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Bioprocess operations make use of microbial, animal and plant cells and components of cells such as enzymes to manufacture new products and destroy harmful wastes
biological systems are very complex and beautifully constructed, but they obey the rules of chemistry and physics and they are susceptible to engineering analysis
Bioprocess Engineering
is the study of engineering principles applied to processes involving cells or enzyme catalysts
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a) SCP production
refer to microbial biomass used as food and feed additives either the isolated cell protein or the total cell material may be called SCP great nutritional value high protein, vitamin, and lipid content and the almost complete range of all essential amino acids
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Single Cell Protein Microbial biomass or protein extracted there from processes in which bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae are cultivated in large quantities As human or animal protein supplement in animal feed or in human nutrition As protein supplement (for infant as nutritional food protein)
Table 1: Composition (%) of SCP compared with soya meal and milk powder Component Alkane Methanol Alga Soya yeast bacterium meal 60 9 80 9.5 9.5 2.8 72.6 7.3 4.7 3.6 42 4 6.5 10 Milk powde r 34 1 8 5
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Sample of the single cell protein 10 biosolids after the drum dryer
Protein content in bacteria 60 to 65% Selected fungi UEMK3233 and Topicyeast 1 33 to 45%
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Examples:i. Bakers yeast bread making ii. Cheese-starter cultures Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus lactis iii. Yoghurt manufacturing Stretococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, L. acidophilus
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Topic 1 - Prokaryotes
2 m
5 m
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(c) Spiral
Trickling filter
Free-living and symbiotic nitrogenfixing prokaryotes Endomycorrhizae of the family Endogonaceae, phylum Zygomycota .
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Advantages
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c) Production of microbial metabolites Growth of microbial divided into few stages:Lag phase ii. Log or exponential phase iii. Stationary phase iv. Death phase
i.
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Phases Lag
Processes
Growth does not occur; adaptation period Log/ Cells grow gradually at constant exponential rate until reach maximum growth rate stationary death Growth ceases and growth rate reduced Viable cell number declines
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some may be produced in concentrations far higher than those required by the producing strains
Table 3: Excessive production of certain primary metabolites
Table 4: Examples of primary product from microbial metabolism and their commercial application Primary metabolite Ethanol Citric acid Acetone & butanol Glutamic acid Vitamins Polysaccharides Commercial applications Active ingredient in alcoholic beverages; Food industry Solvents Flavour enhancer Feed supplements Food industry; oil industry
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b) Secondary metabolites
secondary products of metabolism produced during stationary phase (idiophase) (Figure A) are seemingly not essential for growth and reproduction produced from the intermediates and products of primary metabolism (refer Figure B) and their formation is extremely dependent on environmental conditions every secondary metabolite is formed by only a few organisms Importance of secondary metabolites in fermentation industries
a) Antimicrobial activity b) Growth promoters c) Pharmacological properties
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Wild-type microbial ??? Genetically modified microbial?? also known as ????? UEMK3233 Topic 1
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d) Recombinant products
advent of recombinant DNA technology extend the range of potential fermentation products genes from higher organisms may be introduce into microbial cells recipients are capable of synthesizing foreign proteins hosts E. coli, S. cerevisiae and filamentous fungi products from GMO interferon, insulin, epidermal growth factor, chymosin etc important factors to consider
i. ii. iii.
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Figure A: Production of antibiotics (e.g. Penicillium spp. & Streptomycetes)
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secretion of the product minimization of the degradation of the product maximizing the expression of the foreign gene
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advantageous over the use of chemical reagents: operate at low temperature without requirement of any potential heavy metal pollution
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Many words have been used to describe engineering working with biotechnology:-
Biochemical engineering
extension of chemical engineering principles to systems using a biological catalyst to bring about desired chemical transformations often subdivided into bioreaction engineering and bioseparation engineering
Bioengineering is a broad title include work on medical and agricultural systems its practitioners include agricultural, electrical, mechanical, industrial, environmental Biological engineering is similar but emphasizes applications to plants and animals
Biomedical engineering
the application of engineering techniques to the understanding of biological systems and to the development of therapeutic technologies and devices. kidney dialysis, synthetic skin, artificial joints.. etc are some products of biomedical engineering.
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Engineer
usually possess a very good background in the physical and mathematical sciences theory formulate mathematical equation (predictive model) and then the validity of the theory is tested by comparing predicted responses to those in experiments typically unfamiliar with the experimental techniques and strategies used by life sciences
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The skills of engineer and life sciences are complementary integration of skills To become a bioprocess engineer:
needs a solid understanding of biology (need to take further courses in microbiology, biochemistry, cell biology.) need to have improvements in experimental tools learn more advanced work in biochemical engineering
Biochemical engineering extension of chemical engineering principles to systems using a biological catalyst to bring about desired chemical transformations often subdivided into bioreaction engineering and bioseparation engineering
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Figure 1: Steps in development of a complete bioprocess for commercial manufacture of a new recombinant-DNA-derived product
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2 Animal tissue
6 Plasmids
7 Cut plasmid
11 Cell division
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Step 1 to 11
concerned with genetic manipulation of host organism a gene from animal DNA is cloned into Escherichia coli genetic engineering done in laboratories on a small scale by scientists trained in molecular biology and biochemistry experiment tools: petri dishes, micropipettes, microcentrifuges, nano- or microgram quantities of restriction enzymes, electrophoresis gels for DNA, protein fractionation Parameters of major importance stability of the constructed strains and level of expression of the desired product bioprocess development
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2 Animal tissue
6 Plasmids
7 Cut plasmid
11 Cell division
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Step 12
Small-scale cultivation (lab-scale) is mostly carried out using shake flasks (250-mL to 1-L) to study the growth and production characteristics of cells culture environment (medium composition, pH, temperature..and other environmental condition) allow optimal growth of microorganism and productivity of product practical skills microbiology, fermentation calculated parameters cell growth rate, specific productivity and product yield used to describe performance of the organism
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Step 14 Pilot-scale bioreactor Engineers trained in bioprocessing are normally involved in pilot-scale operations a vessel of capacity 100 to 1000 L is built according to specifications determined from the bench-scale prototype Aim of pilot-scale studies to examine the response of cells to scale-up
Changing the size of the equipment seems relatively trivial; however, loss or variation of performance often occurs Even though the geometry of the reactor, method of aeration and mixing, impeller design and other features may be similar in small and large fermenters, the effect on activity of cells can be great! Loss of productivity following scale-up may or may not be recovered Economic projections often need to be re-assessed as a result of pilot-scale findings
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As shown in this example, a broad range of disciplines is involved in bioprocessing Scientists working in this area are constantly confronted with biological, chemical, physical, engineering and sometimes medical questions!!
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