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International Journal of Civil Engineering OF and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 AND 6308 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL CIVIL ENGINEERING

G (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 121-133 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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HYPERBOLIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR TROPICAL RESIDUAL SOILS


Nagendra Prasad.K1, Sulochana.N2
1

Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SV University, Tirupati, India, (corresponding author) 2 Sulochana.N , Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SV University College of Engineering, Tirupati & Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Govt. Polytechnic for Women, Palamaner, Chittoor District, A.P.

ABSTRACT The stress-strain response of natural soils depends on soil state, stress history and drainage conditions. Many constitutive models are available for describing the stress-strain relationship for different soil types. It is desirable to have a comprehensive model, based on sound principles of continuum mechanics, capable of describing the soil behaviour under any type of loading. The model parameters involved in such models most often, require elaborate experimental procedures to evaluate them. There are many instances when a problem posed to an engineer may not necessarily require such a complex material model. For example, a simple undrained analysis may be sufficient for the immediate or end of construction (this will be always critical condition) of structures on clayey soils. Depending on specific field situation, it may be possible to analyze the problem with much simpler model. Therefore, there is a need to develop a realistic and simple model whose parameters can be determined easily with simple procedures. The cardinal aim of the present paper is to develop a simple constitutive relationship using hyperbolic approach, based on analysis of test results on five different types of soils. Combination of stress ratio and mean principal stress is identified to capture the strain softening behaviour of residual soils. The model developed is applied to predict the stress-strain response for other soils found in literature. The model predictions are quite comparable and model parameters are easily determinable. Keywords: Tropical residual soils, hyperbolic model, stress-strain-pore pressure response, yield stress, confining pressure.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME 1. INTRODUCTION Soils are very complicated engineering materials, whose constitutive response depends on many compositional and environmental factors. The availability of high-speed computers and powerful numerical techniques (such as the finite element method) makes it possible to incorporate the non-linear behaviour of materials into the analysis of soil systems and soil structure interaction problems. Some advanced soil models have been proposed for the non-linear stress-strain behaviour of soils, including the hypo elastic models, the hyper elastic models and the plasticity models. However, these models require the determination of many parameters for the investigated soils. The explicit nature of stress-strain response of tropical residual soil mostly depends on fabric and nature of cement bonding in addition to the usual factors such as current state, stress history, stress path and drainage conditions. Despite the availability of quite a good number of constitutive relations concerning the behaviour of clays, there are still a large number of problems which have not been satisfactorily tackled. Among these, strain softening behaviour of tropical residual soils during deformation process is of importance. Strain softening is an important phenomenon causing concern as regards the design problems associated with estimation of bearing capacity, stability and deformation. Most often tropical residual soils are treated as overconsolidated soils because they also exhibit similar features like strain softening, higher initial stiffness, etc. But a closer study of the test results of different tropical residual soils found in literature would reveal that the behaviour of these soils in undrained shear is very much different from that of uncemented overconsolidated soils. Most important difference is that softening here is associated with continued positive pore pressures whereas softening in overconsolidated soils is associated with negative pore pressures. Probably, this is because there is an additional component of resistance from cementation bonds. Thus there is a need for development of a realistic and simple model comprising of easily determinable constitutive parameters which is capable of capturing the most important aspects of the behaviour. For instance, the hyperbolic elastic models (Duncan and Chang, 1970) are still widely used in the non linear finite element analysis of uncemented soils is one such example. The reasons for using hyperbolic models are ascribed to its simplicity and well defined constants associated with the model. It is well known that hyperbolic model was originally formulated to fit the undrained triaxial test results with only two constants to be defined. It subsequently grew in strength and came to be applied to realistic boundary value problems involving both drained and undrained conditions with corresponding modifications using incremental approach. The inherent capability of the hyperbolic form to capture the softening behaviour of tropical residual soils has not been attempted in the past (Nagendra Prasad et al. 1999). 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION In a tropical region, residual soil layers can be very thick, sometimes extending to hundreds of meters before reaching un-weathered rock. Unlike the more familiar transported sediment soil, the engineering properties and behaviour of tropical residual soils may vary widely from place to place depending upon the rock of origin and the local climate during their formation; and hence are more difficult to predict and model mathematically. Despite their abundance and significance, our knowledge and understanding of these soils is not as
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME extensive as that of transported sediment soil (Huat et al. 2012). However, with respect to residual soil, both its interaction mechanism and its failure behaviour in soil composites are not well understood due to limited study (Mofiz et al. 2010). Tropical soils appear in large regions of the world and have been less studied than soils from temperate climates, particularly with respect to critical state and limit state conditions. Most geo-materials are structured in nature and this natural structure affects the behavior of tropical soils. Structural features affecting soil behavior include soil cementation and soil fabric. Sarma et al. (2008) observed that the consolidation properties of soils indicate an insight on the compressibility behaviour of soils with associated expulsion of water. However, determination of such properties involves considerable time, cost and rigorous testing process. Further, natural state of partial saturation and soil-moisture is not simulated in the standard consolidation procedures. The sampling technique is also not specific for the Oedometer tests and sampling disturbance influences the results considerably. As such, modified methodologies of Odometer test for field simulation as well as simple correlations of the consolidation parameters with fundamental properties are always preferred by practising engineers. Karmakar et al. (2004) brought out that the soil undergoes both elastic and plastic deformation when subjected to loading. The basic requirement for integrated analyses of movements and failure of a soil mass is a constitutive relationship capable of modelling stress-strain behaviour of soil up to and beyond failure. Development of such a relationship generally involves separating the elastic and plastic behaviour. This is achieved using a welldefined curve known as the yield locus located in a shear stress-normal stress space. If the stress state of a soil plots inside the yield locus, it is considered to be elastic and undergoes recoverable deformation. On the other hand, if a particular stress path puts the stress state of the soil on or outside the yield locus, plastic or irrecoverable deformation of soil occurs. Elasto-plastic constitutive models help to distinguish between the recoverable and irrecoverable deformations for understanding the stress strain behaviour of soil during loading and unloading. In order to develop a simple framework, a mechanistic approach is needed based on well planned experimental investigation. 3. SCOPE OF THE PAPER Particularly soils in the Southern Indian Region are residual in nature (those derived by in-situ weathering of rocks). In residual soils the particles and their arrangement would have evolved progressively as a consequence of physical and chemical weathering. Although the geological study of the formation and structure of in-situ residual soils is well advanced, the simple and rapid methods to analyze and assess the engineering properties of these soils have not received the same level of attention. This is in contrast to the situation while sedimentary soil deposits are encountered. Quite often cementation in rock would be left behind due to varied degrees of weathering. The objective of this paper is to develop a simple practical procedure for representing the nonlinear, stress dependent, inelastic stress-strain behaviour of tropical residual soil during undrained shear. Accordingly, the relationship described has been developed in such a way that values of the required parameters may be derived from the results of the standard laboratory triaxial tests. The formulations are proposed within the framework of a hyperbolic relation of stress ratio (q/p) and also of effective mean principal stress (p) with strain. The
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME formulation incorporates stress dependency, nonlinearity, strain softening aspects of the behaviour quite effectively. It must be pointed out that this is an attempt to circumvent the difficulty associated with the choice of complicated constitutive models while dealing with undrained field situations. 4. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 4.1 Residual Soils Tested In order to understand the mechanisms involved in shear and compression behaviour in relation to naturally sedimented soils, a detailed experimental program has been undertaken on undisturbed soil samples extracted from regional soil deposits in Tirupati and its surroundings. These soil deposits are residual in nature which has been subjected to a number of wetting and drying cycles. Owing to increase in construction activity concerning these soils, there is a need to comprehensively understand the mechanisms involved in shear and compression behaviour. The investigation considers the laboratory testing on representative field samples (both undisturbed and remolded) which have been extracted from the bottom of test pits of depths ranging from 1.8m to 3.5m. It may be seen that these soils represent wide spectrum of residual soils encountered in practice in the region. The liquid limit values range from 27-92 and fine fraction ranging from 32-79. The basic soil properties of the soils considered are shown in table 1. Table 1: Soil Properties
Vinayaka Nagar 2.70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 % Gravel %Sand % Silt + Clay Liquid limit (%) Plastic limit (%) Plasticity index (%) Void ratio (eo) Percent < 425 Modified liquid limit, (WL )M % eo/eLM IS Classification Field density, kN/m3 Natural moisture content, % Yield stress y in kPa 3.00 46.00 51.00 42.00 30.10 11.90 0.610 68 28.56 1.080 CI 19.58 16.70 80 Gayathri Nagar 3.50 1.00 43.00 56.00 33.00 22.17 10.83 0.601 79 26.00 0.800 CL 19.85 17.73 76 Muni Reddy Nagar Depth of Sampling, m 2.50 1.80 Renigunta 6.60 63.40 30.00 92.00 45.30 46.70 0.620 32 29.44 0.785 SC 19.62 19.86 67 0.50 57.50 42.00 27.00 20.75 6.25 0.605 77 21.00 0.750 SC 19.18 16.25 64 Tiruchanur 2.70 7.00 48.00 45.00 55.00 35.24 19.76 0.550 50 27.50 0.850 SC 19.54 14.92 80

S.No.

Description

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME 4.2 Analysis of Test Data The test results are analysed using the effective mean normal and deviatoric stress parameters p and q as given by: + 2 3 (1) p= 1 3 q = 1 3 1 = axial stresses on a cylindrical sample. 3 = radial stresses on a cylindrical sample. The deviatoric strain is expressed by: 2 s = ( 1 2 3 ) 3 Where (2)

(3) (4)

v = 1 + 2 3
Where

1 = axial strains 3 = radial strains. For undrained tests, v = 0 and hence s = 1. Axial strains were measured externally and the deviatoric stresses were calculated from the readings of pressure controller and the current sample area using conventional area correction. Figures 1 and 2 shows the stress-strain-pore pressure response of tropical residual soils for two confining pressures (50kPa and 100kPa) of two soils. From the figures 1 and 2, it may be observed that the strain softening is associated with positive pore pressure. The other soils are also following the same trend. It is well known that it is not possible to get a unique plot of q/po versus s for tropical residual soils while it is possible in the case of normally consolidated clays. This may be attributed to the fact that the evolution of cementation bond resistance and subsequent softening during deformation process is not proportional to the initial confining pressures, there by being more predominant for low confining pressures in comparison to the equivalent unbonded response. Effective stress paths of the two samples are presented in figures 3 and 4 for the confining pressures tested. The other soils are also following the same trend. These stress paths indicate that mean effective stress decreases during strain hardening and strain softening process. The specimens tested under different confining pressures tend to reach the critical states corresponding to remoulded situation if cementation bonds were not present. It turns out that critical state is approached only slowly at large strains. The results indicate that it is the type of soil that determines the critical state parameters and not the initial state or cementation bonding. The results show that the value of stress ratio (=q/p) upon reaching respective peak values remains nearly constant for two confining pressures as indicated in figures 3 and 4. It may be further observed from figures 1 and 2 that the pore water pressure continues to be positive even in the softening region indicating that the behaviour is not similar to that of overconsolidated soils as is frequently reported. Strain softening associated with positive pore pressures is perhaps peculiar feature concerning the behaviour of tropical residual soils. This may be ascribed to the additional stress transfer on to the pore pressure as a consequence of debonding with progressing shearing. This stress transfer seems to occur in such a way that the value of remains fairly a constant with distortional strain.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

Fig.1 Stress-strain-pore pressure response of Vinayaka nagar soil

Fig.2 Stress-strain-pore pressure response of Gayathri nagar soil

Fig.3 Effective stress paths of Vinayaka nagar soil

Fig.4 Effective stress paths of Gayathri nagar soil

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

Fig.5 Mean principal stress-strain response of Vinayaka Nagar soil

Fig.6 Mean principal stress-strain response of Gayathri Nagar soil

Fig.7 Stress ratio-strain response of Vinayaka Nagar soil

Fig.8 Stress ratio-strain response of Gayathri Nagar soil

An examination of data obtained from experimental results of tropical residual soils indicates that p versus s (figures 5 and 6) and versus s (figures 7 and 8) relations are hyperbolic. Other soils are also following the same trend. These observations form the basis for the formulations proposed in this paper. The two constant hyperbolic relations have been utilized with advantage to analyze the consolidated undrained triaxial test results. Variation of stress ratio (q/p) and the mean principal stress with deviatoric strain in terms of hyperbolic relation takes the form as

s
a 2 + (b2 X s )

(5)

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

( po p) =
Where

s
a 3 + (b3 X s )
= q/p s = shear strain po = Initial mean principal stress

(6)

Equations 5 and 6 can be transformed into the linear form as presented below in order to be able to make them suitable for experimental verification.

s = a 2 + (b2 X s )

(7)

s
( po p)

= a3 + (b3 X s )

(8)

Fig.9 Transformed stress ratiostrain curves

Fig.10 Transformed mean principal stress-strain curves

The experimental data of five soils is plotted in the form represented by equations 7 and 8 and are shown in figures 9 and 10. A good straight line can be fitted to the experimental data between s/ versus s and s/(po-p) versus s for all the soils of selected confining pressures. This is a good indication of the applicability of the form proposed to represent the stress-strain response of tropical residual soils. Elimination of s in equations 5 and 6 yields:

a3 ( p o p) a 2 = 1 b3 ( p o p ) (1 b2 )
which describes the undrained stress path of tropical residual soil.
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(9)

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME
For meaningful application of the relations proposed it is necessary to determine the exact nature of the parameters a2, b2, a3 and b3 in relation to the confining pressure normalized with yield stress. Figures 11-14 shows the variation of these constants with the confining pressure normalized with yield stress.

Fig.11 Variation of parameter a2 with confining pressure normalized with yield stress

Fig.12 Variation of parameter b2 with confining pressure normalized with yield stress

Fig.13 Variation of parameter a3 with Fig.14 Variation of parameter b3 with confining pressure normalized with yield stress confining pressure normalized with yield stress

Experimental results indicate that it is convenient to express the parameters a3 and b3 in terms of initial confining pressures normalized with yield stress in the form of a power function and a2 and b2 in the form of linear relationship with confining pressure normalized with yield stress on log scale (Equations 10 and 11).

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME
p a 2 = 0.326 ln o y p b2 = 0.143 ln o y
p a 3 = 0.109 o y p b3 = 0.011 o y

+ 0.488 + 0.481

(10a)

(10b)

1.28

(11a)

1.87

(11b)

The hyperbolic constants a2, b2, a3 and b3 as obtained by the equations mentioned above are used to compute the stress-strain response. In computing the above parameters, in addition to the experimental results, data from the literature related to tropical residual soils is also used. The test data of reddish lateritic soil (Futai et al. 2004) which is sampled at 1m depth and having yield strength of 100kPa. This soil is tested under different confining pressures ranging from 25kPa to 400kPa. The experimental data is plotted in the transformed hyperbolic form with s / and s / (po-p) on y-axis and deviatoric strain on x-axis and are presented in figures 15 and 16. The computed and the observed plots of q versus s of soils tested are presented in figures 17 and 18 respectively. The close agreement between the computed and experimental results seems to confirm the applicability of the hyperbolic model for the tropical residual soils in undrained shear. Other soils are also following the same trend. However, these formulations may not be applicable for very low confining pressures where the pore pressure response does not follow a hyperbolic variation with strain.

Fig.15 Transformed stress ratio-strain curves of lateritic soil

Fig.16 Transformed mean principal stress-strain curves of lateritic soil

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

Fig.17 Experimental and predicted stressstrain curves of Vinayaka Nagar soil

Fig.18 Experimental and predicted stressstrain curves of Gayathri Nagar soil

Fig.19 Experimental and predicted stress-strain curves of saprolitic soil


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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME 4.3 Application to other experimental investigations It is desirable to consider the proposed mathematical form in relation to other published literature in order to assess its general applicability. The test data of tropical residual saprolitic soil (Futai et al. 2004) which is sampled at 5m depth and having yield strength of 260kPa is examined in this connection. This soil is tested under different confining pressures ranging from 25kPa to 690kPa. The equations 10 and 11 are used to predict the stress-strain characteristics. The close agreement between predicted and experimental values of saprolitic soil (Futai et al. 2004) is once again well demonstrated by comparative plot shown in figure 19. 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Based on the analysis of test results of carefully planned experimental programme, the following concluding remarks may be made. 1. The strain softening behaviour associated with positive pore water pressures noticed in the residual soils can be captured using hyperbolic approach with appropriate modifications. 2. The combination of stress ratio (=q/p) and mean principal stress (p) is used to represent the non-linear stress dependent behaviour of residual soils. 3. Four parameters are involved in the proposed hyperbolic model which can be determined from simple consolidated undrained triaxial tests and one dimensional compression tests. 4. The model parameters are found to have functional relationship with the yield stress value (y) in one dimensional oedometer compression. 5. The model developed has been applied to other soil data and the applicability is evidenced from the model predictions being in close agreement with observed behaviour.

REFERENCES
1. Bujang B.K. Huat, David G. Toll, Arun Prasad (2012) - Handbook of Tropical Residual Soils Engineering- Published 24th May 2012 by CRC Press. 2. Duncan J.M. and Chang C.Y. (1970) - Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in soils. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 1970, 96, No. SM5, 1629-1653. 3. Karmakar1, S., Sharma.J. and Kushwaha.R.L.(2004), Critical state elasto-plastic constitutive models for soil failure in tillage A review, Canadian biosystems engineering, volume 46. 2004. 4. M. M. Futai, M. S. S. Almeida, and W. A. Lacerda, (2004) Yield, Strength, and Critical State Behavior of a Tropical Saturated Soil, Journal Of Geotechnical And Geoenvironmental Engineering ASCE / November 2004, 1169 -1179 5. Mofiz M. and Mohammad Nurul Islam M. (2010)- Assess the Stress-Strain and Interfacial Frictional Behaviour of Nonwoven Geotextile Reinforced Residual SoilsGeoFlorida 2010: Advances in Analysis, Modeling & Design (GSP 199) 2010 ASCE.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME
6. Nagendra Prasad, K., Srinivasa Murthy, B.R., Sitharam, T.G., and Vatsala, A. (1999)Hyperbolic stress-strain and pore pressure response of sensitive clays Indian Geotechnical Journal, 29 (3), 221-241. 7. Sarma, M.D. & D. Sarma,D. (2008) Prediction of Consolidation Properties of Partially Saturated Clays The 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG) 1-6 October, 2008 Goa, India 8. Nagendra Prasad.K, Manohara Reddy.R, Chandra.B and Harsha Vardhan Reddy.M, Compression Behaviour of Natural Soils, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 80 - 91, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316. 9. Nagendra Prasad.K, Sivaramulu Naidu.D, Harsha Vardhan Reddy. M and Chandra.B, Framework for Assessment of Shear Strength Parameters of Residual Tropical Soils, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 189 - 207, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316.

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