Unit 5 : Geometry

Preface:

Do you know dear student how the houses and buildings built? Are you seen one
day a design for building? Who sketches this design? What the architect use to reach
high accuracy? are geometrical instruments as the ruler , compasses, protractor and
triangles enough for that ?

This unit will take you to the world of geometry, Mathematical methods and logical
methods which are help the architect to sketch accurate designs .A set of methods will
display to sketch geometrical constructions using simple instruments; as un marked
ruler and the compasses depending on the properties of the circle with high accuracy
and after studding it we expect from you to:

1) Explore that any two perpendicular bisectors on two chords in the same circle

meeting in its center.

2) Explore the fact which says: The bisectors of the three angels of a triangle meet

at one point, which is the center of the circle sketched inside the triangle.
3) Compose problems related to the measures of the triangle angels and solve it.
4) Construct a circle given its center, radius and one of its points or three points of

the circle .
5) Construct the segments and the angels using several methods ( as fold papers,

the ruler and the compasses)

6) Investigate Pythagorean Theorem and apply it in problems related to area and
right triangles.
7) Prove geometrical facts included properties of the straight lines and the circles.

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 (5 – 1) The Circle

Bashar designed water fountain in his

house with horizontal range 10 meters in
all directions. He wants to cultivate the
area which can be irrigated through the
fountain, how can you help him?

:Remember
* A CIRCLE is the set of all points in a
plane that are equidistance from a given
point in the plane. The given point is the
CENTER, and the given distance is the
RADIUS.
* A CHORD is the segment that joins two
points on a circle.
Example 1:
Let O, P two points on the plane, draw a circle with center P and passes through O.
Determine to this circle:
1. Three radii. 2. Diameter. 3. Chord.

Solution:
Compasses is opened slot equal to
the distance between points O, P. focusing
the cape horns of compass at the point P
and then draw a circle. You will notice
that the circle passes through the point O
as in figure (5 - 1).
1. PO, PD, PS, Three radii of the circle.

2. SO, Diameter of the circle..

3. AB, Chord of the circle

2
 Training 1:
1. With reference to example 1 draw a circle with ?What is false
The circle is the situated
center O, and passes through P.
area inside a closed
2. If the distance between any two points A, B equal
curve, All of its points
to 6 cm, using the compass and a straightedge to are equidistance from
draw a circle with chord AB. known point..

Activity 1
Carpenter wanted to a the surface of a circular table from wooden platform in
the form of rectangular with dimensions 122, 244 cm as in the figure (5 - 2).
How can you help him in obtaining the largest possible area of the surface of
the table and more economical use of wood.
1) How many circular surfaces can be cut from a wooden board with the largest
possible area?
2) If a Carpenter chooses the circle centre at 70 cm from one of the edges piece
of wood. How many circular surfaces with largest possible area could be cut
from the wooden board?
3) If the Carpenter has not got a compass, what tools could be use instead?

Training 2:
Solve the issue problem at the beginning of the lesson 5-1 specified for a
certain area of land that could be planted and irrigated from the fountain.

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 Activity 2
Draw a circle with a radius 7 cm and center M.
Draw a chord A E: AE = 10 cm.
Draw a chord CD which does not interrupt the chord AE: CD = 10 cm.
Cut sectors MAB, MCD.
Congruent sectors MAE, MCD.
What is the relationship between the
measurements of the two central angels

AME, CMD?
What is the relationship between the

two arcs AE, CD.

:Result 1 :Remember
Two rays can be drawn from the
when we draw congruent chords in
center of a circle to form an angle.
a circle, then their corresponding
If the rays and the circle are in the
arcs are congruent. And their
same plane, such an angle is called
corresponding central angles are
a CENTRAL ANGLE, and their
.congruent
.arc as a part of the circle

Training 3
Draw a circle with center M on a paper
and then draw the angles: HMB,
COM, where each measures 40 0
as in figure (5-4) cut the two sectors
and Congruent them, what is your note?

(Figure (5 - 4
 Problems and Exercises

1) Draw a circle with diameter 10 cm.

2) Relied on the figure (5-5) to answer

the questions a – d:
a. what does each of the
segments AB, MC, AC represents?
b. Where is the vertex of angels:
BMC, AMC?
And what are they called?
c. How many chords, diameters, radii
can be drawn in this circle?
d. If the length of the largest chord
is 8 cm, find the radius of this circle?
3) If a large group of students in grade 8 in your school coin at a distance

of 1 km from the classroom and homes scattered in all trends:

a. Draw a circle with a classroom center.
b. If Ahmed and Khalid are two students in this class, find the largest
possible distance between their homes?
4) a. The broadcast communications tower mobile phones covers a distance of 13
km Bashar has tried to contact with participants department in the network,
but the communication has not succeeded could you deviate reason?
b. Circle with center M and radius 5 cm, find the length of MX if the X lies:
(1) On the circle. (2) Inside the circle. (3) Outside the circle.

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 ( 5 – 2) Triangle

Let X, Y are two coplanar points, then there is exactly one line
containing them. The length of the segment XY is the distance between point X
and point Y. figure (5-6).
Suppose X, Y, Z three coplanar points.

How many lines can be drawn containing any two of the points X, Y, Z?
What are the different situations for these points that affects on the number of
these lines, and the nature of the figures that produced of their intersections?
The first case:
Only one line passes through X, Y, Z and X, Y, Z are collinear.
To show that, use one of the following ways:
a)The fist way: Draw a line contain any two points of them, if the line passes through
the third point, then all points are collinear, otherwise it is not.
b)The second way: Find the measure of the distance between the three points twice. If
the sum of the smallest distances equal to the largest distance, then the points are
collinear.
The second case:
The three points are noncollinear, in this
case we can draw three different lines, and
each of them passes through two pints as
in figure (5-7).

Example 1:

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 Let A, B, C are three points, so that AB = 5cm, BC = 7cm, BC = 10cm. Are
A, B, C collinear?

Solution:
Notice that the smallest distances are 5, 7, and the sum of 5+7 =12
not equal to the large distance
which is 10. Then the three points are
noncollinear, as in figure (5-8).

Training 1:
Let the distance between A, B is equal to 12 cm; AC = 4 cm,
DC =8 cm. Are A, B, C collinear?
You must notice that a triangle form in the case that the three points are noncollinear,
i.e.

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of triangle is greater than
the length of the third side.

Example 2:
Let CD =7 cm, DH= 4 cm, CH =5 cm. Determine whether it's possible to draw
a triangle CDH with sides of the given measures. If it's so, draw the triangle.

Solution:

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You find the sum of the smallest two lengths from the length of the segments
CD, DH, CH and compare it by the largest segment, notice that:
4+5 > 7 i.e. DH + CH > CD. Then C, H, D vertices of triangle CDH. To draw the
triangle:
1. Draw one of the segments like CD with length 7cm.

2. Open the compasses aperture equals to the length of one of the other two

segments say 5 cm . Place the compasses' point on C and mark an arc.

3. Open the compasses aperture equals to the length of the third segment which is 4

cm. Place the compasses' point on D and mark another arc. The two arcs are
meeting at H .
4. Draw HC, HD, to form a triangle as in figure (5-9).

Training 2:

Draw a triangle for the following cases:

1) AB = 7 cm, BC= 6 cm, AC= 4 cm.

2) EF = 5 cm, DF= 2 cm, DE= 3 cm.

3) GH = 2cm, HI = 5 cm, GI = 8 cm.

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 :Activity 1
• Draw AB where AB =12 cm.
• Open the compasses aperture equals 5 cm, and draws a circle with
center A.
• Open the compasses aperture equals 6 cm, and draw a circle with
center B.
• Do the circles intersect? Explain that.
• Are the measurements 12 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, forms a triangle sides?
• What happened if the measurement of the segment is 11 cm?
• Are the measurements 11 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, forms a triangle sides?
• What happened if the measurement AB = 8cm?
• Are the measurements 8 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, forms a triangle sides?

Example 3:
Draw a triangle XYZ on a paper such that XY =XZ, cut the triangle and fold it
on itself, XY congruent on XZ, draw the folding line? What do you notice?
Solution:
The triangle XYZ isosceles, it can be drawn as follows:
• Draw a segment YZ.
• The compass is open a suitable slot distance (greater than YZ).
• Place the compass point firstly on Y and mark an arc, secondly on Z and mark
another arc intersecting the first arc in X.
• Draw XY, XZ, to form a triangle as in figure (5-10) .
• Cut the triangle and fold it on itself and draw
the folding line.

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 You notice that:
• m Y=m Z.
• m DXY = m DXZ.
• DY = DZ.
• m XDZ = m XDY.= 900.
As in figure (5-11).

:Think :Remember
How many isosceles The sum of the measures
triangles can we drawn of a supplementary
so the segment YZ is angles equals 180º(the
the base of these two angels form a
triangles? straight angle).

Problems and Exercises

10
 1) For each case of the following, show that if the three endpoints of the given

segments are collinear:

I. AB = 4 cm, BC = 7 cm, AC = 5 cm.

II. XY = 4 cm, YZ = 4cm, XZ= 4 cm.

III.EF = 6 cm, GF = 12cm, EG = 6 cm.

2) Draw a triangle ( if possible) in each case in exercise 1.

3) Use figure (5-12) to calculate the mesurment of ABD, AHC, if AB =

AC, AD =AH.

(5 – 3) The Exterior Angle of The Triangle

1. Draw three intersection lines to form triangle as in figure (5-13)

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 2. What is the relationship between
ZAC and the triangle ABC?
3. What is the relationship between GCA
and the triangle ABC?
4. What is the relationship between EAB and
the triangle ABC?
You notice that every of the previous
three angles are adjacent and supplementary
with one of the angels of the triangle.

These angles are called exterior angle of triangle ABC? i.e.

ZAC, GCA, XBC exterior angles of triangle ABC. i.e.

The exterior angle of triangle is the angle which is confined between one of
the triangle's sides and the extension of the other.

Training 1:
Name other exterior angles of the triangle ABC, in figure (5-13).

:Remember
In figure (5-14),HWC called an exterior The sum of degree measures
of two supplementary angles
angle of the triangle DHW .HDWand is 1800.

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 WHD are called interior angles in the triangle
DHW.

What is the relationship between the degree

measures of an exterior angle of a triangle
and the degree measures of the remote
interior angle?

• On the figure (5-14). Determine two sections

every one contain one of the remote interior
angle H, D.
• Cut the two sections.
• Make the vertex of every angle
on the vertex of the exterior
angle HWC as adjacent,
as in figure (5-15), what is your notice?
You notice that:

m HWC = m HDW + m WHD,

Result1:
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle, is equal to
the sum of the measures of the two remote interior angles.

To prove result (1):

Given:
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 XYL exteriorangle of the triangle XYZ,
figure (5-16).

Required :
Prove that m 4=m 1+m 2 Think
Is it possible that measure of
more than one external angle of
the same triangle less than 90 º ?

Proof:
m 1+ m 2+m 3 = 1800 (Triangle sum theorem)
m 3+m 4 = 1800 (The angles in a linear pair are supplementary)
Then m 3+m 4=m 1+m 2+m 3 (Substitution)
m 4=m 1+m 2 (Subtraction Property of Equality)

Example1:
Use the information in the figure (5-17) to find the measure of the angle ABC

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Solution :
HAD is an exterior angle of the triangle ABD, then
m HAD = x + m DBA
1000 = X +X (ABC is isosceles)
1000 = 2X
X=500
m ABC =1800 – 500 = 1300.

:Think
Solve in other way
Traning 2: without using the
result.
In the triangle ABC; m BAC =450,
ABD is an exterior angle and
m ABD =1200, find the measure of A,
B, C in the triangle ABC
Traning3:
Use the information in figure (5-18), to calculate m DYZ
Given that XY=ZY.

Problems and Exercises

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1) If HAB, CBO, ACF are an exterior angles of the triangle ABC,

using figure (5-19) to find the sum of measurements of these angles.

2) Using the information in figure (5-20) below to find the measures of:
1, 2, 3.

3) In the triangle EFG, EFD is an exterior angle of the triangle;

m EFD = 1100, and the angle EGC is another exterior angle of the
triangle ; m EGC = 1400.
Find the measure of each angle in the triangle EFG.

(5-4) Right Triangle

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 * Draw the triangle XYZ; XY = 6 cm,

XZ = 10 cm, YZ =8 cm.
* Draw the triangle ABC; AB = 5 cm,
AC = 13 cm, BC =12 cm.
* Measure XYZ, ABC,
* you notice that the
measures of each of them is 900,
as in figure (5-21) and:
82 + 62 = 102 , 52 + 122 = 132.

Training 1:
Draw a triangle with sides X, Y, X2 +Y2, and take a different values of X
and Y. Use the protractor to find the measure of the largest angle in each triangles.

Result1:
If the sum of the squares of the measures of two sides of a triangle equals the
square of the measure of the longest side, then the triangle is a RIGHT ANGLE.

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 Example 1:
Determine whether a triangle with sides measuring 8 cm, 15 cm, 17 cm, is a
right angle.
Solution: ?
It is only necessary to check one equation:= (17)2 (15)2 + (8)2
289 = 225 + 64. Since the equation is true, the triangle is a right angle.

Training 2:
Determine whether a triangle with sides measuring, 12 cm, 7cm, 193 cm, is a
right angle.
Activity 1

• Draw triangles with angles measuring 300,600,900.

• Find the length of its sides.
• Draw another 300,600,900 triangles and measure the
length of their sides.
• What is your notice?

Result2:
In a 300, 600, 900 triangle, the hypotenuse is twice as a
long as the shorter leg.

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 Activity 2

• Draw a right angle on a paper like ABC.

• Cut the triangle.
• Bisect the hypotenuse BC in a point O.
• Folding the triangle two
times, the first one, put
vertex C on vertex A,
and the second one, put
vertex B on vertex A, as
in figure (5-22).
• What your notice.

Result 3:
In a right triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is twice as a
long as the length of the segment from the vertex of the right
angle to the midpoint of the hypotenuse.

Example 2:
ABC is a right triangle in B , D is the midpoint of the segment AC;
m ADB = 1000. Find m BAC
m ACB as in figure (5-23).
Solution:
D is the midpoint of AC, then
1 BD = AC = AD = DC,
2

Triangles ADB, BDC are isosceles,

1800 - 1000
m BAC2 = = 400,

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 Then m CDB = 1800- 1000 = 800,

m ACB = 500.

Training 3:
In a triangle AXY it is known that m X = 900 , D is the midpoint of AY, H
is the midpoint of XY, prove that DH XY.

Activity 3

* Draw a right angle YLX; L is a right angle.

* Build a square on each side of the triangle
as shown in figure (5-24).
* What is the relationship between the
square of the hypotenuse and the squares
of the other triangle legs?
* Draw more right triangles, and search
in the relationship between the square
of the hypotenuse and the squares of the
other triangles legs?

:Theorem 1
In a right triangle, the square length of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of lengths of
.the other triangle legs

i.e. (XY)2 = (XL)2 + (YL)2

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 .……Add to your knowledge

?What is false Theorem 1 is called

Pythagorean Theorem according
;In a triangle ABC to Pythagoras, a Greek
AC =AB + BC mathematician and philosopher
2
= (AC)2 + (BC)
A 2AB)) from the sixth century (582 -500
2
= (AC)2 + (AB)2BC)) BC ), he was built the Pythagorean
school in Italy, many different
C B basic theorems in planer geometry
has been proved since that.

:Think

If the shape which was built on every side of the right

?triangle is equilateral triangle, is theorem 1 still true
:Is the theorem still true if the built shapes are
. ..…Another polygon such as pentagon, hexagon (1
.Circles with diameter the sides of the triangle (2
.Irregular polygon (3

Example 3:
Represent the real number 2 on the real numbers line.
Solution:
We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the point which opposite to 2 on the
line, because: ( 2 )2 = 2, i.e. ( 2 )2 = 12 +12 .
• Open the compass with distance equal to the hypotenuse in a triangle ABC.
• Place the compass point on 0 on the numbers line and mark two arcs intersect

the line in two points, the first one, on the right of point 0 which represent the

location of( 2 ). And the other one on the left of the point 0 which represent

the location of (- 2 ), as shown in figure (5-25).

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Example 4:
Given XYZ aright triangle, such that XY = 4 cm, XZ =3 cm, find the length of
YZ?
Solution:
According to Pythagorean theorem XYZ is a
right triangle, then:
(YZ)2 = (XY)2 + (XZ)2
= (4)2 + (3)2
= 16 + 9 =25, then YZ = + 5
(- 5 is neglected)
Then YZ = 5 cm.

Training 4:
Given ABC a right triangle, such that AC =10 cm, BC = 6cm, find the length of
AB?

Activity 4
.Represent the real number 3 on the real line numbers

Problems and Exercises

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 1) Calculate the length of the third side of the triangle in each of the following

case:
I. XYZ, so that XY = YZ = 1 cm, Y = 900.

II. ABC, so that AB = 1 cm, AC = 3 cm, B is a right angle.

III. ZLH, so that ZL = 3 cm, LZ = 7 cm, L is a right angle.

IV. KLM, so that KM =25 cm, kl = 24 cm, k is a right angle.

2) For each of the following, show that the three given legs are sides of a right

angle.
A. 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm.
B. 9 cm, 40 cm, 41 cm.
C. 2 cm, 2 cm, 2 2 cm.
D. 3 cm, 7 cm, 4 cm.
3) A person wants to measure an angle a room to the tile, and he wanted to make
sure it has a right angle. How can you help him by using Pythagorean
Theorem?
4) Kareem is standing next to an electric trunk; he walked 10 meters towards
south, and 6 meters east. How fare is Kareem from the standing point?
5) A paper is wanted to be made as square with
diameter 12 cm. What are the dimensions of
the paper?
6) A ladder 2.5 meters is leaning against a

vertical wall; calculate the distance of the top

of the ladder from the ground if the distance
of the bottom of the ladder from the wall is
0.7 meters, as in figure (5-27).

(5 – 5)Angles Transferring
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 Architect Nermeen was designed
sketch for a children garden
fence containing angels, Ahmad,
one of the 8th grade students, wanted
to transfer these angles into another copy.
How can you help him?

Example 1:
Figure (5-28A) represents the angle
BHO; draw an angle congruent to the angle
BHO.

Solution:
• Place a compasses on H, and draw a
circle intersects the sides of the angle
in C, D as in figure (5-28B).

• Draw XY.

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• With the same compass setting, draw
a circle center X cutting XY in two
points, one of them is Z as in figure
(5-28C).

• Open the compass slot equal to the

length of the chord CD, focusing the
cape horns of the compass at Y and
then draw an arc cutting the circle in
L as in figure (5-28D).

• Draw XL, then the angle .

LXZ is formed with the same
measurement of the angle
BHO as in figure (5-28E).

Training 1
Draw an angle with mesure 60 º using
A protractor , then transfere this angle
using the ruler and the compasses only. Think :
Then verify the mesure of the result angle Is it enough to sketch part of
Using the circle ( arc) to transfere a
known angle?

25
Training 2:
Draw an obtuse angle on a paper, using the straightedge and the compass to
transfer it to another paper, then cut the two angles and place the vertex and the side
of one to the vertex and the side of the other. What is your notice?
You can help Ahmad to transfer the angles of the sketch to another copy (the
question in the beginning of the lesson), by using angles transferring steps.

26
 Problems and Exercises

1) Using figure (5-29) and straightedge to transfer the following angles:

A. BAH.

B. BZH.

C. ZHO.

D. AHO

2)Transfer to your notebook the right

angle in figure (5-30) by using the

straightedge and the compass, then

build a right triangle their legs

has lengths 8 cm , 6 cm.

2) Let ABC a right triangle; B =900,

as in figure (5-31). Using straightedge

and compass to:
A. Transfer the angle ABC on a paper with vertex Y.
B. On one of the angle legs
which their vertex Y, determine
a point Z, such that YZ = BA.
C. On the other leg of the angle
which vertex Y, determine a point X,
such that YX = BC.
D.Cut the triangle XYZ and congruent it to triangle ABC. What is your
notice?

(5 – 6) Bisection the angle

27
Dear student, how you can determine the position of water
container to be build around the meeting
point of the bisectors of the base angels of a farm
which has an isosceles triangle shape to irrigate
the farm ?

Example (1)

Bisect the angle XYH figure (5-32A) using

unmarked ruler and the compasses .

Solution:
* Open the compasses with suitable aperture
And fix its sharpen point at the vertex of the angle Y, draw
arc crosses the sides of XYH in D and W
figure (5-32B)

* Open the compasses with suitable aperture

And fix its sharpen point at d and draw an
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arc inside XYH then fix the compasses'
sharpen point at w and by the same aperture
draw another arc meeting the first arc
in l figure (5-32C).

* Join YL with a ruler, this be bisector of the

angle XYH that is
measure XYL = measure HYL figure (5-32D).

Think
In
how much method can you
Training 1 determined that the two angels
Copy to your notebook each of the x y l & h y l have the same
two angles XAB , YOL figure (5-33). measure?

No doubt you have gotten an ability to identify the meeting point of the two bisectors
of the farm's base, in the beginning of the item (5- 6).

29
Activity 1
Look for steps to sketch two multiples of a given angle.

Activity 2
• Sketch a triangle DHB on a sheet , then bisect
the two angels DHB , HBD the two bisectors
meet at M.
• Join the point m with d figure ( 5 - 34).
• Fold the angle hdb around MD after
cutting it .
• Note that MD bisector to the angle d from
congruence the legs of the angle HDB ( DH , DB ).
• Repeat the test for different triangles and write
your notes about the meeting point of the bisectors

Result 1
Bisectors of the triangle angels meeting at one point.

Problems and Exercises

30
1) AB , CD two straight lines meeting at the point h figure ( 5- 35)
use the ruler and the compasses to do the following :
• Bisect the angle AHC by the bisector HW .
• Bisect the angle AHD by the bisector HX .
• Bisect the angle AHB by the bisector HO .
• Find measure WHX without using the protractor.

2) Sketch angels with measures = 30º, 60º, 15º, 7.5º using

unmarked ruler and the compasses .

3) ABC a triangle m the meeting point of its angels bisectors,

measure C =40º , measure B = 30º , prove that
measure AMB = measure BAC .

4) Sketch a straight angle, and then divide it into six equal angels without using
the protractor.

(5–7) Composing Perpendicular from Assumed Point on a Straight

Line

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An engineer in Great Amman Municipality
sketch a design for suspension bridge joins
between two parallel streets. To reach the
least costs he decide to make the bridge's
length short as possible . The position
of the bridge is known on one of the two
streets . how can this is done using the
ruler and the compasses ?
Example (1)
Let (M) be assumed point on the
line L, figure (5 – 36A) .
Raise perpendicular from the point (M)
on the straight line ( L) using the ruler
and the compasses .

Solution
• Open the compasses with suitable aperture
and fix its sharpen point in (M) and draw
two arcs crossing the straight line ( L)
At the two points W , H figure (5-36b).
• Open the compasses a aperture bigger
than the previous one and fix its sharpen
point in ( W) and draw an arc , do the same
thing from (H) and draw another arc .
The two arcs meeting at (X) figure (5 – 36C) .

Join (X) with (M) to get XM perpendicular

on the straight line (L) figure (5 – 36D)
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 Think :
a) How you can sure that x m
perpendicular on the straight line (L)?
b) Is it possible to sketch another
perpendicular from the opposite side?
What is the relation between them?

Activity (1)
Arrange with your friends and your school a scientific trip to Amman to see
A set of designs which is really implemented or will implemented.

Training (1)

Raise perpendicular from the assumed

point on each of the two straight lines
L , M figure ( 5 – 37)

Training (2)

33
 Consider the question in the beginning of item ( 5-7) and show how the engineer
in Great Amman Municipality will act since the position of the bridge on
one of the streets is known.
Result ( 1 )
The least distance between two parallel lines equals the length of the
perpendicular joins between them.
Activity (2)
*The straight line dh intersects a circle whose center (M) at the points A, B.
Construct a perpendicular from the point (A) on the straight line DH to meet the
.(circle at (W
(Join the two points B, W What is your notes at the hypotenuse W B figure (5-38 *
* Repeat the process by composing a perpendicular from the point (B) on the straight
line DH to meet the circle at O.
* Join the two points A, O what are your notes on the hypotenuse WB?

Training 3
Determine the center of the circle in
Figure (5-39) by sketching two
diameters to the circle

34
 Problems and Exercises
1) Compose a perpendicular on the straight line XY from the point (A) which is

located on it using the ruler and the compasses.

2) A , B two points on straight line ,the distance between the two points are 6 cm,

use the ruler and the compasses to sketch a square where AB is one of its sides.

3) If AB is a diameter in a circle whose center is (M), compose a perpendicular on

it from (M).

4) X , L are two points on straight line , use the ruler and the compasses to draw

a right triangle in (X) so it has equal leg

(5-8) Download a perpendicular on a straight line from point outside

the line.
35
 Abed Alkareem wants to join his
house with the main water line
which passes throw the opposite
side. He must dig the street
with least possible distance to
reduce the cost. How can this be
done?
Example (1)
a is a point outside the straight line (M) figure ( 5 – 40A) , download a perpendicular
on (M) from (A) using the ruler and the compasses.
Solution :
• Open the compasses a suitable aperture and fix its sharpen point in (A) and
draw an arc crossing the straight line (M)at the two points D, H figure (5–
40B).

• Open the compasses aperture different from the first one and fix its sharpen
point in (D) and draw an arc.

36
* Fix the sharpen point of the compasses
in H , and with the same previous aperture
draw another arc to meet the first arc in (E)
figure ( 5 – 40D )

* sketch the straight line e a to meet

the straight line (M) at the point (W) figure
(5 – 40H). So w a is perpendicular on
the straight line (M) .
Verification
* Cut the figure and fold the angle
to get congruence between DH and WH.
Note that the fold line is WA and
the angle (DWA) is congruent to the
angle HWA.
Because they are on the same straight line,
so (WA) is perpendicular on the straight line (M).

Training (1)
Download a perpendicular on the line ( L )
from the point (M) figure (5 – 41) and
verify that your sketch is true.
Training (2)
Tell Abed Alkareem how to dig the street to join his house with the main water line
(see the beginning of item ( 5- 8)).

Activity (1)
37
* Sketch an angle like XYA , then bisect it
by the bisector YC.

* let the point (C) on the bisector.

* Download a perpendicular from

the point (C)on the line (XY)
and another one on (YA )
figure (5 – 42) and.
*Fold the angle xya around its
bisector core then compare
the distance of ( C )from xy
with the distance of ( C )from
YA . What is your observation?.
result (1)
A point on a bisector if an angle has equidistance from its legs.

Problems and Exercises

38
1) Use the ruler and the compasses to sketch a rectangle whose one side is XY and its
opposite side lies on the straight line CD, knowing that XY // CD, figure (5 – 43).

2) Download a perpendicular from the point (Y) outside the straight line AB to meet
it at (O) using unmarked ruler and the compasses. Then select a point ( L) on AB
such that YL = LO , see figure ( 5 – 44 ).

(5 – 9) Bisecting a segment
Abed Al –Azez wants to fix scouts lighting in
39
the mid of the top side of the front interface
of his building . how can he determine
the fixing point of the scouts using the
design ?
Example (1)
Determine the mid point of the segment ZW ,
figure (5 – 45 A).

Solution
* Open the compasses an aperture greater than
half length of ZW (by estimation) ,
fix its sharpen point at one of ZW ends
and draw an arc figure (5 – 45B).

* Fix the sharpen point of the compasses at

the other end of the segment and draw
an arc crossing the first arc at the
two points H , L figure (5 – 45C).

Think
*Join h l using the ruler to cut the segment ZW at X
If you complete drawing
figure (5-45D).
the circle when you draw the two
arcs to bisect the segment z w,
* Let one of the two segments HL , ZW
what is the relation between the
the core of fold . What is your observation
composed perpendicular from the
mid point of the hypotenuse in 40

the circle and its center?

Training (1)
Help Abed Al –Azez to determine
the position of the scouts lighting on
his building ( see the beginning of
item ( 5 – 9 )).
Training (2)
Draw in your copybook a straight
Segment, then bisect it using the
compasses and unmarked ruler ,
verify that your sketch is true.

Activity (1)

* Sketch a triangle WSE figure (5 -46)

* Compose the bisector perpendicular
of the side W S to meet the bisector
perpendicular of the side SE at the
point (M).
* Fold each of one of the triangles MWS,
MSE around the bisector perpendicular to
find
that WM = SM , SM = EM consequently :
WM = SM = EM

So WMS , SME are isosceles triangles

* Bisect WE in D .

41
* Join (M) with (D) then cut ∆ WME and fold it around MD then observe that
the two triangles ∆ WMD and ∆ EMD are completely congruent.
Result (1)
a) The composed perpendiculars from the mid points of the triangle sides are meeting
at one point.
b) The vertices of a triangle are equidistance from the meeting point of the
perpendicular bisectors of its sides.

Problems and Exercises

42
1) Draw on your copybook a segment, then divide it into four equal parts .

2) Two persons have a rectangular plot of land , one of its sides lies on a straight
street ,they want to divide it into two equal parts each of them has rectangular shape
so that their sides from the street's side are equal . Use the ruler and the compasses to
divide the plot of land as they want .

3) Use the ruler and the compasses to sketch the segment joining between the mid
points of the triangle BXW.

4) Consider the figure ( 4- 47) to find the length of ( LO ) , given that( XYO) a
triangle and (M) the meeting point of the composed perpendiculars from the
midpoints of its sides ,(ML) one of these perpendiculars ,XM =13 cm and ML =5 cm.

(5 – 10) Applications
First: The circle sketched inside triangle and tangent to its sides.
43
Example (1)
An ironsmith wants to cut a cover has
A circle shape from a triangle flat piece
of iron. How you help the ironsmith to
identify the center of the circular cover
and its radius to get the cover as large
as possible.
Solution
* The triangle DMH figure ( 5 – 48A)
represents the flat piece which
will be cut by the ironsmith to make the
cover.
* Bisect the angle (M) then bisect the
angle (H),the two bisectors will meet
at (B) , see figure ( 5 – 48 B).

* Download a perpendicular from the

point (B) to the side m hMH to meet it at A,
44
see figure ( 5 – 48 C).

* Open the compasses aperture equal BA.

* Fix the compasses at (B) and sketch
a circle ,note that the circle you sketched
tangent the sides of the triangle from inside.
figure ( 5 – 48 D) .The circle whose center
(B) is called the circle sketched inside the
triangle

Training (1)
* Sketch the circle which tangent
the sides of the triangle AXC from inside
figure ( 5 – 49 )

Training (2)
Sketch the circle which is tangent
to the sides of a right triangle
from inside.

Second: drawing a circle passing in three points

45
Example (2)
Bnan cuts a triangular shaped paper and wants to lay it inside a circular ring . What
is the shortest diameter of the circular ring surrounds the triangle.

Solution:

*The triangle BHC represents the piece

of paper cut by Banan . Figure(5 – 50A)

*Sketch the perpendicular bisector

of the side BH Using the ruler and
the compasses. See figure (5 -50B)

* Sketch the perpendicular bisector

of the side HC to meet the bisector
of BH in a See figure (5 -50C)

46
* Open the compasses aperture equal
to HA and fix its sharpen point at (A)
and sketch a circle .figure(5 – 50 D) .
Note that the circle passes the
triangle's vertices.

Training (1)
Sketch the circle with center (A) and passes
through the points C,D,W figure (5 – 51)

Think
If you asked to draw a circle
passing through the points w
, h , s and you don't find
a point with equal distances
from these points ,what does
it mean?

Activity (1)

47
Draw an equilateral triangle using the ruler and the compasses, then do the
following:
a) Bisect the side BC in D .

b) Join the point (D) with the vertices (A).

c) Cut the triangle ABC into two triangles ABD and ACD through the straight

line AD , then fold the two triangles such that the angle ABD congruent to the
angle ACD .
d) What is the measure of each of the two angels ADB and ADC ?

e) Calculate the length of AD using Pythagorean Theorem in terms of length side

of an equilateral triangle.
f) Find the measures of the two angels ABD and BAD . What is the relation

between the length of the side opposite to the angle BAD and the length of the
hypotenuse AB?

Problems and Exercises

48
ABC is a triangle, figure (5 – 52):
a) Sketch the two bisectors of the two angels B ,C to meet in (M).
b) Download a perpendicular from (M) on AB using the ruler and the
compasses.
c) Sketch the circle with center ( M ) tangent the triangle's sides from the
internal.

2) Copy The triangles ABC, DHW and XYO to your copybook, then draw the
circle which passes through the vertices of each triangle using the ruler and the
compasses.

3) Find the length of the circle's diameter which passes through the vertices of
the triangle HWL given that HW=15 cm, WL = 8 cm and HL = 17 cm.

49
 Review
1) We want to fix four lamps in the ceiling of a room which has a rectangular
shape with dimensions 4 m and 9 m .Each lamp will be fixed in the meeting point
of the rectangle with the bisector of the opposite rectangular angle , see figure
( 5 – 53 ) , determine the positions of the points where the lamps will be fixed.

2) we want to fix the door of a farm which has

a trapezoid shape figure ( 5 - 54 ),

to the wall by two joints at the two

points C , D so that AC = BD =( 1/4) AB .

A handleof the door will be laid in the

middle of WH, determine the two

points C , D and the position of fixing

the handle using the ruler and the compasses.

3) We want to cut a rectangular wooden plate with length equals two times its width
into two circular bases. Find the radius and the center of the circular base to make the
circular base as large as possible.
4) Use the ruler and the compasses to cut a circle from a triangular piece of cloth so
that you have the large possible area.

50
5) A , B , C are three villages .we want to build a container of water to provide the
three villages with water such that AB = 4 km , BC = 3 km and AC = 5 km .
Determine the container's position so that it is equidistance from these villages.

6) Conceder the trapezoid figure ( 5 – 55 ) ,

to sketch the segment ( AB ) joins between

the middle points of the two sides HW

and MD using the ruler and the compasses

then describe a method to show that

AB = (1/2) ( HM + WD) .

51
 Self Exam
1) Verify that the following statements are true or falls:

a) If the distance between two points on a circle equals 10 , then the radius of the
circle equals 5 cm .

b) If the point (A)lays on the circle whose center is (M) and its radius 7 cm ,then (M)
lays on the circle whose center is a and its radius 7 cm.

c) There is a triangle the sum of the measures of each of its angels is 90 º.

d) If ABC is an external angle of the triangle ABC then ABC an obtuse angle.

e) The bisector of the straight angle is the composed perpendicular from its vertices.

f) The two distances of any point lays on the bisector of the angle from the angel's
sides are equal.

g) In the right triangle, the area of the circle whose diameter the hypotenuse of the
triangle equals the sum of the areas of the two circles whom diameters the legs of the
right angle.

2) This question contains of (5) multiple choice items, each item has four answers
only one of them is correct .Circle the correct answer for each item.
(1) If A , B , C are three points in the plane such that AB = 7 cm , BC = 11 cm and
AC = 4 cm . Then :
a) ∆ ABC is a right triangle b) A , B , C are collinear points
c) ∆ ABC is acute angels d) BAC is obtuse angle
If (X) a set contains of 1000 points of the plane where each of them is 5 cm apart (2)
:from the point (M), then the circle whose center (M) and its radius 5 cm is
.(a) The set (X
.(b) Contains no point of the set (X
.c) Contains some of the points of the set (X) but not all of them
d) Contains other points beside the points of the set (X).

52
(3) If ∆ ABC is acute triangle then the measure of one of its external angels is:
a) Less than 90 º b) 90 º c) More than 90 º d) 180 º

(4) If the lengths of a triangle sides are 15 cm , 17 cm , 8 cm , then the triangle is :

a) Acute angels b) Obtuse angle
c) right angle d) Has two with the same measure

(5) If ∆ ABC is equilateral , with length side equals 11 cm and AD the bisector of the
angle BAC meets BC in d then the length of AD equals :
a) 11 cm b) 5.5 cm c) ( 11 ) / 2 cm d) 11 cm

3) Use the ruler and the compasses to draw an angle of measure 45 º and an angle of
measure 22.5 º .

4) Draw the triangle XYO where XY = YO = OX = 10 cm , then

a) Bisect the angle XY O with the bisector YL to meet X O at D . Calculate the length
of YD ( use Pythagorean Theorem ) .
b) Calculate the length of OH, where h the meeting point between the bisector of the
angle YOX and the side XY.
c) Let (M) be the meeting point of the two sides YD and OH , show that the point (M)
is the center of two circles : the first passes through the vertices of the triangle XYO
and the second tangent the sides of the triangle from internal .
5) Sketch the triangle HLW where HL = HW , then bisect the angle LHW by the
bisector HY to meet LW in D, fold the triangle LHW around the straight line HD to
get completely congruence between the two triangles HLD and HWD .What is your
notes about the two sides LD , WD and the two angels HDL, HDW.
Prove that the center of the circle which passes through the vertices of the isosceles
triangle and the center of the circle which tangent to the sides of the triangle from
internal lies on the straight line HD.

53