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Introduction to Levelling
Leveling may be the art of determining the relative heights or elevations of points are objects on the earths surface. It deals with measurements in a vertical plane.
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Introduction to Levelling
(Also called a foresight reading) It is a staff (or rod) reading on a point whose elevation is to be determined or on a change point. It is also termed as minus sight. It is the last staff reading denoting the shifting of the instrument. An Intermediate sight (I. S.): It is any other staff reading taken on appoint of unknown elevation from the same set up of the level. All sights taken between the back sight and the fore sight and the foresight are intermediate sights. A change point (C. P): It is appoint denoting the shifting of the level. It is a point on which is the fore and back sights are taken. Any stable and well defined object such as a boundary stone, curb stone rail, rock etc. is used as a change point. A bench mark may also be taken as a changer point. It is also called a turning point (T. P). A Station: It is a point whose elevation is to be determined. It may be noted that it is a point where the staff is held not the point where they leveled is set up. The height of instrument (H. L): It is the elevation (or the R.L.) of the plane of collimation (or plane of sight) when the instrument is correctly leveled. It is also called the height of plane of the collimation. To determine elevation of points two instruments are required, viz. 1. A level 2. A leveling staff or rod. The level: Level consists of essentially 1. Leveling head 2. The limb 3. Telescope 4. bubble tube Types of level: 1. Dumpy level 2. y level 3. Cokes reversible level 4. Automatic level
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