This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

198

Welding Print Reading

Unit 16 Groove Welds

the weld into the joint and provides clearance for the electrode. Burning, grinding, arc gouging, chiseling, or machining removes the metal.

Root Opening, Groove Angle, and Bevel Angle

It is important to be familiar with the common terms associated with groove joints and the preparation of groove welds. The root opening is the gap at the joint root workpieces, Figure 16-2. The joint root refers to the part of a joint to be welded where the members align closest to each other. The root opening is used to provide access to the joint for the electrode and improved weld penetration. When additional clearance or penetration is needed for thicker material, an angle is placed on the edge of the material. A groove angle is the total angle formed between the groove face on one workpiece and the groove face on the other workpiece. The groove face is the joint member surface included in the groove. A bevel angle is the angle formed between the bevel of one piece and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the piece. The angle may be placed on one side of the joint, as with a single-bevel-groove, or the angle may be placed on both sides, as in a V-groove.

A V-groove weld applied to the joint in Figure 16-2 is shown in Figure 16-3. Also shown is the welding symbol. Note that the distance specified for the root opening (.06) is shown inside the groove weld symbol and the groove angle information (60) is placed outside the weld symbol. As with fillet welds, dimensions for groove welds are shown on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol.

Preparation Size and Effective Throat of Groove Welds

The effective throat is the minimum distance (minus any convexity) between the weld root and the face of the weld. It describes the weld size (penetration), Figure 16-4. When specified for a weld, the effective throat is shown in parentheses to the left of the weld symbol. As shown in Figure 16-4, it appears to the right of the depth of bevel. The depth of bevel indicates the depth of preparation for preparing the joint. The effective throat of a groove weld is specified when the weld extends only partially through the members being joined. Complete joint penetration is indicated when no dimension is given on the welding symbol for a

After completing Unit 16, you will be able to: H Differentiate a groove weld from other types of welds. H Interpret dimensions for preparing groove welds, including the depth of preparation, groove angle, bevel angle, and root opening size. H Determine the preparation size and effective throat of groove welds. H Apply groove weld dimensioning standards. H Interpret surface finish and contour symbols. H Interpret melt-through, back, and backing weld symbols. H Explain uses for backing, joint spacers, and runoff weld tabs.

Key Words
backing bevel angle effective throat flare-groove welds groove angle groove face groove radii joint root joint spacers root faces root opening runoff weld tabs
Bevel angle Groove angle Depth of bevel
3 4 15 16

Weld size (effective throat)

Effective throat

3 15 4 ( 16 )

Groove welds are made in the space between two sections of metal, Figure 16-1. With the exception of the square-groove and flare-groove joints, one or more of the members being joined is prepared by removing metal to form a V-, J-, or U-shaped trough. This joint preparation provides for deeper or full penetration of
Square-groove welds

Root face

Root opening Desired weld Groove face Figure 16-2. Common terms describing the parts of a groove joint. Figure 16-4. A dimension in parentheses to the left of the weld symbol gives the effective throat (weld size) of the groove weld when the weld extends partly through the members being joined. Symbol

Face
3 4

Toe Single-bevel-groove weld Double-bevel-groove weld Single-V-groove weld .06 60 Reinforcement

11 2
3 4

Root Double-V-groove weld Double-J-groove weld Single-J-groove weld Figure 16-3. A V-groove weld with its parts identified. The welding symbol shows the root opening size and the groove angle.

Desired weld

Symbol

Figure 16-1. Single-groove and double-groove weld joints are shown. 197

Figure 16-5. When no dimension is given on the welding symbol, the weld should completely penetrate the joint.

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit 16

Groove Welds S(E)

199

200

Welding Print Reading Other side bevel-groove weld symbol

single-groove or a symmetrical double-groove weld. Figure 16-5 illustrates complete weld penetration for a double-groove joint. A dimension not in parentheses on the left of a bevel-, V-, J-, or U-groove weld symbol (in cases where the effective throat is not specified, or is specified elsewhere on the print) indicates the size of the weld preparation only, Figure 16-6. No such dimension is needed with a square-groove weld. Optional groove preparation with complete penetration is indicated when the letters CJP are shown in the tail of the reference line. No weld symbol is used, as in Figure 16-7. The weld size of a flare-groove weld is considered only to the tangent point (the point where the curved surfaces meet), Figure 16-8.

the print, Figure 16-12. When a break in the arrow is used with bevel- and J-groove welds, the arrow points toward the member to be beveled, Figure 16-13.

S = Depth extends from point of tangency to top of member E = Effective throat Desired weld Symbol

60

3 4

7 8

3 1 8 (2) 3 7 4 (8)

90 60

Figure 16-8. Flare-groove weld size extends only to the tangent points of the joint members.

Desired weld
3 1 8 2

Symbol

90 Symbol

Figure 16-13. A break in an arrow always points toward the member of the single-bevel-groove or J-groove joint to be beveled.

Desired weld Depth of preparation Root opening 0 30 3 0 4 30 Groove angle

3 4 30
7 8 7 8

Figure 16-11. Groove welds differing in size are dimensioned in the manner shown. 3 0 4 30 NOTEALL V-GROOVE WELDS SHALL HAVE A 60 GROOVE ANGLE UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.
1 8

1 8

30

Joint preparation

Symbol Desired preparation Symbol

Desired weld

Symbol

Figure 16-6. Weld preparation only is indicated if no dimension is in parentheses to the left of the bevel-, V-, J-, or U-groove weld symbol.

60

Figure 16-9. Specifications for the preparation of an arrow side J-groove weld.

Figure 16-14. The root opening of a groove weld is specified inside the weld symbol when standards are not otherwise indicated.

CJP

Desired weld

Symbol

Double-groove welds are dimensioned on both sides of the reference line if no general note appears on the print, Figure 16-10. If the welds differ in size, they are dimensioned as in Figure 16-11. Groove welding symbols will not include dimensions when a general note determining groove weld size appears on

Weld specified

Note and symbol

45

45 45

Figure 16-12. If a general note indicating weld size is on the print, no groove weld dimensions are given with the welding symbol.

45 50 50

Figure 16-7. The letters CJP in the tail of the reference line indicate optional groove preparation with complete weld penetration. 30 2 2

Groove Dimensions
30 0 0 30

General Use of Groove Weld Symbol

Different conventions are used for groove welding symbols depending on the dimensions that are specified and the information required. As previously discussed, dimensions for the preparation of groove welds are shown on the same side of the reference line as the weld symbol. See Figure 16-9. This example shows a J-groove weld. The information specified includes the depth of preparation, groove angle, and root opening.
2 2

0
R

30 Desired weld

R = User's standard Symbol

Figure 16-10. Unless there is a general note on the print, double-groove welds are dimensioned on both sides of the reference line.

Many companies have established their own standards for groove weld dimensions. These standards are observed unless otherwise noted on the print. When company standards for groove welds are not indicated, the following applies: H The root opening is indicated inside the weld symbol, Figure 16-14. H The groove angle or bevel angle is specified, Figure 16-15. H The groove radii (used to form the shape of J- or U-groove welds) and root faces (the parts of the groove face within the joint root) are shown by cross section, detail, or other means with a reference on the welding symbol, Figure 16-16.

90 60 60

90 15 15

Desired welds

Symbols

Figure 16-15. Study how groove angles of groove welds are specified.

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit 16
X 1 R 4 MIN

Groove Welds

201

202 NOTE-

Welding Print Reading

1 16

SEE DWG B2345 DETAIL E

Weld made flush with base metal by grinding

1. GROOVE WELD MADE BEFORE WELDING OTHER SIDE. 2.

1 3 16 TO 16

(ABOVE FOUND ELSEWHERE ON PRINT) 3 16 MAX.

Desired weld Symbol

Symbol

NOTE 1

1 16

ANGLE X 45 MIN 20 MIN 12 MIN

POSITION ALL F, V, O F

Figure 16-18. Groove welds to be made flush mechanically are specified by a flush contour symbol and by the method to use to make the weld flush.

Desired weld Back weld Desired welds Symbol

Symbol

DETAIL E
(EXCEPT FROM DWG B2345, "GROOVE WELD STANDARDS")

Figure 16-16. Groove radii and root faces of U- and J-groove welds are shown by cross section, detail, or other means with a welding symbol reference.

Finished to smooth convex contour by machining

Figure 16-20. Specifications for a back weld. A note in the tail of the reference line indicates whether to make a back or backing weld.

Figure 16-23. Only the back or backing weld height dimension is shown on the welding symbol. If other dimensions are needed, they are given elsewhere on the print.

Surface Finish and Contour of Groove Welds

The buildup of the groove weld above the surface of the base material is called reinforcement. Sometimes the welding symbol specifies that the reinforcement be minimized or removed. Groove welds to be made approximately flush (but not generally finished flush mechanically) are specified by a flush contour symbol. This symbol is placed above the weld symbol, as in Figure 16-17. Groove welds to be

Desired weld

Symbol

Weld deposited flush with base metal

1 8

NOTE 1
1 8

Figure 16-19. When groove welds are to be finished mechanically to a flush contour, they are specified by a convex contour symbol and the method of finishing.

Desired weld Desired welds Symbol

Symbol

Melt-Through, Back, and Backing Welds

The melt-through, back, and backing weld symbols show that a melt-through to the other side, bead-type back, or backing weld is needed with a single-groove weld. Points to remember include: H A back weld is made after the groove weld. H A backing weld is made before the groove weld. H A melt-through is a visible reinforcement produced in a groove weld from one side. A note states whether a back or backing weld is to be made. This note is placed in the tail of the welding symbol, Figure 16-20. As shown, a back or backing weld symbol is located on the side of the reference line that is opposite the groove weld symbol. A flush contour symbol, added to the back or backing weld symbol, indicates the weld should be approximately flush with the base metal, Figure 16-21. If the back or backing weld is to be made flush by mechanical means, the method of making the weld flush is added to the flush contour symbol, Figure 16-22. When a back or backing weld is to be finished to a convex contour by mechanical means, a convex contour symbol and finish symbol are added to the weld symbol.

Figure 16-21. A flush contour symbol indicates the weld is to be finished approximately flush with the base metal.

Figure 16-24. The melt-through weld symbol resembles the back or backing weld symbol, but the bead is filled in. The height of root reinforcement may appear as a dimension specified to the left of the melt-through symbol. (American Welding Society)

Weld deposited flush with base metal

Backing weld machined flush with base metal

Backing, Joint Spacers, and Runoff Weld Tabs

M NOTE 2

Desired weld

Symbol

Desired welds

Symbol

Backing is material placed against the back side of a joint to withstand molten weld metal, Figure 16-25. It is employed when full penetration groove welds are required and welding can only be done from one side. Backing is thoroughly penetrated by the weld and usually left in place.

Figure 16-17. A flush contour symbol is placed above the weld symbol when the groove weld is to be made approximately flush and without the use of grinding, chipping, hammering, or machining.

Figure 16-22. A symbol added above the flush contour symbol identifies the mechanical method used to finish the weld flush. B-3

made flush by mechanical means are specified with a flush contour symbol and the method of making the weld flush, Figure 16-18. Groove welds to be finished mechanically with a convex contour are specified by a convex contour symbol. The method of finishing the weld to a convex contour is also given, Figure 16-19.

With the exception of height, which is optional, no other back or backing weld dimensions are shown with the weld symbol, Figure 16-23. If other dimensions are required, they are shown on the drawing. A melt-through weld assures full joint penetration. The melt-through weld symbol is similar to the back or backing weld symbol with the bead filled in as shown in Figure 16-24. A dimension to the left of the symbol specifies the amount of melt-through.

Backing Desired weld Symbol

Figure 16-25. Backing used in a joint. A specification indicating its use is shown in the tail of the reference line.

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit 16

Groove Welds

203

204

Welding Print Reading

Joint spacers are metal parts inserted in the joint root as backing and to maintain the root opening during welding, Figure 16-26. Joint spacers are sometimes used, especially if the weld is in thick material and the minimum possible V-angle is specified. In such welds, the root must be gouged out completely, including the spacer bar, before the second side of the groove is welded. Runoff weld tabs provide an extension of the groove beyond the pieces being joined when a full-length groove weld is specified, Figure 16-27. Runoff tabs provide a place to strike the arc and material at the end of the weld to eliminate the weld crater. The angle or contour of the runoff weld tab must be identical to that of the groove. Since welding symbols give no indication of the backing, spacer, or extension bar requirements, note that unless covered by reference to AWS prequalified joints or fabricators standards, special sketches of the weld profile are provided.

Runoff bar Runout plate or backing extension

For round parts, the first dimension is the radius of the round part. Figure 16-28 shows the round bar has a radius of 1.00 and a weld size of .75. If only one part is round or formed, then the formed part and a straight part form a flare-bevel-groove weld. Figure 16-30 shows a formed part welded to a straight

Combination Weld Symbols

Combination weld symbols are used when other types of welds are required with groove welds. Figure 16-32 shows a flare-bevel-groove weld with two fillet welds. The weld symbols specify a fillet weld over the flarebevel-groove weld on the arrow side, and a fillet weld on the other side. The dimensions for the combination symbol are applied in the same manner as those used for the flare-groove weld symbol and the fillet weld symbol.

.31 (.25) Top of member (part)

1.00 (.75)
.25 .31

Point of tangency

1.00 0.75

Runoff tab

Flare-Groove Welds
Flare-groove welds are used to join round or formed metal parts. The groove that is formed when curved surfaces are placed together does not have straight sides on one or both members. Two round steel bars laid side-by-side, such as reinforcing rod, have sides that are curved. The joint that is formed does not have straight sides like a V-groove weld.
Figure 16-27. A runoff weld tab is used when a full-length groove weld is specified. Specifications in the reference line tail or sketches on the drawing may be used to indicate a runoff weld tab. Figure 16-29. Dimensions for a flare-V-groove weld.

.50 (.25)

Joint

Desired weld

Figure 16-28 shows an example of a flare-V-groove weld. Either two round parts (members) or two formed parts (members) can be used to form the V-groove. The symbol for the flare-V-groove weld can be placed on a single side, or the symbol can indicate that the weld should be made on both sides. The depth dimension for a flare-V-groove weld is given as the distance from the top of the member to the point of tangency (where it touches the other member or part). Figure 16-29 shows a dimension of .31 to the point of tangency and a weld size of .25. Notice that the weld size is placed in parentheses. The weld size is the distance from the surface of the part to the root of the weld.

.25 .50 Groove weld size Point of tangency

Figure 16-31. Dimensions for a flare-bevel-groove weld joining a round part to a straight part. The first dimension in the welding symbol indicates the distance from the top of the part to the point of tangency (the radius of the round part) and the second dimension indicates the size of the weld.

.25 .38 (.18) .25

SPEC. 35A 1.00 (.75)

Figure 16-30. A flare-bevel-groove weld can be formed by one round, or formed, part, and a straight part.

.75 1.00 Symbol Figure 16-26. Joint spacers may be specified when thick sections are welded. In such welds, the root and joint spacers are gouged out before the second side of the groove is welded. Specifications are shown in the reference line tail.

part. The dimensions used to describe the flare-bevelgroove weld have the same meaning as those used for the flare-V-groove weld. The first dimension indicates the distance from the top of the part to the point of tangency and the second dimension indicates the size of the weld. Notice that the first dimension for round parts indicates the radius of the round part. See Figure 16-31.

Figure 16-28. A flare-V-groove weld applied to a joint formed by two round parts.

Figure 16-32. A welding symbol with combination weld symbols for a flarebevel-groove weld and two fillet welds. The dimensions for combination weld symbols are applied in the same manner as those for each type of weld symbol.

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit 16

Groove Welds

205

206

Welding Print Reading

Print Reading Activities

Part I
Identify the groove weld joints shown below. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Part III
Study the drawings shown and sketch in the welding symbol(s) that will describe each joint.

1.
1 16

2.
BEVEL ANGLE 45 WELDS GROUND FLUSH

1.

2.

1 2

1 8

1 8

3.

4.

0
30 1 5 8

3.

4.
1 8

5.
GROOVE ANGLES 45

6.
BEVEL ANGLES 45

5.

6.
1 16

7.
WELDED FLUSH 60

8.
FIELD WELD

7.

8.

7 8 1

9. 9.
GROOVE ANGLE 15

Part II
Sketch in the correct welding symbol for each groove weld shown in Part I. Sketch the symbol in the correct location on the view.

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit 16

Groove Welds

207

208

Welding Print Reading

Part IV
Carefully study the drawing (B577891) below and answer the following questions. 1. List the name and drawing number. A. B. 2. What parts are to be joined by welding? A. B. 3. Interpret the types of welds required to make the weldment (joint of two sections.) A. 4. Joint and weld specifications can be found _____. 5. What type of welding rod is to be used? _________ 6. What special requirements must be observed after the weldments are made? A. B. 7. Have any changes been issued against the drawing? If there have been, list the number made. ________

Part V
Carefully study the drawing (L-725) below and answer the following questions. 1. List the name and drawing number of the print. A. B. 2. How many parts make up the assembly? ________ 3. What are the names of the parts that make up the assembly? _________________________________ 4. Is more than one size unit indicated on the print? 5. If more than one size unit is indicated, how many are there and how is each unit identified? A. B. 6. List the stock size required to make each part of the assembly. Holder (1) Holder (2) Base plate 7. Interpret the type of weld(s) required to make the weldment(s).

8. What heat treatment is required after welding? ____ 9. How is each weld to be inspected? _____________ 10. How many holes are drilled in the base? _________ 11. The diameter of these holes is _____. ___________ 12. How many threaded holes are indicated in the holder? 13. The thread size is _____ and is tapped _____ deep. 14. Describe how the large hole in the holder is to be made.

B.

15. Is a tolerance indicated for the final diameter? _____ If so, what is it? _____ 16. What is the size of the key on the base? _________

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit 16

Groove Welds

209

210

Welding Print Reading

Part VI
Explain each of the following welding symbols.

Part VII
Draw the correct weld(s) as indicated by the welding symbol.

10. Explain the welding symbol at M. ______________

Part IX
G

1.

Use print 1104-wrp to determine the following dimensions indicated on the print. 1. A _______________________________________ 2. B _______________________________________ 3. C _______________________________________ 4. D _______________________________________ 5. E _______________________________________ 6. F _______________________________________ 7. G _______________________________________ 8. H _______________________________________ 9. I 10. J _______________________________________ _______________________________________

1.

4.

Part VIII
60 .12 30

2.

Use print 1104-wrp to answer the following questions. 1. List the overall length of the support bracket. _____ 2. Determine the total number of holes required for the part. ______________________________________ 3. Determine the overall maximum height of the part.

5.

.38

4. List the center-to-center distance of the .50 diameter holes._____________________________________ 3. 5. List the typical plate thickness for the support bracket. 6. Determine the maximum angle for the 27 angle of the gusset. _________________________________ 7. What surface requires finishing? _______________ 8. Explain the welding symbol at K. ______________

9. Explain the welding symbol at L. ______________

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit 16

Groove Welds

211

212

Welding Print Reading

Pipe welding also extends to the auto industry. Shown are stainless steel exhaust manifolds fabricated mainly by welding. Each unit is carefully inspected because of danger of exhaust gas leakage to the vehicles driver and passengers. (American Iron and Steel Institute)