1.

The present simple

Uses :
1. To express eternal/generaltruths or to make statements of general validity Ice melts in the sun . The sun rises in the East and sets in the West. 2. To express repeated, habitual, permanent actions Adverbs : every, never, occasionally, often, sometimes, twice a week, ussualy. We go to school every morning. Father smokes too much. Jane works in a big factory. 3. In direct speech , to introduce quotations Shakespeare says: Not marble, nor the gilded monuments Of princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme. 4. Somethimes in giving the summary of a story, being called narrative/ historic present; I went into the dark room and, suddenly I hear a strange noise. 5. In step by step instructions or demonstrations First, I take the potatoes and slice them. Then i slice the tomatoes, fry the onion and parsley in a little fat until the onions are translucent... 6. In sports commentaries The goal-keeper passes to Maradona, but Hagi interceps; Hagi to Lacatus and he shoots ang it`s goal. 7. To express an officially planned action or an action belonging to a settlet programme The champinoship starts Saturday. 8. To express a future action In a conditional clause: If your cousin comes here tomorrow, we`ll go to the cinema. In time clause: Tom will like English grammar when he understands it. 9. In proverbs, sayings Despair gives courage to a coward. 10. In certain contexts, especially in the interrogative sentences to render a modal hint Why do you move so slowly? 11. In exclamatory sentences beginning with here or there; Here they come! There goes the train! 12. With the verb to continue and its equivalents as they contain in themselves the idea of progress and so, it is not necessary to use a continuous form The children continue to write. The pupils go on reading.

2. The present continuous

A: S+ am/are/is + vb + ing I: Am/are/is + S+ vb+ing N: S +am not/ aren`t/isn`t+ vb+ing IN: Am/ are/ is + S +not + vb+ing

Uses:
1. To express an action which started before the present moment, which is in progress at the moment of speaking, agd which will terminate in the future. The sun is shining in the sky now. The pupil is just writing the exercise. 2. To express a temporary action We usually go to work by bus, but today we are goin by car. 3. To express a definite arrangement in the near future. It is , perhaps the most usual way to present to somebody`s immediate plans. What are you doing tomorrow. 4. To express futurity, especially with verbs of movement like: to come, to arrive, to go, to leave: Our friends are arriving tomorrow. He is going to London on Friday. 5. To express a frequent repetition He is always borrowing money from his friends but never gives it back. Why are the children being so naisy today? 6. Sometimes, in subordinate clauses of time or condition The boy will play in the park while his mother is making cake. I will not disturb her if she i watching TV. 7. With the verbs to get or to grow to express a transition from one state to another It is getting dark. Our parents are getting older and older.

3. The past thense simple

Uses:
1. To express an action ore state wholy completed at some moment or during some period in the past. Yesterday i met my old friend Jack. 2. To express a past habit, or a repeated action in the past Grandmother drank three cups of coffee a day. We went to the theatre every Friday evening. 3. In indirect speech to express a present tense from direct speech We live in a big house, the girl said. The girl said they lived in a big house. 4. To introduce somebody`s words in diract speech Where are the children?mother asked. 5. In conditional clauses, to express a present conditional My friend would help me if she werw here. 6. After the verb wish, or after a if/ as though/ if only/ would rather I wish i were on holiday now. He is speaking as if he knew everything about the accident. It`s (high) time my son learnt english too. 7. To express a future action, in a time clause, which is simultaneous with another one expressed by the future in the past He promised me that he would tell me the truth when he knew it.

4. The past thense continuous

Uses:
1. To express an action in progressat a certain moment in the past I remember that at 8 o`clock my brother was watching TV. 2. To indicate that an action was going on at the time when something else, more important or more dramatic took place While mary was crossing the road yesterday, she saw an flying saucer in the sky. 3. To show that two or more actions are going on at the same moment in the past: While mother was coocking, father was reading a newspaper and the kittens were playing on the carpet. 4. In indirect speech, to express a present continuous direct speech My doll is sleeping now, little kate said. Little kate said her doll was sleeping then. 5. To signify a future arrangement seen from a past moment Our neighbours did not come to our place that evening because the werw talikg the night train to london. 6. With always to express a repeated action in the past which annoys the speaker The two pupils were always laughing during my clases . 7. In conditional clauses. To express a present continuous in progress What would you say if the bays werw slaaping now?

5. The present perfect simple

Uses:
1. When we are no longer interested in the time when the past action took place, but in its result into the present I have visited an interesting museum.( I still remember the things seen there.) 2. When the past action continues in the present and, perhaps, it will go on into the future, too. Many pupils have learnt in this school.(In the past some children learnt here , in the present others are learning and, of course in the future other pupils will learn here, too.) 3. To express completed activities in the immediate past. The train has just left. We have not seen Jack lately. 4. With words denoting an incomplete period of time: today, this week, this month... Last week we wrote three letters, but this week we have written only one. 5. How long, when concerned with a period of time extending into the present, requires the present perfect. How long have you been ill?(You are still ill.) 6. With adverbs of indefinite time or expressing frequency: ever, even, often, seldom, always We have never visited New York. Have you ever been to the North Pole? 7. With adverbs already and yet The student has already translated the lesson. Albert has not learnt the poem yet. 8. With since and for They have not seen Alice singe 1999. 9. For past action which time is not mentioned Has Peter had lunch? 10. In newspapers and broadcasts to introduce an action which will be described in the simple past tense. An terrible accident has happened; a car ran into a group of children and killed three of them. 11. To express a future action, in a time clause. I shall ring you as soon as mother has come back. 12. In conditional clauses Little Paul will come here at once if Grannie has made cake. Mary will not be permitted to go for a walk in the park unless she has done her homework.

6. The present perfect continuous

A: S+ have been + vb + ing I: Have + S+ been+ vb+ing

N: S +Have not been+ vb+ing IN: Have+ S + not been + vb+ing

Uses:
1. While the Present Perfect Simple implies that the attention is focused on the repetition or on the completion of an action, the Present Perfect Continuous emphasizes the duration , the continuity of the action in the present: Mother has watered the flowers . (Her job has just been done) Mary has been watered the flowers for ahalf an hour. (She is still doing the job) 2. The Present Perfect Continuous is also find in subordinate clauses of time, to show that an action which began in the past is still under way: While Nick has been watching Judith, she has been drinking her glass of milk. 3. Since The Present Perfect Continuous describes an action which is apparently uninterrupted, it will not be employed when we mention the number of times a thing has been done or the number of things that have been done: I`ve been drinking tea since 5 o`clock. But: I`ve drunk three cups of tea since 5 o`clock.

7. The past perfect simple

A:S+had + vb (3rd form) I:Had+ S + vb (3rd form) N:S+had not+ vb (3rd form) IN: Had + S+ not+ vb (3rd form)

Uses:
1. To espresss a past action that took place before a past moment or before another action in the past. In fact it is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect. Note the use of When, Before, Now that, As soon as, and After in some of the sentences containing a Past Perfect: The boy explained that he had seen somebody in the garden. When father came home, Nick has done his homework. Father came home after Nick has done his homework. Nick has done his homework before father came home. 2. To express duration up to a certain moment in the past : By the time the rain started, we had dug the whole garden. 3. With just, already, hardly and no sooner, to show that the past action was finished a little time before another past action: Mary told us that her brother had just left. We did not know that he had already repaired the car. 4. With since or for, when the point of the refference is past : In 1980 I had been a teacher for ten years. I knew she had not seen him since Christmas. 5. In indirect speech to express a Past Tense or a Present Perfect from direct speech: 1. I saw this film last week, said Jim. Jim said he had seen that movie a week before. 2. I have never visited Madrid, the boy explained. The boy explained that he had never visited Madrid. 6. To express a past conditional in a conditional clause: I would have given her the book if i had met her. If only you hadn`t lied to her. 7. To express an unfullfield wish: I wish ( wished) i had not missed the train. 8. After had/would rather or as if/ as though: Yesterday i`d rather you had stayed here than gone there. She spoke as if she had seen it. 9. To express a uture action that takes place before another action expressed by future in the past: I told my friend that i would lend him the book after i had read it. 10. With such verbs as: to expect, to hope, to intend, to mean, to think, to express a past hope, intention which was not fullfield: I had hoped to find tickets for that performance but i was not able to.

8. The simple future

A: S+ shall/will+ vb N: S+shall not/ vill not+ vb I:Shall/will + S+vb IN: Shall/ will + S+ Not+ vb

Uses :
As a rule, shall is used for the first person ( singular and plural) and will for the 2nd and 3rd person, this form being also called Pure Future or Uncoloured Future. It ussualy occurs in formal style , although in normal speech, the forms I`ll and We`ll will probably be used. Due to the natural desire for uniformity, in speech, will is used for all three persons. The pure future is said to express: a) A neutral future event, a prediction about the future, without any colouring of volition, promise: I shall go on an interesting trip next week. My friend will see a good film in the afternoon. b) A future action in the main clause of conditional sentences: I shall read this book if she gives it to me. If the rain stops, the boys will play in the garden. SHALL a) Determination, resolution: We shall speak when we think fit. The enemy shall not pass! b) Promise If you repair this car, you shall have a three days holiday. c) Refusal As you have not taken care of the book you borrowed. You shall not have another one! d) Threat If Mary has done such a thing she shall pay dearly for it. e) Prophetic utterances ...But thy eternal summer shall not die.( Shakespeare Sonet XVIII) f) Constructions with shall may also occur that clauses as well as in legal documents I have decided that she shall go there at once. Payment shall be made in due time. WILL a) Willingness, determination: I will pay you as much as you ask for. I will do this problem even if i have to stay up the whole night. b) Promise: I won`t make such a mistake again. c) Possibility, assumption: That girl under the tree will be his sister. d) Estimation of capacity: This school will hold more than one thousand pupils. e) Something unavoidable or that recurs very often: Boys will be boys. Somethimes she will look out of the window for hours without hearing anything around her.

9. The future continuous

A: S+ shall/will be+ vb +ing N: S+shall not be/ vill not be + vb+ ing I:Shall/will + S+ be +vb+ ing IN: Shall/ will + S +be+ Not+ vb

Uses:
1. To express a future activity or state that will begin before and will continue after a certain moment in the future: This time tomorrow we shall be watching TV. 2. To indicate that an activity or state will extend over a whole future period Lucy will be writing letters all day long. 3. To express future events that are planned: We shall be spending aur next holiday in the mountains.

10. To be going to (The near future)

The going toconstruction is used to express: 1. Intention ( the future fulfilment of present intention) : What is Jane going to tell us? There is a difference between the intention expressed by will and the one expressed by be going to. This is because the going to constructions expresses not only intention, but also premeditation. Therefore to be going to is not used where premeditation is not employed. A: John cannot do this execcise. B:I`ll help him.( Not : I`m going to help him.) 2. Prediction - when we know that something will take place in the future: My sister is going to graduate from the faculty in May. Or when we see that something is about to happen: It is going to rain in a few minutes. 3. Planed actions: My uncle is going to buy a boat next year.

11. The future perfect simple

(shall/will+have+Past Participe) The Future Perfect Simple is used to indicate:
1. An action which will be finished before a certain moment or another action in the future. In this case it is ussually associated with the preposition by in such constructions as by Moday/ by that time/ by the end of. It is nine o`clock. I`m sure my sister will have written her composition by eleven o`clock. 2. The duration up to a certain time in the future: Tomorrow we shall have been on holiday for one month. Mention must be made of the fact that the Future Perfect does not occur in a time clause, in which case the Present Perfect is used: You will be able to translate such a difficult text only when/ after you have learnt ( not: will have learnt) all the new words. 3. Possibility or assumption: If Jack has taken a taxi he will have arrived at the railway station in time. (I assume that he has arrived/ It is likely that he has arrived.)

12. The future perfect continuous

The future perfect continuous is used to express the duration of an action up to a certain moment in the future: At 6 o`clock yur sister will have been sleeping for two hours.

13. The future in the past simple

This tense is used to express a future action or state seen from a viewpoint in the past . It occurs in object clauses: She told me that she would go there soon.

14. The future in the past continuous

This tense expresses a Future Continuous seen from a past viewpoint: The woman assures us that, in less than half an hour, her baby would be sleeping.