AGNES LLAMASARES-CASTILLO, MS Pharm, RPh

PHARMACY
Art and science of preparing from natural and

synthetic sources, suitable materials for distribution and use in the Tx and prevention of diseases Ex. Willow bark aspirin, senna- Senokot

PHARMACY
It embraces knowledge of identification, selection,

pharmacologic action, preservation, analysis, standardization of drugs and medicines It includes their proper and safe distribution and use, whether dispensed on the Rx or sold directly to consumer

Classification of drugs?
Ethical / Prescription drugs Use for Mx / Tx of diseases Require prescription form Over the counter/ Non-Rx Use for the prevention of self-limiting or minor ailments No Rx form needed

Pharmacists
Expert on drugs
Responsible for dispensing/compounding of

medicines Control of drugs use

What is a drug?
Pharmaken

Articles recognized in the official USP, NF

Articles intended for use in the Dx, cure, mitigation,

Tx, prevention of disease in man and animals Articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of body of man/animals Articles intended for use as a component of any article specified in the first 3 but doesnt include devices, or their components, parts or accessories Active ingredient exerting therapeutic effect

What is a medicine?
Drug as the active ingredient + excipients formulated

into a suitable dosage form with complete packaging

What is a Device?
Instruments, apparata, contrivances, components used

in prevention, Dx, Tx, cure , mitigation of diseases or affect the structure or function of body of man or animals

What are the scopes of Pharmacy?

Community pharmacy Retail Pharmacy Activities: dispensing, compounding, selling, storage and handling, advising of patients,selecting product for inventory, identifying fast moving products, administers, supervise the pharmacy ( managerial function), entrepreneural function

Types of community pharmacy

Independent drugstore vary in size and merchandise
Pharmaceutical Centers Keep family health information center, prof. Library, extensive reference files Direct pt- pharmacist relation Pharmacist as frontliners Ex: Med-Xpress

Types of community pharmacy

Group Practice- formal association of pharmacists

serving different fields of specialties; income is divided accdg to pre-arranged plan

Types:

Geriatrics nursing homes, dosage adjustment requirement Mental Health Phar/ Psychopharmacy Oncology Services protocol devt, data management, inventory control, handling and disposing of cytotoxic materials at home Radiopharmacy - radiopharmaceuticals

Types of community pharmacy

Chain Drugstore/ Multiple Pharmacy Profitable, more than 2 branches 1966
Phil Setting: urban vs rural areas consignment pharmacy aids/ trained helpers

Scopes of Pharmacy
Industrial Pharmacy Research ( R &D)

Formulation Reformulation Drug-excipient Compatibility Testing Determine proper route of administration of drug Products stability including the proper packaging material innovations

Scopes of Pharmacy
Industrial Pharmacy

Production Conversion of raw materials to finished products Supervises the operation, CGMP must be observed, planning for production

RAW MATERIALS

PRODUCTION PROCEDURE

FINISHED PRODUCTS

Scopes of Pharmacy
Industrial Pharmacy Quality Control

Qualitative/quantitative checks of RM, intermediate and finished products Tests are performed on products Assay det the % purity of active ingredient

Scopes of Pharmacy
Industrial pharmacy Drug distribution or Marketing

Detailmen contact prescribers regarding companys products Explain product in detail

The Phil. Drug Industry

1900 Hizon Lab
1913 Manuel Zamora Lab ( Tiki-tiki)

1918 Phil-American Drug Co. ( Botica Boie)

Arambulo Prod., Inc. Santos Ocampo Inc Farmacia de San Fernando Lexal Lab Existing Unilab, Pascual,GSK, Euromed, Pfizer

Industrial Pharmacy
distributes pharmaceuticals
Drug manufacturers

Drug establishment manufactures, imports, repacks,

With manufacturing facilities, engaged in production operations

Propagation and processing

compounding

finishing

filling

sale

Storage/distrib ution

labelling

Packing /repacking

Industrial Pharmacy
Drug Trader Registered owner of drug product Procures the RM and packaging components Provides production monograph, QC standard, procedures Subcontracts a manufacturing lab Ex: Wyeth (Robitussin) manuf. By Interphil Pediatrica (Dolan) - Unilab Bristol-Myers Squibb (Tempra) Mead Johnson Biomedis (Biogesic) - Unilab

Industrial Pharmacy
Drug Distributor/ Importer Imports RM, active ing, finished product for its own use or for wholesale distribution Vitacolor, MDLD Drug Distributor/ Exporter Exports RM, active ing, finished product to other country

Industrial Pharmacy
Drug Distributor/ Wholesale Procures RM, active ing, finished product from local establishment for local distribution on whole sale basis Zuellig Pharma, Metrodrug, Marsman & Co.,Dyna Small manufacturers under FIDA ( Fil. Drug Ass) &

CFDM ( Chamber of Fil. Drug Manuf )

Marginal manufacturing facilities
Serve only generic drug placed by DOH

Drugmakers, AM Europharma

Industrial Pharmacy
Federated Phar. Industry of Phil (FPIP) Composed of CFDM, Phil Phar manufacturers Ass., Drug Ass of Phil Solve the common problems of industry Direct dialogue with govt agencies

Scopes of Pharmacy
Hospital Pharmacy A department or service in hospital under the direction of competent pharmacist Pharmacists work with physiscians, nurses, patient and other hospital personnel From which all medications are supplied to nursing units Part of the health care team Activities:

Compounding, provides stock medication, performs moderate scale manufacturing (dermatologicals, TPN) Responsible for Drug control system in hospital Responsible for the professional care of the pt regarding drug use Mx of hospital pharmacy Part of PTC, manning Drug Information Service

Scopes of Pharmacy
Hospital Pharrmacist must be knowledgeable on Drugs and their action Phar. Manuf. Program Control procedure regarding

QC (prep of TPN/ admixtures) Drug distribution through out the hospital

Research activities both medical and pharmaceutical

Teaching Techniques ( inservice training programs) Pharmacy administration in hospital

Scopes of Pharmacy
Phil society of Hospital Pharmacist 1962, promotes interest of hospital pharmacist Provides quartly seminars

Scopes of Pharmacy
Clinical Pharmacy Recent innovation in Pharm. Practice (1970) Patient oriented profession Activities:

Makes rounds with doctor, maintains patient histories, monitors drug therapy, advises pt on drug use, side effects, and drug interactions, ADR Direct pt involvement ( conducting admissions, discharge, interviews Reviews drug utilization, education to improve drugs use US : Doctors do Dx; pharmacists prescribe the medicine Important that clin. Pharmacist is familiar with different lab tests and interpretation of results

Scopes of Pharmacy
Clinical Pharmacy Associated with decreased hosp mortality rates, decreased drug cost, decreased length of stay of pt Founder: Dr. Siopin Co Makati medical center Pharmaceutical care optimal use of medications to achieve specific outcomes that improve a patients quality of life

Scopes of Pharmacy
Patient-oriented pharmacist considers:

Knowledge of drugs

Communication Skill

CARING

Drug Info. Skill

Before
physician

After
physician

Rx

RX

interaction

pharmacist

DUR

patient
dispensing

patient

pharmacist

Scopes of Pharmacy
Barriers to Clinical pharmacy practice Lack of interest of top mgnt on the concept Higher cost Other professionals are unhappy Lack of incentive to pharmacist Lack of training/ specializing areas to develop expertise

Scopes of Pharmacy
Drug Wholesaling Important part of distributive scheme, provide mechanism to obtain various products manufactured by different labs from single agency Less hazards in stock handling, record keeping and bill paying for the retailer
Drug Manufacturers

Wholesaler

Retailer

Scopes of Pharmacy
Education Most important segment of pharmacy Represented by colleges of pharmacy Responsible for the nature and quality of pharmaceutical education Knowledge of diffrent physical, biological sciences qualifies a pharmacist to teach Masteral/ Doctoral degree

Scopes of Pharmacy
Research discovery/isolation of new drugs for Tx of diseases The development of better drugs through chemical modification Examples: Amoxicillin Co-amoxiclav Diuretics K sparing diuretics

Scopes of Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Journalism Gifted with writing and editing talents Magazines, brochures, newsletter about different drugs for marketing purposes

Scopes of Pharmacy
Oraganization Management Pharmacist as officer of diffrent recognize associations PPhA, PAPPI, PACOP, PSHP, CPAP Provides seminars to keep pharmacist abreast with latest technology

Scopes of Pharmacy
Medical Communications Newest/ rapidly developing field Computer handling of medical data Pharmacist in Government Service Officer in Army, Navy, Air force BFAD (licensing , inspection, registration) DOH ( research on tropical diseases, public health) BPI (analyst, microbiologist) NBI,DDB (toxicologist, chemist) PRC ( board examiner) Consultant ( mental health, family planning, pollution, poisons, self-medication, immunization)