+)
L+

cE

,t{h

Q (t+1)

'r| l+rL

ba efressd -_l2*.*bt1

C}o..o.e.}e--,\

D
JK

dudb"a

,,

+ ;

TQ'+r'q

,=T

oQ

,ta cto&}rg"ji+.bn,
pn.so^t sloi/i_ i^^*e&"leQ ,b"{,*

re*JJ'l' (' -'


Neu* Jl..4

'ld'Q

'/p'L

#ans ii"o n

'

bi.oc qzr;
re
+l*+ *<_,ar-J.,- k {",*-1+,*
,'5,1Ja1
,:: *rry^oL,-
_JA. o<_i
) l'uo,eF'
Jow^,a rr
Son^u
,
,}r,*_
,6*_|*,inaa,nJ"clt
;b5{aie
+" 4l^4- 9}
(

' ln e,,*
- "9..e.#t^aclbe-i
- ''cJeo'| or o)*<},<s, |r"p*

ot 1"2 ?r'
j,:s+"t"
yy,
glta_n 4a,
a,ll trF'J
.,J,4_ ,,o1"" {o, b,,,,,y,'na
hgrJ>
,
T},.
,
is J_rL,.naw
rr,.rr,i ,r-*r'' i^^fu f ior L {a 'o&overb^'
pou_},/_

3 ,t""'*.,a_ ^d,j+"!

'

ln

+.t^4_

%a.{-c^_-to

l5

!-

$.

Rese-t ^ O

Q=O Q/=l
rcr+}s,l"te
',;1"llwb
inJ2pal6{1g ot D:
(*}

'(ur:t:*""

4 oDftp-ft"p wilh

q*ci+ronotrs -<J*

/cor*

,-+
l

ircui eiiagram

.-

See

f(t*l}

X rit
n t x,
} t
e!r{i"j@

{h}

Srgp}iyuti

l6

{h}

|
{

Funetim ahle

Dire lnputs
one

FFs

hant_',,a_s"6n<hra4oLs inp.^ts

}"

FP

:",=--lhro-

+o

parti"u,)a.

S{al- in{epa,M+\ ,( {l"a cloric*. Thes.e inpu-ts a^fe_:


Fecet
direc" se* i"pnt tk"l sds ,l!,e_ F *o L (q= 4,Q'__u)
""_
<,leor ," JiM
+hot kl" +h4 FF 4" o ( q=o, Q'= )

.
,

.^ in q+J=s5s4e."^ , fhu sle^tu +l.,L Fr s


^_
"t
ur,t.nOd^ , fl& d,'<c* hp"r or.e_ *sz"l. J l"rh6_ al( AFs in {tr"a,sc6s,l.e.r^
{u a- }cnour, strl,'ng sd^{e p".-b" {v fl- ctocJ<-ed qer*'on

UrV,u {L.- pouer is dnqd

prr,h'v<-- e.t?p, +*36ar"el

sh,un
Dire<L

D trF oilt^ p.ese[

and,

clear 'uputs aie

belOvC

SeL 9

(o. PrelzL)

Dir<ct Re*L

(or Cled-)
PRr.str

Circutf diag.o,r-

Funch'aa- Table,
m?uT
LR PRE

LK

X
0

D {/;p-{/op with

PR.ESEr

,t,

0
4

ti

*,4+)

x
x

qssl)

ourP,uT

and OAR nvLs

-47 -

4
.1

a
4

Q{

q{(t}

q$)
4

e,C9
o

4NALYsls 0F cLocKED sEquENT,tAt cetlT


Anat5sls "f

c'rer.* fro,^

rhe

drct J"s".iks *|e belavior


tha inpu}: , oc,*u*s orot -the stale { ''k Frs

oJpJ'

PreSal S*a{e

c)o<.|.eol s.qt./*}i4[

"J

*ha

ar,,d. the

nexts}"J* are

bo*h

r,.$o*o{

lha

i.,puts qnd-l?a

"

Tlr. ana/7is of q se1uemh'ql cr7arr)* consk


anJ then- /he gl^e l"Llu o. slokJ-io.",n,

l, o(

obfan'ng

}hn_rl&

;tate fuqglo* :

A s.lole e1 uahor.,- (orlransitbn flralion) is an tglio;.EnoJion


}h-prr,} lak qnel^ inpuls .
*haL specifies /he next s}"le 4s,a,fi"no{"n
"{

Fyample

ns,Jt lhe

FFs (A anolB)

sa7"en];a& ceftr;^tshown belor. I+ co,sts

and an ,input X aral

a outprt

d h,

pt{)x(*)

A'(t)xtt)

{Att+BQ)Jx't+)

Fo" q

FF

, 4he nex* shle

cloc}- {rag1+,}n. -fhe{o

Q(t+) ,s

qL

caJ^ u,"iJe

1- *he D input +ftr tt


+}.4 6l/a,l^5 si,ate elr$ons i

EuJ

A(++,t) = AC+) x(t) a B(+) x(+)


ts (ti)a A1({)x(+)
_48

The l"(+sile a{{h. J]d{o1u.hi,'rn, ,.J)+h (++) Jur,o k thgncrts}o{. .{ +h.


FFs one c),ur ia*er.
a B*.l<n'",
llr.Qiph+sH_C +t^4 s{""l.e Eato*'n
e{pnesbn }hat specifi'<_ tht e"t .k otnol. tha i*6[ cenJ{br,, thot
yl6j_ tL.e nZxl-s},^{a e?a0-{* L.

5.n- a\[ 4he volabta in I*e %""le.",. axpnassans o{?* o,


F*"Jr-r,., of Jlopr-eszr}St *,l,.*., uJe ca.J,.\ o*,.^L {hc J*,gn ^*ion () af{e. eruci,q vg,i|",b
{o. e.-orrven' enaL a-y\L co-v\ e*fr<ss ll,ra, s*","k ela'ans in {h- rruoeQ otp
.p..^

= Ax + _Bx
gCL+ {)
= Alx

,A (t+.{)

^:r*3 , }hu pr<x,n#-slqle


at6l"nl c,,lLx a.s

t(q
B1

ne,."ovlnp,

o{a+uo*tp*^. ca-- be_ ep.e:sao(

LA( +B&\J

x'k)

+t" ,a*"U{ (gl - l+.L?,asfu-t slata uQ obl"

blalU,nelra-h,b"l
S*q"le Ia.b t-

ro[,^_

', Th-

_\

.pqt_e^<A

"+

(a *b) x
#^o

be s|o*n i, s+aL
,$.fluuhp *wc S.*r.
ca*,-

inp,_u*s ,

hll. k.}r.rrLirr:

/4<n

our^

o,^ipu}s o_r.d Ftr J.taJJ


+*.1 }n ore of 44<_

stote ToH for the ciruit

prgnt
tte lnput

i{ext

Stte

AB

t8

00
00
0l
01
l0
l0

00
0t
0
l
00
0
0
l0

ll
ll

Output

Mi*rrr'dr.ffilffi
ata

i
^
o o
0
0
l l

yP"
O al
l t

00

00
0t|
00

la
0

l
t

l0
{0
00

bbla, h"Or/.-}o ltsl all possible @mb'na{_r'on


4 lh" pre"r.,. sla.k: u,l 'np,.{:s ( A,{b,and c $r *l eanple),

fn mqb"rf a ak

,'^

_4q-

-(ha ne*t
sl'z.k val,s a" fhar. de*4r-'"AJ fo^*h. *ak elu*'e,s
(or fun lhe logi"- Jro*),
ln gzrr.erl-, L sJp4+'ol ok;.*,ui*l. rn FFs, onA n npu*: nead,s 2^*n
novJs in *he s}at bte- , -T-lnp-"nu*| shJb|| eo,, h*s rn g,lonas, on_

F. eor FFw?Vi,ca|ly.
-B

I.n

:.

a.

,fu|

s}a.}e

)lot,n,n,

i. *lo,5qa+l. bt n ,r.Oa.,
's,lz.:]g5
a.e hJ:oJe"t b6
- (e l".k 4n','af^.L) fra-"sl'o w bllwav
dcec*ol ltnel co,,na<,}ing Jt, dnJe,s,

e s*^le *ra^
houn v)ou

-'tl

,!

++.-

sl,^IM ctnt

W-^ ,h

l+, a"o-mple

Sfak_ J ia 9*^

-The

yg,""lu he
fu*
l-heL;no-1 nenbqr

slo]e
t!

infoonah'on

.sn"ne
,idz eac}

as ll,g- slate

la-blq

ide,h',fe {Aeshte's
+lr_rrr.
"!
7he d,'recled /nes a"e labeleal "ilhluo bna7 n.rb,es sepa,Jl<l
b? n sla-h ( r., scn| value fh" iopni /*ron&'rl outp"t ud,n)
"I
Nok -hat 1h e oup** oc,r' duia the pr<sent-*a t<- ar.a[
wi#, *le lndi"a|d try, and hoS ,,o*hhs {" d u'|lh lheJraasilon
$" *he nax slu+-.

kr

c,'relg

exar7le, [hp- J,leJed l,ie $a^ stale OO 4a Ot ts labeterl Jl/o,


neaniy that uhen lha sEu*hoJ drr,n* fs in fhe p*sent s}ata oo
o"d t|ne tnpui, is 4 lhe ou,lpu \ O, A(# }he',,,e+ cloct q"le,
Ihe drcA;t re, {" the hextsh{e 91. Ifthe ,'"r*t <ha"ys L q
_2g -

lnp,r

*oh L,

sta{..a

1l

l,

es

shifts lo Oo slatr-; ,r+h.


*hav, -l/,u.-,qrt bzene, Oor.d *h FFs g"er h

}ha" ]l,,c nrr+rrr beunes

o^d the

A J;,.e"lel

line eonnec{r'nto cindc uilh l+A(

ind*'ea{e +l4"* no chor.e

o {le- occu,,,,
1he.e s no d;fiQ.enq beluqer\ a SL}a ble and as{aJe d,'a6ra" excpt
,
n lha ,.o.hn er -f, <?,esorbJio,a.
- The s}a* tale is aaser h Aerivc-- fror^ agnve{ byL Jla6n ^ and
*h a s{.'o-{e 1a*'ons .

-fhz sl,,"}e- d,ax-ov"


w- PJen'a{ vie^ of sL{e {ra",sbns ard.
s ir- *ha ftn^ ynofe su*oL\a p_ huno_^ in}erp.efu#on +++rL

eira"lit

ip - Flo

afra;lie.

p lnpu

"

Eq rolr'ons

{,ru,r}r'oos +ho, du*il*-l]a np*h


ffs
"#}lQ
inrui Erel,'ons (orrsome*ime, axd{u*ba e7a*ions) .

Tbe boolean
cqlleg|

fF

an<_

77e Boo/ea"n {*cl,^ons decr'bh6 +1,4 po{ 4t" *,$na*ion*(.h.r*ij


,*t 1aetes ++ e;rJv"aL a,*puts. *- cJle.l owtp'i E,aibns ,

Fo.

exo*n,pl,

the

t1,7, -

l"o

'n1>,L eq

ugfrbn

Dq=x*/

h,,o*, a D ltp-Lry uhogou:tp.f ts la}de{,wi{h a+,rynbJQ,


a-nl uJLs- hPl* b obh."e4 fun qJ\ OR Tp,fu ,,Jia hp{s X aal 6.

yt)eo,n

For *hep,wvfo*s .xqiple crnsislrhg l *,,o trFs A o.rd, B r


aad e*, o"*P** g 441a^ FF inpnf, 49u*}ions ad ]-+rg-o.ru*

Ax + Bx
Dg= A'x

y=

(a+B)xl
*2-

inpef,;<,

E,an

The FF irp,,i

y'a{lans i^plnY fur" ./

g^bil, anol *2
tLn

FFs

tr

*lA

rllx 7e.'{{.o"bno,na4.

{*^

a.l,z,i*"

.l&4- l,Lt4Q-

+r^ Jr*'.qs

Nale U^t *l,z ixp} Eai,o, o D r is iJenl'coy' h t-h* stal.o


]hzQ4 *ah'on- Th B b-u:" /to chara,earthL eryation tha*
Eurz
wxL *h{e lo *1,2 ual- of li'L 9 h7*t :
Q (+ ; = DL
A na l,,ts

Suporo

wilh D

trli> - F/oP5

\ #4

"l."r.j
il""t-6a*

].

oor"!ia_ is J,zsc-.'b.ed bx,lha_in p,r* qq,J-al;on

Da=Aoxey

7he D^ s5rnbot impiie a, 1) FF ,i ov*p,** A. The x and- y vlu


aca **a inp.,ls ,lo +l,,e rJJr*, Na o*ta e7*bn3 a-Fe g^lwr, ,^. kel
iqplie lho ,lde o":}p*f c-on43 {rn ,ll.c oui7*of lha FF.
t'/ze logL

d,'an^

s oLh;ne

fu*, [he

hp,..t

eyat;on a.s $lloos:


Ne

Present

te

Inputs tato

r}
A
A(t+) -_ A&)
xo/
= D1-- A a

(a)

(ru,

ll

Circui diagram

0
0
0
0

00
01

0
1
00
0
0
1

(b) ae table

,+

*.*-.:

00.lt

:*
(

01, {)

(c) Slate digram

EquenqL circuiL i{h

^22-

D FF

Ihe stqh lob* hos ora ol,^n $*ila.v.- ycse:* s+d-t , A FF ; |ua catwn3
.fo" 1hc-{"o i"puJ (x anAy)l one 6olnn {2n h,* ne*|slaJeaA . AXy a<lkrl {.1,. ooo ]+nough | 4 4 . TLo- ext s{,lg va l: at- obLnc,L {ort.

*a

Sta+<-

edipq

A(++{)=
-ihe eP<ssioq
s7ec,Y'u
n llre lurrn

fi.fll-

-The

an
,q-o{

odat {**J-'on anoL

slala

ai^

;s.Eullo t

u|nonly

&q*^

a,a" *osl,".Je , lhe. s{"E


unsilsqf
s{a{a . The pcsnn* o& and-'t{reou-rt
nalig*eJ" by4l_wu-,.b* ,hsida J{"- c.',elas. A slash

arr*, has ona FP


"lO c\te*S ) or.Q_ $r ach

c.r. te_ O or 4 , r
on l,-r-'rec:l4 les is
aon.bino-L\on& c"}u^i
a-9y,^ti.,a{onu

Aoxoy

6n

I neAe", beca.:-- Jlran is no opu.t P.


, Tha ]uo inp,*k @1 harc_ {o,r possble
no

, Tw o inp co*Linc.fiUn, d,fit^& ge:chS&{e


U.x_a_ .pv,*fua *o sin"p\Q *t- uoha^.

eo-cl^ sta*e-

tar,si{ion arO Jfan_H

++-

-2? -

#Ano!
{lresam *E *h. kr} e.'niion.
u1ha^ a "Fp olhu ffi*, tlr-e_ D w id,r 5cA as TlLor T,
t is's nea,s*1
ne
Tr,.t
*o JJa I.* ctaraate,n:hb-l ,ro,t*n' /o oblo. /},a rz*t e h b- Va[g-s ,

D rF

Fpr

a_

T*

ne*

ffs

/te_,/a/+ e,a.Lbn

sl"Je. -"-9rzr

- *futlJ;rr.

d*^^:

an* bLprWJ as follous,


1, Dp_l(,-,-iw,, l+,L rc ^nJ e{ulja^s in
O-r."d- )op.u* v^lrbs

2,, lr:+-

binfl

3. ,sz, ll.

,ra,.lrrr'

{",

volr* in

Ob+Lr^ #^.u

,r

o{ l,L 7r<s*_b slala

,lfyyrJ

erJ" 'np.* ,fl*a,ra,

stqk EuAhbnS
La,Llz ,

.-l^o,*+.Se;r+t +c. Le-(on t"l,-

}1r- nx| s{q]c--

Evovn?le-

J+rrt ,e TlLor r

*}.o_ s|-o,A

s*a, +ajr{

e.ln*iol erfu";r Sh-attn blJo" ,

*J

_ll," s{a...c-

) +, ,'fElarmhe

oln'arLlZ"o^

.o. }he

io*t

7rL4 _irnat e?ua*rs ot lhe

c.i--

Je= Ka=*,
lB= N' f(a = A'x * A.T' : dsx

-24-

Tle_ s*al* L*bla

o lire

Prg*snt

tatt

rywJraL,

ci,e,i.t

r*p.fup

il|.gxt

lnput

rt

t}0
CIo

l,nputu

I fr4 g
00l0
000l
ll0
l00l
00ll
0000
ltl
000

l
00
ll
10
1l
0
00
1l

0
01
0
0

l(g

,t*e i*p^*
o{,tlra *{e +Ak ) b't ae.
{".|t,,a"
Ee.*,i*,",{s-E 4,pr
"dg/*
(os
spaueL in s44f 2. 1-1r* po*llu " The
ra.laJ o{ Jha vxt, +rk
.,o[u^r.s a<-tot neade{ ">lr,n +}.-stak aqLh;ns a<" u-a,l,

/lo b;"ry naLas FF i,l,,^* (, K,

ftlaprc-t ,rlaleS

Tha nex* s{ck


..,^1

J,,,d.

{ ede

+4o_ aha35.*t+1,h'a-,

% t o^Acg)M {o_ 4*e c_ombinaiprv


b, a+d* 44*" il-r* X .

F /s o[hi,,-a {,o,- |,c aorrtsp"al" TK


Wt* o./ tr* ,Tl< FF ?;)-^ bon

,"paf_s

C}raac],*rr*Z, 7a\le

Q&+)

o
o/

No *z
R,Ji

4o
11

The

6,

9,rs.ns

.fiov,,o {+re

an *ts" be

obh*nql, bI e^rlu,l.'nf,
*}a.,gcJern"{l E,r<,-rb 4..( ,6rllrws ,

nerl" rld.Ix v*Lel

CVa,zuwsc qnon
5*!

s},

}i A a"nd b

,{*

7V-

"

"I q LL} ,
A(t +a)= TA/+*A
'nr]ad

b(,++|)=

B+Klb
-

2-

(I

+*.c +o&"

t)= Jq'r+) + X'Qr*l

5"ls${.*l7 .-val*es .*
W

ot>{on

hhe

JA , |14 r

eg-oas'

sJaJg.-

A&ffign,)'A
B(t+) ,>'B' +(Ae

Ig, u,L(-E

'n ***ohove elua}ions

A,rr+(a)+x)A. A'b*AB'+ Ax,

x)'B=

B'u'+ (*qx+,Ax')'b

B'.' +[a' *)', (lv')' ] o

= b'xt +

=gL|+

L$

K') , ( A'+*

)]g

(*Ar+4'x **x')a

= '*. + Atsx + At

xl

Thesc s}aJe eqatl*s 7on,'Jas +tL brL vol*s &. *ho_ .o|rra heo{pj|
' N"b S{ok" in the s{,-r/+ fublc, No k **at +^a aolgytns heo-{ed
" Fl'p-{lop lnp,*| " a,<. rwl neeJ,^oJ- wl-l,. when s{ataqua,t'oru o-,.szd"
,

Lahle 4s

ftLlo g

i,

Nole-

ho no

so
fnp,.t x

l-S1

*,

lina

,,rq_ {hLftrr;t

o,gful, t

.t +hLcr-Jes are

morlel i{t^

S2
L

-26 _

onLg

lhe-re"e*e"t

1}v- v".[rr,* a{ X

Anahjs w{
-Thu

o,.*Ltr

+K

FFs

,ra*l"

pltp-Flops

i Q a" solr*Ll

7h4

cj,-u^t i-tl
r",s i. si^ita,^ {p {dJ
me*l
vo&-u, in *lu s{.al ]ohlo co- |n obhuad
"*"{e

or *:Lrp-cnaracJe.4zt

Tho cAorcfu,tblI #ta "f a T ft'e-floP

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a T FF

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rast

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andB

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,,

ong irpu* xro-d or*

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y,

lhe ,:rp't anal oulp,t

Eua}'ans

Bx
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TA=

--Ab
S{ql EuaJbnr afe

:f,g

i"

otta-'rned Uy suls*{r{
]le <hou"ac-*e"r's*ic- e1,+a}lor,s ) ,d^eldi"E

^(L+)

n?.lM i"p

eq,J-blons T:and

= (a*)'A+ |br)A'* (B'+ x')A + A'Bx


=

b't

Ax + A'Bx

B&.)= x@9
TtL nexl,slok- ,r"lrra
A a.r\4 B dl<" oblaiheJ ta+-, the,e slg"ial*ol+bns
"
a,,.d,,'.sen{*.{ in ila_
fr{lrr'n| ,al- Ul*.
lt*

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tat

ltlxt

lnput

tte

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0CI
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l

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ba-t 1" oo,

wil4

Lzh*r<

4 rr,*

A/o{e +ho* sin<.a *he cirL has ,o nd*k,


}he d",reJr?pl Lings o*"I +|,e*reJ; d4 m,nkc},,ilh ]4ro val,-a t +," inp** oL1, -fh,-,r6lrr44
C +4,4 ou}pu* ? a-re 5}o,^ i* lha_ crYales ^fl*
ain glah berase Lh" a,r}rr" &re^ds ontg
on lir-p,ell*S.la-l+l A.a,4_13; ,{ i 'n4ep1,/4rt o /t4 hpu.x"
*gg *

i'4eah_anl Noo"e Mod,)s


-T|e-u--are-

MoorZ

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nodt

^o/nJ'

al Finik

S*oJq MachinB_s

"lr-c-;fu, Tfu lea\ moal[and 1,1z


only lfu,ena r orLto_gprrakbn 4 E ,Ja*

*1ue--,h'o!*

slr1o*n bo|.ow .7712

Mcal Machlnc

Owuu

(Meal_v-*pe

lllooe Mmhinc

0upus

{Moorc-rype

Block dignams of Mealy

Wr

fu^aL

+U

lr

. o'b,rt

I" tho Wo* node!-,lh+

nd Moo sttt n*hlnec

i qfun

oM

eh'on

c! d-{*"c},>"

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(o*

lh.

go

'&,

ru hr,

,no,Je* a/ a-g?"urt>,!. d-*r;h a, ,+{e,"ea -h a5 a- Finik-Sl*+e(or l*


noch),^-)Ma-&ne- (ran) ; Th%,-'""' *rr*a_* as
'"4F"
alLd. l4o0g Ela (or 1,1oo,e n^a",r .

An ea*n7lo a Neo\ mo dal.. i

ilh

Frs. l+<v.- ) W,",r+*


an
b,
a
ohk' "{ A

{,o. D

p,<sa*l

q'r<r,
u

h Fig, ,l{

o} +i"4 booL (/l,auxa"plo

is o-,fic*'or ,d

be itp r

a-^A-**a

i
i4 Fi;5.1t 41ta hot ( l*exaopL
An exa:^nple
"! a Moore,n*rdn!- a;rre,^
N;th l*o iK {s. H<se,ltr,,- o}p* 3 o ,*,o*o^ o! ++,L ,csL s+""lJ anl"4_"

- 29_

Ano|lrf

e*ctrr\ple

shon in
o

urrpJ

i|n

1I.'z

Fb,

is,l,\a se|uent1 o!* rrr;)*.rith 1uo T rFs


o! ._ ,oore
^oAlL
ZO "/ 1* bgoh*. He.e, a+,-o,-.*p,^t aa"<,,J only + ]tr^e_ ?s

a.Or --\"ich are

orL,

f.gn*t

ows

ta"-o-

rr<-se--*

sttz

1vg'-*;,a-L ,ri"rr;* a.e JU nchv


d2+4r-J- or,t: on f-F
*ho-t o"e
^o,^*pt
t lr""Jr!

oqrh^Js *!

fu.c"sq.- ++r.r5

of,

++,2-

ai_d

.oa ,^il4 }lg 4o.1-| 3J^ o


n^- an!_ ) +vrL o\}?^J., ,^.5
lhz-cLoJ-. Thr|s ca-l4-5 1*o,""e-^loX-flln
choru6,a iA W- t"p"J, ,J.*"?s- 4
vo_Lrro a* ]aa or-tp,^*s bza.su 4 ++,,L a"\: bel"r-p,.l&,a inp.,r rary
cho..t, lnorJ.r k s-,tr^.rr.,j2e_a
oL *l,^-t- ?F ory
'"* Wa/rui/.,
+l,Linpu*s o{,W,4 sellil-o! crtr o,rL rn-s l Vz_ 5v,wc).rpnizJ-,i
LL,_ l/<_
e|,ocl,+ ru*d +h2 o,,dTr,-,J, n^r.J,l bz sa--pLJ. ;wrr,ra_L"}efo b.{o<_ ll,, e/predff.
e.a2ara *}af
The inp}S a,,e or,d- +1^ ina"t,rre
111^; c"""-l,_ ]o
"dr
-lha inp,rJa
4 +lo FAs s}a.biLrz bzk* +.a- oc*;E ed_z_l+fu_ clo"l-"/f,
o ez-rt . Th^^J , *la o,ptr.$ +|r,,t l24 ry\elfu- k IV.- val.e^ -}h.* *

"?-.h".

?*_s4J^t

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&* d " inp,r*/o,r*pt". lr,

a_ i\i.ooce rc,r^;L o*[ua aae ft|*k(cd in }t..


+

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cir.es

in

lfu

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TATL k$.croN AND

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in a

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t"odarfu<d,

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is re#-ed,

as W,2- re_d.r.a

akJr^Ut,, ,,l,-l.

ir|

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nl

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Sin"-- rh FFs proJuro 2n s{o:lzs , a ,dJ,L}o^ inf,l,g-vvv^/leer


+t s{*k, rh e_ (or nag_na?) re-l} h a rdr*o*,u on io' lho ny,-ber a/ Frs,
Palr;^ ll,_ nn*b* *t FFs sor<}o^z_ a__3_3 al,.- inu<.a.5L i"."tho-nJr,,,b4r
cornbi""o"ijpnil afu in{l,a e|va!a*,b clwu/e , U)e -ltl [l,k"lZ U,^2_
s+o,Je__ *dubn f r cz-A<- wi$_ aL e_{^"\-plt .
Ex.or^ple

inp"* {

]"
Q,

,to

Fo. +.hL S+e*L J.t.f fr,,,, q;J4^ lou, qnsiJ-- *+,l t"p,r* quq^L
o t o^ ol l o t O o sla,tio5 {on^ {h_ inilo2- l{"* q, Ea-cL,
a.,d 4 ?ad^as a,. ovtp;g. fl O a,r.al 4 or,,d rg,*Sa-J {4r/-JrJ,,,"

lhrgne{ slrr*-,

|lnis euarwp

941vfu^.c-l/> are-

uua ^"4

stq{e,

no*4

le, ,noz

o/o

lU

h7,,,*

_o",|pt

"^g
np o,+4Af) #a fnk*noL {oJ<l alZ
h p,ov;4- lL-xl,rrr.e4 qLq-^LL
,i-,'J..

lh-"j^l2s a.e_da+o:Ua

ellert inrle^a q1 bi.ro.fr*v&),


Fr-, }+,-sk}-

5."r^ vJL ob{err'

o*p* o-.,.A 3\r_eJLe_ fo.


jv.l,L aJ $|rw
;++v J+,o circ:n^b ;^

.?q

1+r4-

{+a..pt e." V,

i"it'J sl-fu

a_)

5+al
a-n ,'^p; ,{ O p raAa.e a^ o^-Lp** O
ar"a W,- -*,,* MJ^"; inh*a a_ ,
uJ,{k p"ec"*'stae a* a^L;npr^b o( L, fu o1aJaJ s zq.* ar.-d lhy.r._*
S}aJ. ,'5 b , 69^{-,nu-inx? LLrr, ?focJJ, ,o $'"l ]t- cot*le!-- s-.1,a-yL4
+d b fus {-olLo, 5;

5+-J2
tnprut

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Lb
c d e { { 3 { 3 L
04g1olto,t
oo
o0ooO1lOlOO

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rlrre q"r*,slala } wi{k^ un {op ./ /l,_L ,jJ} colw"tw.

Iv {4 L;-"r/;t IL,a-Sl"}" on o{ n-anaturvs

ir,npor4z.,..h,q,

bacaae wa,u

n *Lo o,!7r^t slArJ,a ,"runn" 7 * |*p--* xJurc,, T1,4


*t c4.*
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n{e{eat or,l7

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ro],r {haw }]na_4u- c/*l dlb,{nh , t.}Q- ,,za-L--lo obw )4,.* {uJe_ "l"USin,a ]he

1or!,r(2-

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or Ah
Eui*lo*t s{r,tL. ..l,,z,^^ *t,e. {o _rlJea a"*, exulla-Or* oh.a*"]ra^
qr* fu,, ney,no,,,l_ w{lro
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^ Q,

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n staks , 1+r4,. eo&.rusl eortoi^ p bt t ,, whr*


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ard OuJtlar* - Srm,'n qv*btra,*,-o,+oL D*p*tol +r" *.1,rrr*;2^,a a,l-,
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tf, BooleaJ^ {,,a^ons
o. :
fu,\d. end,s q t^i{,[ q. lo2l'crr1y
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d.a-scn'p{bn ar.at spLi'caibn,


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al

s*{a +relg.

Fps {p bc ug/_,

quo./as ar".d ou*Prr E'-a,lrrs

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o *liu;e,z.o, a$ }hreL or N|ofe

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cons.cie l's in 6- st,ln5 o! LiB uning lhaarh a*, in7,r*Line


(ahe input i a se*r'al bt*'/.can) .

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ne* inp*t = L ) Eiq*g pe, {o _Sa

to

+h"

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in

i"Liro"o +-f,ro o;nn"! 1v 4o


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efe J.*ftJd-/
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not +hE ca S" he dK and- T FFs, In ""d- 1t Jr"Jer*q;rro +l.err'

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FFs

aJ<-

seol in

fo.

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tul,>" rlh.

Q(+)

af{t lr.r,u beLg",'

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