BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN (EN1990:2002) Design Working life Design working life (CYS NA EN1990,Table 2.

1) Design working life category 1 2 Indicative design working life (years) 10 10 25 Examples

Temporary structures (1) Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry girders, bearings 3 15 30 Agricultural and similar structures 4 50 Building structures and other common structures 5 100 Monumental building structures, bridges, and other civil engineering structures (1) Structures or parts of structures that can be dismantled with a view to being re-used should not be considered as temporary. In the case of replaceable structural parts the design life for the structural determination of loads should be the design life of the structure.

Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Ultimate Limit State Concern (EN1990,cl.3.3(1)P) Safety of people, Safety of the structure Protection of the contents Design situations (EN1990,cl.3.2(2)P) Persistent design situation: Normal use condition Transient design situation: Temporary condition, e.g. during execution or repair Accidental design situation: Exceptional condition, e.g. fire, explosion, impact. Seismic design situation: Structure subject to seismic events.

Ultimate limit state verification (EN1990,cl.6.4.1(1)P) The following ultimate limit states shall be verified as relevant: EQU: Loss of equilibrium of the structure, (considering for sliding, overturning or uplift) STR: Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure of structural member (Design of structural for strength of members and frames), GEO: Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground (Design of structural members such as footing, piles, basement walls, etc.), FAT: Fatigue failure of the structure or structural member.

Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Important notes (EN1990,cl.3.2(2)P) Approach 2 (CYS NA EN1990,Table.A1.2(B)) should be used for the design of the structural members of substructure (i.e. footings, piles, basement walls, etc.) (CYS NA EN1990,cl. 2.2.3.4). Actions that cannot exist simultaneously due to physical of functional reasons should not be considered together in combination. The use of expression 6.10a and 6.10b lead to a more economic design in most circumstances.

COMBINATION OF ACTIONS FOR PERSISTENT/TRANSIENT DESIGN SITUATION (EN1990,cl.6.4.3.2) Persistent and transient design situation EQU Equation 6.10 (Set A) Action 6.10 Ed=G Gk +Q Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2 Favourable Unfavourable

Permanent (dead, 0.9 1.1 earth), G Variable (imposed, 0 1.5 wind), Q Note: Single source is not applicable for EQU design situation. Different factors can be used in favourable and unfavourable areas.

Persistent and transient design situation STR/GEO Equation 6.10, 6.10a & 6.10b (Set B) 6.10 6.10a 6.10b Ed=G Gk +Q Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2 Ed=G Gk +Q 0,1 Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2 Ed=G Gk +Q Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2 Action Permanent (dead, earth), G Variable (imposed, wind), Q Favourable 1.0 0 Unfavourable 1.35 1.5

Note: Single source is applicable for STR/GEO design situation.

Persistent and transient design situation GEO Equation 6.10 (Set C) Action 6.10 Ed=G Gk +Q Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2 Permanent (dead, earth), G Variable (imposed, wind), Q Favourable 1.0 0 Unfavourable 1.0 1.3

Note: Single source is applicable for STR/GEO design situation.

Combination (sensitivity) factor, (CYS NA EN1990:2002, Table A1.1) Category A B C D E F G H Specific Use Domestic and residential Office Areas for Congregation Shopping Storage Traffic < 30 kN vehicle Traffic < 160 kN vehicle Roofs Snow, altitude < 1000 m Wind 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.5 0 0.2 0.2 2 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.3 0 0 0

Summary table of partial, combination and reduction factors for the STR and GEO ultimate limit states for buildings Unfavourable Permanent action Expression Self-weight G=1.35 6.10 G=1.35 G=1.35 Imposed floor loads Q,1 =1.5 Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05 Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05 Wind loads Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,1 =1.5 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Snow loads Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i =1.5 Unfavourable Variable actions

Less favourable equations 6.10a & 6.10b G=1.35 6.10a G=1.35 G=1.35 G=0.85*1.35 6.10b G=0.85*1.35 G=0.85*1.35 Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05 Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05 Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05 Q,1 =1.5 Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05 Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,1 =1.5 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75 Q,i =1.5

Note: Shaded boxes indicate the leading variable action,

Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Characteristic value of variable actions For each variable action there are four representative values: 1.The characteristic value Qk (determine by insufficient data). 2.The combination value 0Qk (of an action is intended to take account of the reduced probability of the simultaneous of two or more variable actions). 3. Frequent value 1Qk (exceeded only for a short period of time and is used primary for the SLS and also the accidental ULS). 4. Quasi-permanent value 2Qk (exceeded for a considerable period of time or considered as an average loading over time and used for the long-term affects at the SLS and also accidental and seismic ULS).

COMBINATION OF ACTIONS FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (EN1990,cl.6.5.3) Characteristic combination Equation 6.14b

Ed=Gk +Qk,1 + 0 Qk,2 Frequent combination

Equation 6.15b

Ed=Gk + 1Qk,1 + 2 Qk,2 Quasi-permanent combination

Equation 6.16b

Ed=Gk + 2Qk,1

Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Vertical and Horizontal deformations INDICATIVE LIMITING VALUES FOR VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS (Manual of EC0 &EC1, Table D.1) Serviceability Limit States Vertical deflections Serviceability Requirement Function and damage to nonstructural elements (e.g. partition walls claddings etc) Brittle -Non-brittle Function and damage to structural elements Characteristic Combination (Expression 6.14b in EC0) wmax

L/500 to L/360 L/300 to L/200 L/300 to L/200

INDICATIVE LIMITING VALUES FOR HORIZONTAL DEFLECTIONS (Manual of EC0 &EC1, Table D.2) Serviceability Limit States Vertical deflections Serviceability Requirement Function and damage to nonstructural elements Single storey buildings top of column -Each storey in a multi-storey building -The structure as a whole for a multi-storey building Characteristic Combination (Expression 6.14b in EC0) wmax

uH/300 uH/500 to H/300 uH/500

STRUCTURAL LOADS (EN1991:2002) Imposed Loads

Category of use (EN1991-1-1:2002,Table 6.1) Category A B C Specific Use Area for domestic and residential activities Office areas Areas where people may congregate (with the exception of areas defined under category A, B, and D1)) Example Rooms in residential buildings and houses bedrooms and wards in hospitals, bedrooms in hotels and hostels kitchens and toilets C1: Areas with tables, etc. e.g. areas in schools, cafs, restaurants, dining halls, reading rooms, receptions. C2: Areas with fixed seats, e.g. areas in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms, lecture halls, assembly halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms. C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people, e.g. areas in museums, exhibition rooms, etc. and access areas in public and administration buildings, hotels, hospitals, railway station forecourts. C4: Areas with possible physical activities, e.g. dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages. C5: Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for public events like concert halls, sports halls including stands, terraces and access areas and railway platforms. D1: Areas in general retail shops D2:Areas in departments stores

Shopping areas

Imposed loads (EN 1991-1-1:2002, Table 6.2) Category Of loaded areas Category A -Floors -Stairs -Balconies Category B Category C -C1 -C2 -C3 -C4 -C5 Category D -D1 -D2 qk (kN/m2) 1.5-2.0 2.0-4.0 2.5-4.0 2.0-3.0 Qk (kN) 2.0-3.0 2.0-4.0 2.0-3.0 1.5-4.5

2.0-3.0 3.0-4.0 3.0-5.0 4.5-5.0 5.0-7.5

3.0-4.0 2.5-7.0 4.0-7.0 3.5-7.0 3.5-4.5

4.0-5.0 4.0-5.0 Imposed load on Roof (CYS NA EN1991-1-1, Table 6.10)

3.5-7.0 3.5-7.0

Sub-category H

Actions Roof (inaccessible except for normal maintenance and repair)

Imposed load, qk Q (kN) (kN/m2) 0.4 1.0

Permanent Loads

Permanent load (EN 1991-1-1:2002, Table A.1-A.12) Materials Density, (kN/m3) 25 78 25 10 21-22 5 7 18 22 20 16-18 20-22 3 27 87-89 19-23 11.5 16-20 10-13 20 15 26 Modulus of Elasticity, E kN/mm2 17-31 210 74 0.3-0.6 10 12 5-30 69 96 20-31 2-3.5 20 3-3.3 415 10 40-70

Reinforced Concrete Steel Glass Water Plastic PTFE Softwood timber Hardwood timber Concrete blockwork Asphalt Roof tiles Soil (Sand) Soil (Clay) Insulation board Aluminium Copper Cement mortar ylon Epoxy resin Polystyrene Carbon fibre Fibre glass Granite

Typical unit floor

Typical loadings Steel floor Self weight of beam Self weight of decking Self weight of meshing Ceiling and services Total kN/m2 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.15 0.55

Typical unit floor

Typical loadings Internal ConcreteFloor kN/m2 Partition (minimum) 1.00 Screed (5-70cm) 1.20-1.80 Raised floor 0.40 Concrete floor (15cm) 3.75 Celling and services 0.15 Total 6.50-7.10 Metal deck roofing kN/m2 Live loading: snow/ wind uplift 0.6-1.0 Outer covering, insulation and metal deck liner 0.30 Purlins-150 deep at 1.5m c/c 0.10 Services 0.10 Total 1.1-1.5 Timber Flat Roof kN/m2 Asphalt waterproofing 0.45 Timber joist and insulation 0.20 Celling and services 0.15 Total 0.80

External Concrete Floor kN/m2 Slabs / paving 0.95 Screed (50cm) 1.20 Asphalt waterproofing 0.45 Concrete floor (15cm) 3.75 Celling and services 0.15 Total 6.50

Timber Floor Partition Timber boards/plywood Timber joist Celling and services Total

kN/m2 1.00 0.15 0.20 0.15 1.50

SNOW LOAD (EN1991-1-3)

Monopitch roof

Pitch roof

Cylinder roof

Snow load shape coefficients, (EN1991-1-3, Table 5.2) Angle of pitch of 0 30 roof, a 1 0.8 2 0.8+0.8 /30 For monopitch roof use only 1 For pitched roof use 1and2

Snow load shape coefficients for cylinder roofs, (EN1991-1-3, Eq. 5.4-5.5) 60 0

30 60

0.8(60-)/30 1.6

1 0.8 s=0 a15o 2 s+w w=(b1+b2)/2h h/sk Range must:0.8w4 :is the weight density of snow may taken as 2kN/m3 Angle of pitch of roof, a 3 should be less than 32 >60 0 60 0.2+10 h/b

CHARACTERISTIC SNOW LOAD ON GROUND,sk (kN/m2) (CYS NA 1991-1-3, cl. NA 2.7) sk = 0.289*(1+(A/452)2) A:is the attitude above sea level (m)

Exposure coefficient(1991-1-3, Table 5.1) Topography Windswept Normal Sheltered Ce 0.8 1.0 1.2

THERMAL COEFFICIENTS C (1991-1-32003, cl. 5.2(8)) Ct=1.0 Thermal transmission on the roof <1W/m2K

Snow load on roof for transient design situations s=iCeCtsk (EN 1991-1-3Equ.5.1)

WIND LOAD (EN1991-1-4)

BASIC WIND VELOCITY

Fundamental Basic wind velocity, vb,0 (CYS NA EN1991-1-4,Fig.1)

Season factor (CYS EN1991-1-4,NA 2.4) cseason=1.0

Directional factor (CYSEN1991-1-4,NA 2.4) cdir=1.0 (Conservative value for all direction)

Basic wind velocity (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 4.1) vb=cdir.cseasonvb,0

STRUCTURAL FACTOR (EN1991-1-4, cl.6.0)

Determination of cscd

Builiding with less than h15m

Natural frequency f5Hz

Walls100m high

Chimney with circular cross-sectional area and, h60m h6.5diameter h

cscd =1.0

Determine of structural factor cscd

Size factor (EN1991-1-4,Eq.6.2)

Dynamic factor (EN1991-1-4,Eq.6.3)

It is on the safe side to use B2=1 kp=3 Calculation of R2 can be found in Annex B of EN1991-1-4:2005 Can be found

It is on the safe side to use B2=1 kp=3 Calculation of R2 can be found in Annex B of EN1991-1-4:2005

TERRAIN OROGRAPHY, (EN1991-1-4, cl.4.3.3)

YES

Upwind Slope3o

NO

Consider

Ignore

Detail calculation of terrain orography factor can be found in Annex A of EN1991-1-4:2005

PEAK VELOCITY PRESSURE Terrain category and terrain parameters (EN1991-1-4, Tab.:4.1) Terrain category Description z0 (m) zmin(m)

Sea, costal area exposed to the open sea.

SEA

0.003

Lakes or area with negligible vegetation and without obstacles. COUNTRY

0.01

II

Area with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles trees, buildings) with separations of at least 20 obstacle height. Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or woth isolatd obstacles with seperations of maximum 20 obstacle height (such as villages, suburban terrain, permanent forest). Area in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with building and their average height exceeds 15m.

0.05

III

0.3 TOWN 1.0

IV*
*

10

For buildings in terrain category IV, displacement height hdis should be consider and information can be found in Aneex A.5 of EN1991-1-4:2005

Wind turbulence, Iv(z) (EN1991-1-4,Eq.4.7) Iv(z)=v/vm(z)=kl/co(z)ln(z/z0) for zminzzmax Iv(z)=Iv(zmin) for Turbulence factor: kl=1.0 (NA CYS EN1991-1-4, cl. NA 2.10) Note: for co(z)=1 Iv(z) is not important

Roughness factor, cr(z) (EN1991-1-4,Eq.4.3-4.5) cr(z)=kr . ln(z/z0) for zminzzmax cr(z)=cr . (zmin) for zzmin z0: is the roughness length Maximum height, zmax (EN1991-1-4, cl. 4.3.2) zmax=200m Orography factor co(z) co(z)=1

Terrain factor, (EN1991-1-4,cl.4.4) kr=0.19(z0/z0,II)0.07

zzmin

Mean wind velocity, vm(z) (EN1991-1-4 cl.4.3.1 ) vm(z)=cr(z).co(z).vb

Peak velocity pressure, qpeak(z) (EN1991-1-4 Eq.4.8 ) qpeak(z)=[1+7 Iv(z)]0.5 vm2 (z)=ce(z)0.5vb2
Air density:=1.25kg/m3

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE/FORCE ON WALLS

Reference height ze, depending on h and b, and corresponding velocity pressure profile (EN1991-1-4, Fig. 7.4)

Values of external pressure coefficient for vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings (EN1991-1-4, Tab.:4.1) ZONE h/d A cpe,10 cpe,1 B cpe,10 cpe,1 C cpe,10 cpe,1 D cpe,10 cpe,1 E cpe,10 cpe,1

5 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.5 +0.8 +1.0 -0.7 1 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.5 +0.8 +1.0 -0.5 0.25 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.5 +0.7 +1.0 -0.3 Note: Values for cpe,1 are intended for the design of small elements and fixings with an element of 1m 2 or less such as cladding elements and roofing elements. Values for cpe,10 may be used for the design of the overall load bearing structure of buildings. The external pressure coeffiecient cpe,1 and cpe,10 is using for loadaded area of 1m2 and 10m2 respectively.

Key for vertical walls Mono&dual pitch Roof (EN1991-1-4, Fig.7.5)

Key for vertical walls Flat Roof (EN1991-1-4, Fig.7.5)

Pressure on surface &Wind force (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 5.1&5.5) we=qp(ze).(cpe +cpi) & Fw=cscdweAref

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE/FORCE ON FLAT ROOF

Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for flat roofs (EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.2) Zone F G H I cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 Sharp eaves -1.8 -2.5 -1.2 -2.0 -.07 -1.2 +0.2 hp/h=0.025 -1.6 -2.2 -1.1 -1.8 -0.7 -1.2 -0.2 With hp/h=0.05 -1.4 -2.0 -0.9 -1.6 -0.7 -1.2 +0.2 Parapets hp/h=0.10 -1.2 -1.8 -0.8 -1.4 -0.7 -1.2 -0.2 r/h=0.05 -1.0 -1.5 -1.2 -1.8 -0.4 +0.2 Curved r/h=0.10 -0.7 -1.2 -0.8 -1.4 -0.3 -0.2 Eaves r/h=0.20 -0.5 -0.8 -0.5 -0.8 -0.3 +0.2 a=30o -1.0 -1.5 -1.0 -1.5 -0.3 -0.2 Mansard a=45o -1.2 -1.8 -1.3 -1.9 -0.4 +0.2 Eaves a=60o -1.3 -1.9 -1.3 -1.9 -0.5 -0.2 Note: Values for cpe,1 are intended for the design of small elements and fixings with an element of 1m2 or less such as cladding elements and roofing elements. Values for cpe,10 may be used for the design of the overall load bearing structure of buildings. The external pressure coeffiecient cpe,1 and cpe,10 is using for loadaded area of 1m2 and 10m2 respectively. Roof type

Pressure on surface &Wind force (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 5.1&5.5) we=qp(ze).(cpe +cpi) & Fw=cscdweAref

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE/FORCE ON MONOPITCH ROOF

Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs (EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.3a) Pitch Angle a 5o 15o 30o 45o 60o 75o Zone for wind direction =0o F G cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,10 -1.7 -2.5 -1.2 -2.0 +0.0 +0.0 -0.9 -2.0 -0.8 -1.5 +0.2 +0.2 -0.5 -1.5 -0.5 -1.5 +0.7 +0.7 -0.0 -0.0 +0.7 +0.7 +0.7 +0.7 +0.8 +0.8 Zone for wind direction =180o F G cpe,10 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 -1.2 -2.3 -2.5 -1.3 -2.5 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -2.8 -2.3 -1.3 -1.0 -1.0 -1.3 -0.8 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

H cpe,1 -0.6 +0.0 -0.3 +0.2 -0.2 +0.4 -0.0 +0.6 +0.7 +0.8

cpe,1 -2.0 -2.0 -1.5

H cpe,10 -0.8 -0/9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.5 -0.5

cpe,1 -1.2 -1.2

Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs (EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.3b) Pitch Zone for wind direction =90o Angle Fup Flow G H I a cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 5o -2.1 -2.6 -2.1 -2.4 -1.8 -2.0 -0.6 -1.2 -0.5 15o -2.4 -2.9 -1.6 -2.4 -1.9 -2.5 -0.8 -1.2 -0.7 -1.2 30o -2.1 -2.9 -1.3 -2.0 -1.5 -2.0 -1.0 -1.3 -0.8 -1.2 45o -1.5 -2.4 -1.3 -2.0 -1.4 -2.0 -1.0 -1.3 -0.9 -1.2 60o -1.2 -2.0 -1.2 -2.0 -1.2 -2.0 -1.0 -1.3 -0.7 -1.2 75o -1.2 -2.0 -1.2 -2.0 -1.2 -2.0 -1.0 -1.3 -0.5 Note: Values for cpe,1 are intended for the design of small elements and fixings with an element of 1m 2 or less such as cladding elements and roofing elements. Values for cpe,10 may be used for the design of the overall load bearing structure of buildings. The external pressure coeffiecient cpe,1 and cpe,10 is using for loadaded area of 1m2 and 10m2 respectively.

Pressure on surface &Wind force (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 5.1&5.5) we=qp(ze).(cpe +cpi) & Fw=cscdweAref

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE/FORCE ON DUOPITCH ROOF

Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs (EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.4a) Pitch Angle a -45o -30o -15 o Zone for wind direction =0o F G cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,10 -0.6 -0.6 -1.1 -2.0 -0.8 -1.5 -2.5 -2.8 -1.3 -2.0

J cpe,10 -1.0 -0.8 -1.2 -0.7 +0.2 o -5 -2.3 -2.5 -1.2 -2.0 -0.8 -1.2 -0.6 -1.7 -2.5 -1.2 -2.0 -0.6 -1.2 +0.2 o 5 -0.6 +0.0 +0.0 +0.0 -0.6 -0.9 -2.0 -0.8 -1.5 -0.3 -0.4 -1.0 o 15 +0.2 +0.2 +0.2 +0.0 +0.0 -0.5 -1.5 -0.5 -1.5 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 o 30 +0.7 +0.7 +0.4 +0.0 +0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.2 -0.3 o 45 +0.7 +0.7 +0.6 +0.0 +0.0 60 o +0.7 +0.7 +0.7 -0.2 -0.3 75 o +0.8 +0.8 +0.8 -0.2 -0.3 Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs (EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.4b) cpe,10 cpe,1 Pitch Angle a -45o -30o -15o -5o 5o 15o 30o 45o 60o 75o Zone for wind direction =90o F G cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,10 -1.4 -2.0 -1.2 -2.0 -1.5 -2.1 -1.2 -2.0 -1.9 -2.5 -1.2 -2.0 -1.8 -2.5 -1.2 -2.0 -1.6 -2.2 -1.2 -2.0 -1.3 -2.0 -1.2 -2.0 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4 -2.0 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4 -2.0 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4 -2.0 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4 -2.0

H cpe,1 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8

I cpe,10 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 +0.2 -0.6

cpe,1 -1.5 -1.4 -1.2

-1.5 +0.0

H cpe,1 -1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8

cpe,10 -1.3 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2

I cpe,10 -0.9 -0.9 -0.8 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

cpe,1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2

Pressure on surface &Wind force (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 5.1&5.5) we=qp(ze).(cpe +cpi) & Fw=cscdweAref