1. Define Flip-Flops and Latches.

a flip-flop is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flipflops and latches are a fundamental building block of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems. Flip-flops and latches are used as data storage elements. Such data storage can be used for storage of state, and such a circuit is described as sequential logic. When used in a finitestate machine, the output and next state depend not only on its current input, but also on its current state (and hence, previous inputs). It can also be used for counting of pulses, and for synchronizing variably-timed input signals to some reference timing signal. Flip-flops can be either simple (transparent or opaque) or clocked (synchronous or edgetriggered); the simple ones are commonly called latches. 2. Difference between Latches and Flip-flops. affected by their inputs as long as the enable signal is asserted. In other words, when they are enabled, their content changes immediately when their inputs change. Flip-flops, on the other hand, have their content change only either at the rising or falling edge of the enable signal. This enable signal is usually the controlling clock signal. After the rising or falling edge of the clock, the flip-flop content remains constant even if the input changes. 3. Kinds of Flip-flops.

SR flip-flop: Is similar to an SR latch. Besides the CLOCK input, an SR flip-flop has two inputs, labeled SET and RESET. If the SET input is HIGH when the clock is triggered, the Q output goes HIGH. If the RESET input is HIGH when the clock is triggered, the Q output goes LOW. D flip-flop: Has just one input in addition to the CLOCK input. This input is called the DATA input. When the clock is triggered, the Q output is matched to the DATA input. Thus, if the DATA input is HIGH, the Q output goes HIGH, and if the DATA input is LOW, the Q output goes LOW. JK flip-flop: A common variation of the SR flip-flop. A JK flip-flop has two inputs, labeled J and K. The J input corresponds to the SET input in an SR flip-flop, and the K input corresponds to the RESET input. The difference between a JK flip-flop and an SR flip-flop is that in a JK flip-flop, both inputs can be HIGH. When both the J and K inputs are HIGH, the Q output is toggled, which means that the output alternates between HIGH and LOW. For example, if the Q output is HIGH when the clock is triggered and J and K are both HIGH, the Q output is set to LOW. If the clock is triggered again while J and K both

remain HIGH, the Q output is set to HIGH again, and so forth, with the Q output alternating from HIGH to LOW at every clock tick. T flip-flop: This is simply a JK flip-flop whose output alternates between HIGH and LOW with each clock pulse. Toggles are widely used in logic circuits because they can be combined to form counting circuits that count the number of clock pulses received.