Name: ________________________________________________ Period: ________

Chemistry Spring Semester Review

Show the work on the math problems in the format required by your teacher in order to earn credit!
1. _____________ Convert 0.01 meters to centimeters using dimensional analysis (factor unit method). 2. What are the SI base unit and symbol for _________________ Mass _________________ Temperature _________________ Volume _________________ Particles 3. After a chemistry lab, put all unused chemicals back into their original containers. T/F? Why/Why not? 4. In the lab, you must wear goggles when the lab includes:

5. Always add water to acid or acid to water? Why?

6. Choose C for chemical change, P for physical change or PorC when it could indicate either a chemical or physical change. _____ Cutting hair _____Burning wood _____ Reacting _____Gas bubbles form _____Na + Cl2 2NaCl _____ Mixing _____Kool Aid and water _____Food digestion _____ Boiling 7. Choose P for pure substance or M for mixture. _____ copper(II) chloride _____ steel _____ brass _____ gatorade _____ silver _____ pizza 8. Samples A + B could be separated by filtration. Sample A + B was an example of a mixture/pure substance. Explain. 9. Samples C + D could be separated by electrolysis. Sample C + D was an example of a mixture/pure substance. Explain. 10. An unknown substance can be identified by intensive/extensive (choose one) properties. Name 3 of this type of property that could help identify the unknown substance. a. _________________ b. ______________________ c. _____________________ Page 1 of 14

11. Draw Lewis Dot structures for the following substances: F B F F 12. Illustrate models of the following theorists and give the primary discovery this theory added to our understanding of the structure of an atom. Dalton _____________________ Thomson _____________________ Mg Cl Cl P

Rutherford _____________________ Bohr _______________________

Quantum _________________________

Electron Configuration 13. Write the noble gas configuration of Sn ___________________________ Write the complete electron configuration of a. Cu _________________________ b. Cl-1 _________________________ c. Ca+2 ________________________ 14. Draw the trends of electronegativity, atomic radius, and ionization energy on the following periodic table.

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15. Write the element symbol(s) as indicated on the blanks below except the last two. Then, write the symbol(s) in the color indicated on the BLANK PERIODIC TABLE. a. _____________________________Smallest atomic radius in red. b. _____________________________Most electronegative element in blue. c. _____________________________Most reactive metal family in yellow. d. _____________________________Most reactive non-metal family in black. e. _____________________________Metalloids in purple. f. Outline the transition metals in brown on the periodic table. There are three mole equalities. They are: 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles 1 mol = g-formula-mass or molar mass (periodic table) MOLE CONVERSIONS

1 mol = 22.4 L for a gas at STP

A. Be able to convert moles to grams or grams to moles. B. Know that you use the molar mass (rounded to 2 decimal places) for mole conversions. C. Know how to calculate the molar mass for a compound.

16. ________________ How many moles are 65.21 grams of carbon?

17. _________________ How much mass is 4.1 moles of oxygen?

18. Determine the molar mass of the following substances. a. iron b. acetic acid c. copper(II) hydroxide d. nitrogen __________ _____________ _____________ _____________ 19. Determine the number of molecules in; a. _________________________ 2.50 moles of carbon dioxide

b. _________________________ 50.0 g of nitrogen gas

20.

_______________ Determine the mass of 0.128 moles of mercury(II) cyanide.

21. _______________ Calculate the percent composition of sulfur in potassium sulfate. 22. _______________ Calculate the empirical formula for a substance that contains 79.8 % carbon and 20.2 % hydrogen.

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23. _______________ Calculate the molecular formula of the substance described in the previous problem if the substance has a molar mass of 45.12 g.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
1.

2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

Know how to identify the five types of chemical reactions. a. Synthesis or Combination A + B AB (element + element = compound) b. Decomposition AB A + B (compound = element + element) c. Single Replacement (element + compound = element + compound) A + BC AC + B (if A is a cation) or A + BC BA + C (if A is a anion) d. Double Replacement AB + CD AD + CB (compound + compound = compound + compound) e. Combustion CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O (Looks like a single replacement but the reactants are a hydrocarbon and O and the products are CO 2 2 and H O.) 2 Know how to predict the products if youre given the reactants. Know what indicates that a chemical reaction has taken place: temperature change, color change, formation of a gas (bubbles), and formation of a precipitant (solid is formed when two liquids react) Know that the reactants are on the left and the products are on the right. Know that single replacement reactions will use either the metals activity series or the halogen activity series to predict if the reaction will take place. Know how to balance the equation by adding coefficients until the numbers of atoms are equal on each side. Know how to properly use subscripts to count elements. For example, Al2(SO4)3 means there are 2 Als, 3 Ss and 12 Os. Know how to properly use coefficients to count elements. For example, 3Al2(SO4)3 means there are 6 Als, 9 Ss and 36 Os. Know that the following elements are diatomic: H , N , 2 2 O , F , Cl , Br , I 2 2 2 2 2

Chem I directions: Identify each type of chemical reaction looking at just the reactants. Pre-AP directions: Predict the products for the following reactants then balance the equation. 24. K + F 2

25.

PbCl + Na CrO 2 2 4

26.

ZnOH + HCl

27.

C H + O2 4 10

28.

C H +O 8 18 2

29. Fe O

2 2

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1. Know that solutions are made up of two parts the solvent and the solute. 2. The solvent is usually water and it makes up the majority of the solution. 3. The solute is what is being dissolved and it makes up the smaller portion of the solution. 4. Know how to interpret a Solubility Graph and determine if a solution is supersaturated or saturated. 5. Know how to speed up the dissolving of a solute. 1. Stirring 2. Breaking into smaller pieces 3. Heating 6. Know that like dissolves like which means polar substances will dissolve polar substances and non-polar substances will dissolve non-polar substances. They will not dissolve each other. 7. Know that we measure a solutions concentration by measuring the number of moles dissolved in 1 L. (molarity) 8. Know how to determine molarity when given moles and volume or when given grams and volume 9. Know how to determine volume when given moles and molarity. 10. Know how to determine moles when given volume and molarity.

SOLUTIONS

Solubility (grams of solute/100 g of water)

Grams of Solute Dissolved

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 20 40 60

o

KNO3 NaNO3 LiCl KCl

80

100

Temperature ( C)

29. _____ How many grams are needed to make a saturated solution of KNO at 50 oC? 3 30. _____ If 100 grams of LiCl is dissolved at 90 oC, how many additional grams must be added to make a saturated solution? 31. ___________________ At 60 oC, what type of solution will you have if 70 grams of KCl are dissolved in 100 g of water? 32. _____ If 100 grams of NaNO are dissolved in 100 3 grams of water, what must the temperature be to make it a saturated solution? 33. _____ Which compound is more soluble at 80 oC; LiCl or NaNO ? 3

30. _______________ Calculate the number of grams sulfuric acid needed to make 2 liters of a 0.500M solution.

31. Describe the solubility of gases as temperature increases. Sketch the general trend in graph form. Describe the solubility of solids in solution as temperature increases. Sketch the general trend in graph form. Gases:

Solids: Page 5 of 14

32. Label the following on the graph and know what each area represents in the phase diagram. a. Solid b. Liquid c. Gas d. Freezing e. Boiling D f. Condensing g. Vaporization

B A Time of heating
33. Place the following in order of most conductive to least conductive; hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, solid sodium chloride. Explain. ___________________ ____________________ ___________________

34.

Determine the oxidation number of the ion in bold.

_____ NH3

_____ H2SO3(aq)

____ NaCl

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STOICHIOMETRY & MOLES

1.

2. 3. 4.

5.

6.

Know the steps for solving all stoichiometry problems. a. Write a balanced equation. Know that the coefficients for each compound represent the ratio of moles in the equation. b. If you are given grams to start with, convert them into moles. c. Set up your mole ratio. d. Solve for your unknown moles. e. Change your moles to grams if necessary. Know how to convert grams to moles. (Divide the grams by the molar mass.) Know how to convert moles to grams. (Multiply the moles by the molar mass.) Know how to calculate the molar mass of a compound. (Add up the molar mass for each element. Do not multiply by a coefficient.) Know what the Law of Conservation of Mass states: Matter can be neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Therefore, the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products. This is why we can do Stoichiometry. Know how to calculate a reactions percent yield. % yield = actual yield/theoretical yield

35. __________________________ Given the following reaction: H O H2 + O2 , how many moles of H will 2 2 2 you make if you begin with 2.51 moles of H O ? 2 2

36. __________________________ In the following reaction: H CO (aq) + 2 Na (s) Na CO (aq) + H 2 3 2 3 2 (g), how many grams of Na are need to make 5.0 moles of H ? 2

37. __________________________ Given the following reaction: 2 ZnS + 3 O2 2 ZnO + 2 SO , how many 2 moles of ZnO will you make if you begin with 55.75 grams of O2 ?

38.

2NH3(g) + heat. Calculate the _________________ Given this equation: N2(g) + 3H2(g) number of grams of ammonia formed given 12.7 moles of hydrogen gas.

39.

_________________Using the equation in the above problem, calculate the number of moles of ammonia formed given 50.0 liters of ammonia gas at STP.

40. Solve the following problems using this reaction; 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O. a. _________________How many moles of oxygen are required to burn 4.8 moles of butane (C4H10)?

b. _________________How many grams of CO2 are produced when 88 grams of O2 are reacted with an excess of butane? Page 7 of 14

41. _________________If 183.6 g of hydrogen reacts with nitrogen producing 942.0 g NH 3, what is the percent yield?

GAS LAWS
1. Know how to use the Gas Laws. The Gas Laws will be given to you. a. k = PV b. k = P T c. k = V T d. k = PV T e. PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + Know how inverse relationships work. (If one part is increased 5 times, the other part will decrease to 1/5.) PV = k is an inverse relationship. Know how direct relationships work. (If one part is increased 5 times, the other part will increase 5 times.) P/T = k and V/T = k are direct relationships. Know that STP is standard temperature and pressure. Standard temperature is 273 K and standard pressure is 1 atmosphere. Know that a gas occupies 22.4 Liters at STP. Know how to convert moles of a gas to liters or liters to moles using 22.4 L/1 mole. Know that pressure is caused by the number of particles hitting the sides of a container. Increasing the number of hits will increase the pressure. The number of hits (or pressure) can be increased by either reducing the size of the container (smaller volume), adding more gas(es), or heating the gas causing the molecules to move faster and hit more times.
o o

34._________________If the pressure of a gas

changes from 4.5 atm to 3.75 atm, what was the original volume if the final volume was 7.55 L?

2.

35._________________A gas at 30 oC and 3.4 atm

pressure is put under a pressure of 3.0 atm. What is the new temperature?

3.

4.

36._________________Two gases with the pressure

of 1.5 atm each are placed into a gas tank. What is the total pressure in the tank?

5. 6. 7.

37._________________A gas at STP occupies 2.5 L.

What volume will it occupy if the temperature is changed to 300 K and the pressure changes to 1.25 atm?

8. Know how to convert C to K or K to C. 9. Know that all gas law problems are worked using Kelvin.

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42.
a.

Be able to use the gas laws to solve problems: Show all work!
_________________With

2.00 L of gas at a temperature of 22.4C. The gas is warmed to a temperature of 37.2C. Assuming that the gas does not undergo a change in pressure, what is the new volume?

b. _________________At a depth of 30 meters, the combined pressure of air and water on a diver is 400 kPa rather than 100 kPa as it is at the surface. If a bubble has a volume of 10.0 mL, what will be the volume of this bubble when it reaches the surface of the water. (Assume the bubble does not break apart and that its temperature does not change.)

c.

_________________How many moles of chloroform, CHCl3, are required to fill a flask with a volume of 0.250 L at a temperature of 100C and a pressure of 940 kPa?

d. _________________What is the volume in liters occupied by 54.0 g of water vapor at a temperature of 100.0C and a pressure of 0.270 atm?

43. _________________A mixture of neon, helium and xenon gases are in a closed container at 25 C and together exert a pressure of 123.62 kPa. The pressure of the neon gas is 46.28 kPa and the pressure of the helium gas is 21.65 kPa. What is the pressure of the xenon gas?

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ACIDS & BASES

a. Know that pH is the measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions. The concentration of hydrogen ions is often + represented by the symbol [H ]. b. Know that hydrogen ions dont really exist in water but combine with water molecules 1+ to form hydronium ions, H O . 3 c. Know how to change between a pH number and a concentration in molarity. 1. The negative exponent in a concentration becomes the positive pH number. Ex. pH -2 = 2 has a concentration of 1 x 10 M. 2.Acids have a pH less than 7. 3.Bases have a pH greater than 7. 4.A pH of 7 is neutral.

44. ______ What is the pOH of a solution where the 1+ [H ] is 1 x 10-3?

45. _____________ If the pOH of a base is 2, what is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution?

46. _____ Is a solution with a pH of 10 an acid or a base?

47. Write the equation for sulfur dioxide reacting with water. (Pre-AP only) ________________________________________

48.

Find the, [OH-1], [H+1], pH and pOH of the following solutions. pH 5 7 [OH-] 10-9 M 10-4 M 10-2 M 11 12 pOH 9 Acid/Base/Neutral Acid

[H+] 10-5 M

49.

________________ What is the H for the following reaction? 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) Substance Heat of formation (kJ/mol) -110.5 0.0 -393.5

CO(g) O2(g) CO2(g)

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50.

_____________________ Calculate the amount of heat if the temperature of 100.0 grams of water was raised from 27C to 55C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.184 J/gC.

a.

Was the heat absorbed or released? Explain.

51. Define endothermic & exothermic. Sketch a graph for each. Endo: Exo:

52.

Write the nuclear equation for the alpha decay of uranium-238.

_____________________________________________ 53. Write the nuclear equation the formation of cobalt-60 by electron capture. _____________________________________________ 54. Write an equation to represent nuclear fusion. _____________________________________________ 55.Name two major differences in fission and fusion.

True/False. Circle T or F. Correct any false statements to make them true. 56. T F Percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield in order to measure a reactions efficiency. 57. T F The excess reactant is the reactant that is completely used up in the reaction. 58. T 59. T 60. T 61. T F An appropriate label for heat is C. F Heat is the measurement of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. F Tin will heat up and cool down more quickly than aluminum. Aluminum has a specific heat of 0.897 J/gC and tin has a specific heat of 0.222 J/gC. F Applying the same amount of heat to the same amount of a sample of tin and aluminum, the sample of tin will reach the highest temperature. Aluminum has a specific heat of 0.897 J/gC and tin has a specific heat of 0.222 J/gC.

These review questions do not necessarily reflect the content of all questions on the final so please study! Pre-AP students keep going

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True/False. Circle T or F. Correct any false statements to make them true. 62. 63. 64. T 65. T 66. T 67. T 68. T T T F Adding a solute to a pure substance will cause the boiling point to be lower than usual.

Pre-AP Students:

F When a metal reacts with an acid, CO2 gas is produced.

F When metallic carbonates react with acids, hydrogen gas is produced. F An example of an increase in entropy (S) would be boiling water. F In the reaction, NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-, the conjugate base is NH4+. F Oxidation occurs at the anode. F H (enthalpy) is positive when water boils.

69. List 3 ways reaction rate can be affected. 1. ______________________ 3. __________________________

2. ______________________
2NH3(g) + heat N2(g) + 3H2(g) A. How does a decrease in temperature affect this equilibrium? Shifts left/right Increase of products/reactants B. How does a decrease in the volume of N2 affect this equilibrium? Shifts left/right Increase of products/reactants

70.

71.

Write the dissociation equation for nitric acid in water. _________________________________________________

72.

Know how to solve half life problems. Show all work! a. ________________ What is the half life of a 1.00 gram sample of a radioactive element that decays to 0.25 grams in 3 days?

b.

________________ If the half life of oxygen -19 is 29 seconds, how much of a 50.0 gram sample would be left after 2 minutes and 25 seconds?

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73.

Use the picture to answer the following questions

a. _____ Which metal is oxidized? b. _____ Which metal is reduced? c. How is the size of each electrode changed? 74. Know how a catalyst and inhibitor each affects a reactions activation energy. Give an example of each. Sketch a graph to show the effect of a catalyst on activation energy.

75.

Write and balance the reaction of sulfuric acid and barium hydroxide. Name this type of reaction. __________________________

________________________________________________________________

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76.

Write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for each example a. Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Oxidation: ___________________________________ Reduction: ___________________________________

b. Al + Pb2+

Al3+

Pb

Oxidation: ___________________________________ Reduction: ___________________________________ 77. Fill in the chart. Lewis Dot Structure Drawing Name VSPER Shape Polar or Name the Intermolecular Nonpolar Force Molecule P fluorine gas NP

Substance

NH3

NP

hydrochloric acid carbon dioxide

NP

NP

water P magnesium bromide NP

NP

78.

What is the difference in deposition and sublimation?

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