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Downloaded by Northwestern Polytechnic University on March 20, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/6.1988-3092

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AIM-88-3092 Computation of 3D Viscous Annular Cascade Flows D. Choi and C. J. Knight AVCO RESEARCH LABORATORY, INC. a Subsidiary of Textron Inc. 2385 Revere Beach Parkway Everett, MA

AIAAIASMEISAEIASEE 24th JOINT PROPULSION CONFEREWE

JULY 11-13, 1988/Boston, Massachusetts
For permission to copy or re ublish, contact the American Institute of Aemnautlcs and Astronautics 370 L' nlant Promenade, S.W., Washinpton, D.C. 20024

COMPUTATION OF 30 VISCOUS ANNULAR CASCADE FLOWS 0. Choi* and C.J. K n i g h t * *

A V C O Research L a b o r a t o r y , I n c .

a Subsidiary o f Textron Inc. 2385 Revere Beach Parkway E v e r e t t , MA 02149 Abstract

A v i s c o u s cascade code has been developed f o r

Downloaded by Northwestern Polytechnic University on March 20, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/6.1988-3092

This code s o l v e s t h e " t h i n l a y e r " Navier-Stokes equations w i t h a two-equation t u r b u l e n c e model i n c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e s u s i n g a t i m e a s y m p t o t i c method f o r steady s t a t e s o l u t i o n s . I t employs s c a l a r i m p l i c i t approximate f a c t o r i z a t i o n i n t i m e and a f i n i t e volume f o r m u l a t i o n w i t h second o r d e r upwind d i f f e r e n c i n g i n space. Two t u r b u l e n c e model equations a r e i n t e grated t o the wall without using a wall function t r e a t m e n t . T h i s code has been v a l i d a t e d by cons i d e r i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s on vane cascade geometries . Introduction f l o w phenomena i n advanced gas t u r b i n e engines a r e q u i t e complex, g e n e r a l l y i n v o l v i n g shocks as w e l l as complex 30 v o r t i c a l f l o w i n a h i g h l y t u r b u l e n t environment. C u r r e n t d e s i g n methodolog i e s do n o t have adequate means t o p r e d i c t seconda r y f l o w loss, e x i t a n g l e d i s t r i b u t i o n , and 30 s u r f a c e h e a t t r a n s f e r e f f e c t s . Each o f these i s s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d by v a r i o u s types o f v o r t i c e s a r i s i n g i n cascade passages (horseshoe, t i p . etc.). The need t o improve p r e d i c t i v e techniques has m o t i v a t e d p u r s u i t o f a m u l t i y e a r e f f o r t a t o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n t o develop 30 viscous codes f o r steady t r a n s o n i c cascade f l o w s . T h i s i s based on asymptotic t i m e i n t e g r a t i o n u s i n g s c a l d r i m p l i c i t f a c t o r i z a t i o n t o achieve computational e f f i c i e n c y and good v e c t o r i z a t i o n E a r l i e r work addressed a l g o r i t h m o p t i m i z a t i o n and p h y s i c a l modeling i s s u e s i n t h e c o n t e x t o f l i n e a r cascades(1 e 2 ) i n c l u d i n g d e t a i l e d comparison t o experiment. Robust. e f f i c i e n t means o f implementing two-equation t u r b u l e n c e modeling was 1. d e f i n e d w i t h s u b l a y e r r e s o l u t i o n down t o y+ T h i s has shown promise i n p r e d i c t i n g laminart u r b u l e n t boundary l a y e r t r a n s i t i o n , ( l ) a key c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n turbomachinery. E x c e l l e n t p e r formance o f the r e s u l t i n g HCAS30 code was achieved on c u r v i l i n e a r sheared H - g r i d s w i t h a second o r d e r upwind d i f f e r e n c i n g f o r m u l a t i o n . Convergence i n 600-800 t i m e s t e p s was achieved u s i n g t h e h i g h l y r e f i n e d g r i d s required f o r accurate i n t e g r a t i o n t o t h e w a l l . F u l l y i m p l i c i t t r e a t m e n t o f boundary c o n d i t i o n s and d u a l t i m e s t e p s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a were key f a c t o r s i n t h a t accomplishment.

30 a n n u l a r cascades.

g u i d e vanes w i t h a d i a b a t i c w a l l s . u s i n g sheared H - g r i d s stacked i n t h e r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n . W e have n o t y e t addressed heat t r a n s f e r i n a n n u l a r cascades, though t h i s has been done f o r l i n e a r cascades w i t h good r e s u l t s . ( 2 ) Other work. on a mixed t o p o l o g y 0-H g r i d f o r m u l a t i o n and on r a d i a l and a x i a l compressor r o t o r s , w i l l be r e p o r t e d s e p a r a t e l y i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e . The paper i s organized as f o l l o w s . F i r s t t h e means o f e x t e n d i n g t h e HCAS30 formul a t i o n t o a n n u l a r cascades w i l l be sumnarized, employing f u l l 30 m e t r i c s as r e q u i r e d f o r general a i r f o i l geometries an4 contoured e n d w a l l s . C a r t e s i a n v e l o c i t y components a r e r e t a i n e d as dependent v a r i a b l e s t o s i m p l i f y code c o n v e r s i o n and m a i n t a i n s t r o n g c o n s e r v a t i o n law form. T h i s r e q u i r e s c a t e f u l s e l e c t i o n of the v e l o c i t y transformation m a t r i x u n d e r l y i n g t h e s c a l a r i m p l i c i t scheme, so t h a t p e r i o d i c i t y can be s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d l y imposed i n t h e p i t c h w i s e d i r e c t i o n . The new a n n u l a r cascade code i s known as ANCAS30. A c e n t r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r a 30 v i s c o u s code i s i t s run cost. W e u t i l i z e a mini-supercomputer, t h e A l l i a n t FX/E w i t h f o u r computing elements and 80 MBytes o f h i g h speed memory. A b r i e f i n t r o d u c t i o n i s g i v e n t o t e c h n i q u e s used t o t a k e advantage o f i t s concurrency and v e c t o r i z a t i o n f e a t u r e s . A t t h e c u r r e n t l e v e l o f o p t i m i z a t i o n , t h e code t a k e s 3 ~ 1 0 . CPU ~ sec p e r t i m e s t e p p e r g r i d p o i n t . That i s comparable t o performance on t h e I B M 3090. The c o s t o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a n n u l a r cascade case i s around $1000 on o u r machine, a v e r y nominal f i g u r e f o r a 30 v i s c o u s s i m u l a t i o n o f a complex t r a n s o n i c flowfield. The code has been a p p l i e d t o 30 v i s c o u s f l o w s o f a subsonic a n n u l a r cascade of t u r b i n e vanes s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y hy Goldman e t a 1 . ( 3 ) and a transonic annular t u r b i n e s t a t o r studied experim e n t a l l y by Gardner e t on t h e Energy E f f i c i e n t Engine geometry. Comparisons w i t h e x p e r i ment i l l u s t r a t e t h e accuracy of t h e code and i t s p o t e n t i a l use as a v i a b l e aerodynamic d e s i g n t o o l . Governins Eauations The c o n s e r v a t i o n l a w form of t h e compressible

30 Navier-Stokes e q u a t i o n s w i t h c o n t i n u i t y and
energy e q u a t i o n s can be w r i t t e n i n C a r t e s i a n c o o r d i n a t e s as t h e v e c t o r r e l a t i o n s h i p

T h i s paper covers one a s p e c t o f t h e c o n t i n u i n g code development e f f o r t : a n n u l a r t u r b i n e i n l e t

; ; + - +aF -+-= aG o
ax
ay

aH

az

where ( i n transposed form)

"Principal ** Director.

Research S c i e n t i s t , Member AlAA Engine Technology. Member A I A A

Copyright 1988 by t h e American I n s t i t u t e o f Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s , I n c . A l l R i g h t s Reserved.

au + J at
where

( -aF

a6

aG t +an

aH -) ag

= 0

F =

(CXF t

6 G + CzH)/J
Y (5)
t

G = (nxF + n G
Y

nZH)/J

f o r a time-independent g r i d , where t r a n s f o r m a t i o n m e t r i c c o e f f i c i e n t s can be computed by

Downloaded by Northwestern Polytechnic University on March 20, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/6.1988-3092

Only a p e r f e c t gas i s considered. i n which case t h e s t a t i c p r e s s u r e and t o t a l energy p e r u n i t volume a r e

and t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n Jacobian, J. i s t h e d e t e r m i n a n t of Eq. ( 6 ) . Note t h a t momentum equations a r e w r i t t e n i n C a r t e s i a n v e l o c i t y components. Viscous terms i n Ea. 1 5 ) a r e i n c o r o o r a t e d v i a a s p e c i a l form o f t h e t h i n l a y e r approximation, as n o t e d i n Ref. 1 . C o a k l e y ' s q w t u r b u l e n c e model was s e l e c t e d l a r g e l y due t o i t s numerical c o m p a t i b i l i t w i t h asymptotic time i n t e g r a t i o n procedures.(5r As r e p o r t e d i n Ref, 2, t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r c a l c u l a t i o n i n a 30 l i n e a r cascade case w i t h t h i s t u r b u l e n c e model has been v e r y encouraging. The dependent variables are d i r e c t l y related t o the turbulent k i n e t i c energy, k. and d i s s i p a t i o n r a t e , C . v i a and o = c / k ; t h e y d e f i n e a t u r b u l e n t q = v e l o c i t y s c a l e and i n v e r s e t i m e scale, respect i v e l y . In terms o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e s , t h e eddy viscosity = pC,Qq2/o where C , = 0.09 and Q i s a n e a r - w a l l damping f u n c t i o n .

The a d i a b a t i c i n d e x , 1 . i s assumed t o be c o n s t a n t . The shear s t r e s s t e n s o r and h e a t f l u x v e c t o r components a r e most s i m p l y d e f i n e d i n C a r t e s i a n t e n s o r n o t a t i o n . L i n e a r forms f o r an i s o t r o p i c medium w i l l be employed-T..=
ij
"(-1

au. au. t -3) a x3 . ax1 .

I (

au e k -k 6 . . axk 1~
(41

fi

q.=
1

aT axi

where ( X I . x2. x3) = ( x , y . z ) . e t c . , II and L a r e t h e two c o e f f i c i e n t s o f v i s c o s i t y . and c i s t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y . Since an eddy v i s c o s i t y f o r m u l a t i o n has been adopted, these r e l a t i o n s a p p l y t o t u r b u l e n t f l o w as well w i t h s u i t a b l e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f ", A. and I ( _ Thus. )r = v L + "T w i t h l a m i n a r v i s c o s i t y g i v e n by S u t h e r l a n d ' s law and eddy v i s c o s i t y b y a Kolmogorov r e l a t i o n s h i p . It i s assumed t h a t t h e second c o e f f i c i e n t of v i s c o s i t y , A = -U i n o u r p r e s e n t code t o a l l o w s i m p l i f i c a t i o n of t h e v i s c o u s terms. D i l a t a t i o n e f f e c t s have m i n o r s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t r a n s o n i c + ,T/PrT where conf l o w . A l s o . x = IIL/Pr s t a n t P r a n d t l numbers a r e assumed: P r - 0.72 and P r T = 0.9. S i n c e t h e hub and shroud a r e s u r f a c e s of r e v o l u t i o n and t h e f l o w must be p e r i o d i c upstream and downstream o f t h e a i r f o i l s i n a t y p i c a l t u r b i n e cascade geometry. t h e g o v e r n i n g e q u a t i o n s a r e t r a n s f o r m e d t o boundary-conforming g e n e r a l i z e d coo r d i n a t e s . T h i s i s c u r r e n t l y based on a sheared H-grid. w i t h c a r e f u l c o n t r o l o f t r a n s v e r s e g r i d smoothness and s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e nonnal d i s t a n c e o f t h e f i r s t c e l l c e n t e r o f f w a l l s . By t r a n s f o r m i n g o n l y t h e independent v a r i a b l e s (x.y.2) t o t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l c o o r d i n a t e s ( ~ , ~ , c ) , t h e s t r o n g c o n s e r v a t i o n law form can be maint a i n e d --

Q = 1

exp (-epqd n / y L )

(7)

where o = 0.0065 and dn i s d e f i n e d u s i n g a Buleev l e n g t h s c a l e i n terms of t h e normal d i s tance t o t h e n e a r e s t a i r f o i l and endwall s u r f a c e s The c o n s e r v a t i o n law f o r m o f t h e ,q model i n C a r t e s i a n t e n s o r n o t a t i o n i s as f o l l o w s : ,(Pa

a -

axi

(Puiq)

where we d e f i n e d = ( u i , j + uj,j)ui; and f l o w d i l a t a t i o n has been dropped i n b o t h t h e t u r b u l e n c e source terms and t h e s t r a i n r a t e i n v a r i a n t ( d ) as n e g l i g i b l e f o r t r a n s o n i c flow. a f t e r p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y . Turbulence c o n s t a n t s used a r e t h e same as

.,

i n t h e o r i g i n a l p u b l i ~ a t i o n : ( ~ )C \ = 0.045 + 0.4050. Cz = 0.92. P r q = 1, and Pr, = 1.3 where C, and 0 a r e d e f i n e d above. Making C1 dependent on D i s b e l i e v e d t o be one reason t h a t q w can be made r e l a t i v e l y i n s e n s i t i v e t o t i m e s t e p s e l e c t i o n . These r e l a t i o n s assume t h e same b a s i c form as Eq. ( 6 ) i n c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e s . w i t h added source terms. The s t r a i n r a t e i n v a r i a n t i s s i m p l i f i e d t h r o u g h t h e t h i n l a y e r approximation, u s i n g normal d e r i v a t i v e s . I n o r d e r t o keep t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o emulate t h e l a m i n a r t o t u r b u l e n c e t r a n s i t i o n phenomenon which u s u a l l y occurs on g a s - t u r b i n e engine blades, t h e s e q - u t u r b u l e n c e equations a r e i n t e g r a t e d t o t h e w a l l , w i t h o u t u s i n g any form o f w a l l f u n c t i o n , w i t h r e s o l u t i o n down t o about y t = 1. However. much more i n v e s t i g a t i o n should be done b e f o r e t h i s t u r b u l e n c e model can be used as a r e l i a b l e t o o l f o r p r e d i c t i n g t r a n s i t i o n phenomena a c c u r a t e l y . Numerical Method A s c a l a r i m p l i c i t approximate f a c t o r i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m has been used i n t h e code w i t h a c e l l based f o r m u l a t i o n . ( l ) To m a i n t a i n h i g h performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i m p l i c i t method, boundary c o n d i t i o n s a r e t r e a t e d f u l l y i m p l i c i t l y . This i s e s s e n t i a l t o achieve a r a t e of convergence i n f i n e g r i d viscous r e g i o n s comparable t o t h a t o f t h e i n v i s c i d c o r e r e g i o n s . I m p l i c i t boundary t r e a t m e n t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t w i t h twoe q u a t i o n t u r b u l e n c e modeling when v e r y f i n e g r i d spacing i s r e q u i r e d near t h e n o n s l i p w a l l . For t h e e x p l i c i t procedure ( e v a l u a t i o n of r e s i d u a l s ) , second o r d e r upwinding i s used w i t h a c e l l - b a s e d f o r m u l a t i o n . The d i s s i p a t i o n f u n c t i o n f o r t h i s scheme i s e v a l u a t e d based on nonconservat i v e v a r i a b l e s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c increments g i v e n by Roe-averaging(6) a t c e l l faces. F o r t h e i m p l i c i t procedure. f i r s t o r d e r upwinding ( s o l v i n g a s e r i e s o f s c a l a r t r i d i a g o n a l l i n e a r systems) i s used. T h i s may a f f e c t convergence r a t e somewhat. but the computational cost per timestep i s r e l i e v e d . When a c c u r a t e steady s t a t e s o l u t i o n s a r e t h e o n l y concern. t h i s i m p l i c i t procedure can be more e f f i c i e n t , i n terms o f CPU time, t h a n a second-order upwinding i m p l i c i t procedure. More d e t a i l s o f t h e numerical method were r e p o r t e d i n our e a r l i e r p a p e r . ( l ) Boundarv Treatment S t a g n a t i o n temperature, entropy. and f l o w angle a r e s p e c i f i e d a t i n f l o w . and t h e hub s t a t i c pressure i s f i x e d a t outflow. Radial v a r i a t i o n o f the pressure a t the o u t f l o w plane i s derived from t h e s i m p l e r a d i a l e q u i l i b r i u m equation. w i t h s t a t i c p r e s s u r e on t h e hub chosen t o match e x p e r i mental c o n d i t i o n s , and o t h e r v a r i a b l e s a r e e x t r a p o l a t e d from t h e i n t e r i o r . I n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n good c o n s e r v a t i o n w i t h t h e a l g o r i t h m , t h e g r i d i s c o n s t r u c t e d t o have c e l l faces which l i e on s o l i d s u r f a c e s and a l o n g t h e p e r i o d i c boundaries upstream and downstream of t h e vane cascade. F o r s o l i d boundaries on t h e a i r f o i l surfaces and endwalls. n o n s l i p c o n d i t i o n s f o r v e l o c i t i e s (u=v=wlO). zero normal p r e s s u r e d e r i v a t i v e (dp/dn=O). and an a d i a b a t i c c o n d i t i o n a r e imposed.

Since t h e C a r t e s i a n v e l o c i t i e s a r e used as dependent v a r i a b l e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g orthonormal. transformation i s introduced t o apply c o r r e c t p e r i o d i c boundary c o n d i t i o n .

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where q v a r i e s i n t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l p i t c h w i s e d i r e c t i o n and vn i s a v e l o c i t y component normal t o s u r f a c e of c o n s t a n t 1. v t and v s a r e v e l o c i t y components normal t o vn which are a l s o o r t h o g o n a l t o each o t h e r . T h i s s e t o f v e l o c i t i e s w i t h d e n s i t y and p r e s s u r e a r e p e r i o d i c from one p i t c h t o t h e n e x t . I t i s noted t h a t t h i s o r t h o normal t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s a l s o used i n t h e e x p l i c i t procedure t o g e t p r o p e r damping f u n c t i o n . and i n t h e i m p l i c i t procedure t o decouple t h e e a u a t i o n s . O p t i m i z a t i o n on Supercomputer Very h i g h e f f i c i e n c y of t h e code has been o b t a i n e d by c a r e f u l l y s t r u c t u r i n g t h e code on a mini-supercomputer A l l i a n t FX/8 w i t h f o u r computi n g elements i n o u r Lab. T h i s computer system has p a r a l l e l i s m c a p a b i l i t y , w i t h hardware-supported concurrency on m u l t i p l e computing elements and v e c t o r i z a t i o n i n each computing element. As i s well-known, i t i s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d t o u t i l i z e conc u r r e n c y and v e c t o r i z a t i o n f o r t h e e x p l i c i t procedure because r e s i d u a l e v a l u a t i o n s can be done w i t h o u t any d a t a dependencies. More c a r e f u l s t r u c t u r i n g i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e i m p l i c i t procedure where banded Gaussian e l i m i n a t i o n s . r e q u i r i n g r e c u r s i v e processes, a r e i n v o l v e d . There a r e t h r e e do-loops i n each of t h e t h r e e approximate f a c t o r i z a t i o n sweeps i n a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l problem. One o f t h e s e t h r e e do-loops i s a r e c u r s i v e procedure. Thus, we a p p l y t h e concurrency on t h e outermost do-loop and v e c t o r i r a t i o n i n innermost l o o p w h i l e keeping t h e r e c u r s i v e d o - l o o p i n t h e m i d d l e . T h i s k i n d o f s t r u c t u r i n g can a l s o be a p p l i e d t o o t h e r m u l t i - p r o c e s s o r computers. T h i s o p t i m i z e d v e r s i o n of t h e code t a k e s about 3 . 0 ~ 1 0 - 4 second CPU t i m e p e r each t i m e s t e p and g r i d p o i n t . which i s compar a b l e t o t h e r e s u l t s on t o d a y s l a r g e - s c a l e supercomputers.(7) i t i s a l s o noted t h a t t h e i m p l i c i t procedure t a k e s o n l y about 30 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l computing t i m e . R e s u l t s and Discussions TWO s e t s o f t e s t cases were computed t o assess performance o f t h e ANCAS3D code. One i s f o r a NASA subsonic a n n u l a r vane s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by G o l d m n e t a 1 . w The o t h e r i s f o r t h e NASA Energy E f f i c i e n t Engine ( 3 ) a n n u l a r vane w i t h an S-shaped t i p - s i d e e n d w a l l . ( 4 )

Subsonic Vane Case ANCAS3D has been a p p l i e d t o t h e subsonic s t a t o r cascade s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y a t NASA Lewis. The d e t a i l e d cascade geometry and e X P e r i mental c o n f i g u r a t i o n can be found i n Ref. 3. The u n t w i s t e d vanes, of c o n s t a n t p r o f i l e from hub t o t i p , had a h e i g h t o f 38.10 mn and an a x i a l c h o r d o f 38.23 mn. The s t a c k i n g a x i s o f t h e vane was located a t the center of the trailing-edge c i r c l e . The vane a s p e c t r a t i o and t h e s o l i d i t y a t t h e mean r a d i u s based on a x i a l chord were 1 . 0 and 0.93. r e s p e c t i v e l y . The s t a t o r h u b - t i p r a d i u s r a t i o was 0.85 and t h e t i p d i a m e t e r was 508 mn.
A t o t a l number o f 171,696 c o m p u t a t i o n a l g r i d p o i n t s a r e used (NX=73. NY=42, and NR=56; t h e y a r e numbers o f g r i d p o i n t s i n t h e a x i a l , c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l , and r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . ) F i g u r e 1 shows t h e 73x42 H - g r i d system f o r a b l a d e - t o - b l a d e p l a n e and t h e 73x56 g r i d system f o r a m e r i d i o n a l p l a n e f o r t h e NASA t u r b i n e s t a t o r . A x i a l g r i d d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e chosen t o g i v e enough g r i d p o i n t s t o p r o p e r l y d e s c r i b e t h e shape o f t h e b l u n t l e a d i n g and t r a i l i n g edges. dymin f o r t h e f i r s t g r i d s p a c i n g i s 4 . 1 ~ 1 0 - mn and dymax f o r t h e maximum g r i d spacing i s about 5 p e r c e n t o f c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l p i t c h . In t h e r - d i r e c t i o n . d r m i n i s 3 . 8 ~ 1 0 - 3 mn and drmax i s 1 . 9 mn. Converged r e s u l t s were achieved w i t h 800 t i m e s t e p s even w i t h t h i s h i g h l y r e f i n e d g r i d f o r good v i s c o u s s u b l a y e r resolution.

r e a c t i o n . The d e t a i l e d cascade geometry and e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s can be found i n Ref. 4 The Reynolds number based on e x i t f r e e stream c o n d i t i o n and vane a x i a l c h o r d l e n g t h i s about 1 . 3 ~ 1 0 6 and d e s i g n e x i t f l o w a n g l e i s ID.4O. c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o f l o w t u r n i n g o f some 80". A t o t a l number o f 128,112 g r i d p o i n t s (NX=13. NY=42. and NR=42) a r e used f o r t h i s case. T h i s i s a much c o a r s e r g r i d compared t o t h e 1 3 1 x 6 6 ~ 3 0g r i d used i n an e a r l i e r s t u d y ( l ) f o r a h a l f span o f t h e E3 l i n e a r cascade. I n f a c t , on a f u l l span b a s i s , t h e t o t a l number o f g r i d p o i n t s i s o n l y about 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e E3 l i n e a r cascade c o m p u t a t i o n . Numerical a c c u r a c y i s degraded i n consequence. p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r stagnation pressure loss. A p r i mary c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h i s c h o i c e was u n c e r t a i n t y about i n f l o w boundary c o n d i t i o n i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t , w h i c h l e d us t o emphasize assessment r a t h e r t h a n f u l l code v a l i d a t i o n a t t h i s t i m e . F i g u r e 6 shows t h e 73x42 H - g r i d system f o r a b l a d e - t o - b l a d e p l a n e and t h e 13x42 g r i d system f o r a m e r i d i o n a l p l a n e w i t h a c o n t o u r e d t i p - s i d e w a l l . Eased on a x i a l c h o r d - l e n g t h , minimum and maximum spacings a r e 2.1~10.~ and 0.105 i n t h e Y - d i r e c t i o n . and t h e y a r e 1 . 7 ~ 1 0 - 4 and 0.085 i n t h e r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n , respectively. The s t a t i c p r e s s u r e p r o f i l e s on t h e vane s u r f a c e , shown i n F i g u r e 1 f o r t h r e e spanwise l o c a t i o n s , compare w e l l w i t h t h e measurements. F i g u r e 8 compares computed e x i t f l o w a n g l e t o t h e experiment. U n f o r t u n a t e l y . t h e i n f l o w v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e was n o t measured f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t . F o r t h e computation, a guessed i n l e t v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e was used: 15 p e r c e n t span on t h e hub e n d w a l l and 7.5 p e r c e n t on t h e t i p e n d w a l l . based on e s t i m a t e d boundary l a y e r development l e n g t h s . Discrepancy i n Figure 8 i s believed t o a r i s e i n large p a r t f r o m n o t matching t h e unknown i n l e t c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s problem i s a l s o e v i d e n t i n t h e e x i t Mach number p r o f i l e shown i n F i g u r e 9. where t h e hub e n d w a l l boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s i s a p p a r e n t l y u n d e r p r e d i c t e d . One reason f o r t h e caveat i s t h a t i t i s s u r p r i s i n g t o us t h a t t h e e n d w a l l boundary l a y e r i s so t h i c k a f t e r r a p i d a c c e l e r a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e vane passage, r a i s i n g q u e s t i o n s about t h e experiment i t s e l f . Computed t o t a l p r e s s u r e loss c o n t o u r s a r e shown i n Fig.ire 10. These c o n t o u r s cannot be d i r e c t l y compared t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a g i v e n i n Ref. 4 because g e o m e t r i c a l s c a l i n g f a c t o r s f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l loss c o n t o u r s were n o t g i v e n i n the report; the l a t t e r p l o t s are obviously not t o t r u e s c a l e . F i g u r e 11 shows p i t c h w i s e a r e a averaged t o t a l p r e s s u r e loss p r o f i l e versus t h e radial direction. Conclusion A new computer code f o r a n n u l a r cascade geometry, ANCAS3D. has been developed and e v a l u a t e d b y comparing computed r e s u l t s w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s . As shown i n e f f i c i e n c y c o n t o u r s a t t h e vane e x i t plane, v i s c o u s e f f e c t has been v e r y w e l l i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h C o a k l e y ' s Accuracy and t w o - e q u a t i o n t u r b u l e n c e mdel c o m p u t a t i o n a l e f f i c i e n c y of t h e code show i t s p o t e n t i a l use as a v i a b l e aerodynamic d e s i g n t o o l .

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The s t a t i c p r e s s u r e p r o f i l e s on t h e b l a d e s u r f a c e s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 2 f o r t h r e e spanwise l o c a t i o n s . A s shown i n t h e s e f i g u r e s , computat i o n a l r e s u l t s compare v e r y w e l l w i t h correspondi n g measurements. Since p r e s s u r e v a r i a t i o n s on t h e b l a d e s u r f a c e s a r e m a i n l y i n v i s c i d phenomena, t h e s e r e s u l t s show t h a t t h e code can h a n d l e i n v i s c i d e f f e c t s accurately. F u l l viscous e f f e c t s o f t h e f l o w s can be found i n t h e l o s s p r e d i c t i o n and t h e f l o w a n g l e v a r i a t i o n a t e x i t p l a n e . The t o t a l p r e s s u r e l o s s p r e d i c t i o n s a t about 29 p e r c e n t o f t h e c h o r d l e n g t h downstream from t h e t r a i l i n g edge a r e shown i n F i g u r e 3 w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a measured a t 33 p e r c e n t c h o r d downstream. These a r e averaged based on mass f l u x along the circumferential d i r e c t i o n a t a given r a d i a l l o c a t i o n . T h i s t o t a l p r e s s u r e loss p r e d i c t i o n agrees v e r y w e l l w i t h t h e experiment e x c e p t a t about 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e span n e a r t h e hub, w h i c h i s one o f passage v o r t e x c e n t e r s . The c o m p u t a t i o n a l r e s u l t s behave somewhat s i m i l a r l y . b u t n o t as c l e a r l y as t h e measurements. The vane e f f i c i e n c y c o n t o u r s based on k i n e t i c energy a r e compared i n F i g u r e 4. Note t h a t t h e passage v o r t e x l o c a t i o n s a r e w e l l p r e d i c t e d b y t h e q w t u r b u l e n c e model. F i g u r e 5 shows t h e f l o w a n g l e v a r i a t i o n versus t h e r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n a t a f t e n n i x e d f l o w c o n d i t i o n s . d e f i n e d a t each r a d i a l l o c a t i o n b averaging along t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l direction.!8*9) The agreement w i t h t h e experiment i s w i t h i n t h e accuracy o f t h e measurement, 1.2.. T r a n s o n i c NASA 3 Vane Case The case c o n s i d e r e d i n v o l v e s t r a n s o n i c f l o w t h r o u g h a vane i n a s i n g l e - s t a g e w i t h 0.35

C u r r e n t l y , expansion of t h i s code t o r o t a t i n g frame has been f i n i s h e d and the neu code i s b e i n g a p p l i e d t o r o t o r cases s u c c e s s f u l l y . T h i s work w i l l be r e p o r t e d i n t h e near f u t u r e .
_I

Acknowledqment This research was conducted under sponsorship of t h e Textron Lycoming's Research and Development Program. The a u t h o r s wish t o thank t h e Textron. Cycoming management for f i n a n c i a l support and permission t o p r e s e n t these r e s u l t s . References
1. Knight. C.J., and Choi. 0.. "Development o f a Vlscous Cascade Code Based on S c a l a r l m p l l c i t F d r t o r i z a t ion, 'I AIAA-87-2150, AIAA/SAE/ASWE/ ASE 23r4 J o i n t P r o p u l s i o n Conference. Jun. 1987. San Oiego. CA.
2. Choi. 0..

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and Knight. C.J. "Computation of 30 Viscous Cascade Flows." AtAA-88-0363, A I A A 26th AeMSpdCe Science Meeting, Jan. 1988, Reno, NV.

3 . Goldman. L.J.. e t a l . . "Laser Anemometer Measurements i n an Annular Cascade i f Care Turbine Vanes and Comparison w i t h Theory," NASA Technical Paper 2018, 1982. 4. Gardner. W . 0 . . e t a i . . "Energy E f f i c i e n t Engine. High-pressure Turbine Uncooled Rig Technology Report," NASA CA-165149 O c t . 1979.
5. Coakley: T.J., "Turbulence Modeling Methods f o r t h e Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations," AIAA-83-1693, 7 6 t h F l u i d and Plasmadynamics Conference, July 1983. 6. Roe. P.L., "Approximate Riemann Solvers, Parameter Vectors, and D i f f e r e n c e Schemes,' Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 43. 1981, Pp. 357-312.

~.

7. Taylor. T . D . , " F i t t i n g t h e Computer t o t h e Job," Aerospace America. Apr. 1988, pp. 34-36
8. Goldman. L.J.,

e t a l . . "Cold-Air AnnularCascade I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f Aerodynamic P e r t o m n c e of Cooled Turbine Vanes." NASA TW X-3006. March 1974.

9. Goldman. L . J . , e t a i . . "Cold-Air AnnularCascade I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Aerodynamic Performance of Core-Engine Cooled Turbine Vanes," NASA TM X-3224, A p r i l 1974.

73 X 42 grid on a blade-to-blade plane

73 X 56 grid on a meridional plane

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73 X 42 grid on a blade-to-blade plane 73 X 42 grid on a meridional plane

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