Petrochemical Industry

GROUP 14

Group Members
Mohamad Nur Azshary Bin Mohd Salleh Azirah Bte Ishak Sabrina Bte Salleh Elia Syazwani Bte Azhar Noorhafiza Bte Rahim Nurul Amalina Anati Bte Abdullah Nurul Nadia Bte Roslan UK26055 UK25523 UK27371 UK25318 UK25247 UK26346 UK26206

These 3 Sub-topics are:

There are three (3) sub-topics

Chemicals from Aromatic compounds Classifications Function/uses Reactions

Chemicals from Natural Gases

Inorganic Petrochemicals

Ammonia productions & derivatives Synthesis gases

Chemicals that doesnt have any carbon atoms

Chemicals from Aromatic Compounds

Classifications Function/uses Reactions

Introduction to Aromatic Compound

What is Aromatic Compound?

Referring to a hydrocarbon containing benzene-like rings and exhibiting characteristic stability and patterns of reactivity. One of the three classes of compounds found in petroleum. They are less abundant than the alkanes and cycloalkanes.

List of Aromatic Compounds

The aromatic compounds can be classified according to their number of aromatic rings and root compounds
No of Aromatic Rings Root Compound Related Compound

Benzene

Toluene Ethylbenzene Propylbenzene Cumene Isobutylbenzene Dodecylbenzene Styrene alpha-Methylstyrene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Cymene Indane Tetralin 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene Durene p-Cymene Indane Tetralin 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene

2 2 3

Naphthalene Biphenyl Azulene Anthracene Phenanthrene

Uses of Aromatic Compounds

Benzene Benzene is used in the production of many materials and Products including: styrene, some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, drugs, synthetic detergents, insecticides, solvents, paint removers, and gasoline. Xylene Solvent in the printing, rubber, paint and leather industries. It is found in small amounts in airplane fuel, gasoline and cigarette smoke. Toluene In the manufacture of explosives : trinitrotoluene (TNT) In the manufacture of polymers for plastic bottles and to make Polyurethane and Nylon

Naphthalene Primary use for naphthalene is in the production of phthalic anhydride Other uses of naphthalene include carbamate insecticides, surface active agents and resins, as a dye intermediate, as a synthetic tanning agent, as a moth repellent, and in miscellaneous organic chemicals.

Naphthalene

Toluene

Benzene

Xylene

REACTION IN CHEMICALS FROM AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

Benzene can react with other compounds to form new compounds. The reaction of benzene are below : 1. Ethylbenzene styrene + Hydrogen gas Alkylation Catalyst = oxides of Fe, CR, Sn, Co, Zn In liquid-phase 145C 1 atm

1.

Benzene + ethene ethylbenzene Catalyst = aluminium chloride In liquid-phase (40-100)C (2 8) atm

Dehydrogenation

Alkylation

2.

Benzene + propene Cumene Catalyst = sulphuric acid > phopheric acid In liquid-phase >vapor-phase 50C > 250C 5 atm > 40 atm

2.

Cumene + oxygen phenol Catalyst = metal salt (100- 130 )C 2 3 atm

Oxidation

Nitration

2.

Benzene + nitric acid nitrobenzene Catalyst = sulphuric acid & nitric acid In liquid-phase 50C 1atm

Hydrogenation

2.

Nitrobenzene aniline Catalyst = copper @ silica 270C 3 atm

Chlorination

2.

Benzene + chlorine gas chlorobenzene Catalyst = aluminium chloride > silica carrier In liquid-phase > vapor-phase (80 -100 )C >300 C 1 atm > 1 atm

Oxidation

2.

Benzene + oxygen gas maleic anhydrate Catalyst = metal (III) oxide 270C 4 atm

Hydrogenation

2.

Benzene cyclohexane Catalyst = nickel @ alumina (160 220 )C (25 30)atm

Oxidation

2.

cyclohexane adipic acid Catalyst = cobalt acetate Liquid-phase (95 120 )C 10 atm

Chemicals from Natural Gases

Synthesis gases Ammonia productions & derivatives

Natural Gases Consumptions

Re-injection for Oil Production Gas Sales

Natural Gases
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 6% Today Synthesis Gas Power Generations

CO

Hydrogen

Fischer-Tropsch Products

Methanol

Ammonia

Fuels

Olefins

Oxygenates, alcohols, Ethers, Esters, Acids, Aldehydes

NATURAL GAS COME FROM 3 TYPES OF WELL

Gas Well Oil Well (associated gas)

Condensate Well (non-associated gas)

Once separated from crude oil, it commonly exists in mixture with other hydrocarbon.

Typical Composition of Natural Gas

Methane Ethane Propane Butane Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Nitrogen Hydrogen Sulphide Rare gases CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 CO2 O2 N2 H2S A, He, Ne, Xe 0-8% 0-0.2% 0-5% 0-5% trace 70-90% 0-20%

Steam Methane Reformer Process

THE STEAM METHANE REFORMING PROCESS

The original process of steam methane reforming (SMR) was discovered by BASF in 1926 and commercialized in the 1930s. The most economical among all hydrogen production pathways. Consists of 3 reversible reactions. The reaction 2 and 4 are an endothermic reaction. CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 [H = +206 kJ mol-1] (2) CO + H2O CO2 + H2 [H = -41 kJ mol-1] (3) CH4+ 2H2 CO2 + 4H2 [H = +165 kJ mol-1] (4) and the moderately exothermic water-gas shift (WSG) reaction 4.

*Hydrogen production (low cost)

Hydrocarbon feedstock is desulphurised by using activated carbon filters. Steam react with methane to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen by the presence of based catalyst Nickel at 700 1100 C . CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2 For further treatment, additional hydrogen can be recovered by a lower-temperature (500c ) and the same based Nickel catalyst, gas-shift reaction with the carbon monoxide produced. CO + H2O CO2 + H2 Carbon dioxide and other impurities are removed from the gas stream, leaving essentially pure hydrogen.

Pre-treatment of the feed

-Hydrocarbon feedstock is desulphurised using activated carbon filters, pressure and reformer design

Steam Reforming and CO-shift conversion

CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2 CO + H2O CO2 + H2

Gas Purification-PSA system

Pure hydrogen from the PSA unit is sent to the hydrogen compressor, while the PSA off-gas from recovering the adsorbents, called tail gas, is fed to the reformer burner.

Other chemicals that can be produced from natural gas

Basic derivatives and sources Uses

Ammonia

Agriculture chemicals (i.e urea)

Fiber, plastics, industrial explosives

Carbon black

Carbon black

Methanol
Chloromethanes

Methyl esters (polyester fibers)

CFC for refrigerants,aerosols, more..

Hydrogen cyanide

Acryllonitrile and more

Fischer-Tropsch reaction

(2n+1) H2 + nCO

CnH(2n+2) + nH2O

Iso-paraffin formation is more extensive over zinc oxide (ZnO) or thoria (ThO3) catalysts at 400oC.

*Paraffin waxes are formed over ruthenium catalysts at 170200oC and high pressures (1500 psi) *Highly branched product over the iron catalysts (for the manufacture of automotive fuels
* High-quality diesel fuel can be prepared over cobalt.

HABER PROCESS..
Ammonia produced from the Haber process.

WHAT IS HABER PROCESS Combination nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) to produced ammonia.
Nitrogen

from air and hydrogen come from natural gas (Methane, CH4)

The

reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia is exothermic. WHY THIS REACTION IS REVERSIBLE? It meant that forward reaction is making product in the same amount as the backward reaction is making reactant.(Dynamic equilibrium) For a reversible reaction Le chatelier principle state that. The equilibrium position will respond to appose a change in reaction condition.

produce ammonia the temperature must be 400C 500C WHY MUST THIS TEMPERATURE? Because this is actual temperature of haber process between (400-500)C is compromise between the amount of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture. Ammonia is produce at the atmospheric pressure of (100300) atm. WHY? It to expensive to make a high pressure chemical plant.
To

The

catalyst that use to produce ammonia is IRON OXIDE. The catalyst has no effect in the reaction, its only function to speed up the reaction.

DERIVATIVE
Ammonium

hydroxide Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulphate Aranium diuranate Ammonium chloride Ammonium carbonate Ammonium fluoride Ammonium bromide

Inorganic Petrochemicals

Chemicals that doesnt have any carbon atoms

The Examples of Inorganic Petroleum By-products

Sulfur Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) Nitric acid (HNO3) Ammonia (NH3) Carbon black

INORGANIC PETROCHEMICALS
Petrochemical

have larger range of organic compounds and a few

inorganic compounds. Inorganic petrochemical is one that does not contain carbon atoms. Product Explanation Most highly produced inorganic chemicals. Reaction between Hydrogen and Nitrogen: 3 H2 + N2 2 NH3 Application: 1. Alternatives to fossil fuels for internal combustion engines.

Ammonia

Sulphur

Produced from petroleum, natural gas and fossil fuels. Obtained by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide: H2S + O2 -->S + H2O Application: 1. Used as component of fertilizer

Sulphuric acid

Obtained from sulphur found in volcanic regions. Reaction between sulphur trioxide and water: SO3 + H2O H2SO4(g) Application: 1. Used in petroleum refining as catalyst Made by the process of electrolysis of sodium chloride. Reaction sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate: Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) CaCO3 + 2 NaOH(aq) Application: 1.As a basic production material for chemical products and derivatives

Caustic soda (Sodium Hydroxide)

Ammonium sulphate

Found in volcanic districts. Reaction between ammonia and sulphuric acid: 2 NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Application: 1. Use as a soil fertilizer.

Ammonium Nitrate

Production of ammonium nitrate in industry. Reaction between nitric acid and ammonia: HNO3(aq) + NH3(l) NH4NO3(aq) Application: 1. Used in agriculture as high-nitrogen fertilizer.

Nitric acid

Produced by the reaction reoxidized by the oxygen in air to produce additional nitrogen dioxide. Reaction between nitrogen dioxide and water: 3 NO2 + H2O 2 HNO3 + NO Application: 1. Used as a strong oxidizing agent.

Carbon black

Produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products. Application: 1.Used in protective coatings

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