I.

Squares and square roots: From 12 to 302.

Squares: 1 - 50 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92 102 112 122 132 142 152 162 172 182 192 202 212 222 232 242 252 II. 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 Cubes and cubic roots: From 13 to 123. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 262 272 282 292 302 312 322 332 342 352 362 372 382 392 402 412 422 432 442 452 462 472 482 492 502 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 676 729 784 841 900 961 1024 1089 1156 1225 1296 1369 1444 1521 1600 1681 1764 1849 1936 2025 2116 2209 2304 2401 2500

Cubes: 1 -15 13 23 33 43 53 III.

1

= = = = =

1 8 27 64 125

63 73 83 93 103

= = = = =

216 343 512 729 1000 31 32 33 34 35 36 = = = = = =

113 123 133 143 153

= = = = = 3 9 27 81 243 729

1331 1728 2197 2744 3375

Powers of 2: From 21 to 212. 2 = 2 22 = 4 23 = 8 4 2 = 16 25 = 32 6 2 = 64

27 28 29 210 211 212 IV.

= 128 37 = 2187 = 256 38 = 6561 = 512 39 = 19683 = 1024 310 = 59049 = 2048 311 = 177147 = 4096 312 = 531441 Prime numbers from 2 to 127: It also helps to know the primes in the 100's, like 113, 127, 131, ... It's important to know not just the primes, but why 51, 87, 91, and others are not primes (especially 1) . 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 Dividing by 11 Let's look at 352, which is divisible by 11; the answer is 32. 3+2 is 5; another way to say this is that 35 -2 is 33. Now look at 3531, which is also divisible by 11. It is not a coincidence that 353-1 is 352 and 11 321 is 3531. Dividing by 7 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 283 293 307 311 313 317 331 337 347 349 353 359 367 373 379 383 389 397 401 409 419 421 431 433 439 443 449 457 461 463 467 479 487 491 499

To find out if a number is divisible by seven, take the last digit, double it, and subtract it from the rest of the number. Example: If you had 203, you would double the last digit to get six, and subtract that from 20 to get 14. If you get an answer divisible by 7 (including zero), then the original number is divisible by seven. If you don't know the new number's divisibility, you can apply the rule again. Dividing by 12 Check for divisibility by 3 and 4. Dividing by 13 Here's a straightforward method supplied by Scott Fellows: Delete the last digit from the given number. Then subtract nine times the deleted digit from the remaining number. If what is left is divisible by 13, then so is the original number.

For any prime p (except 2 and 5), a rule of divisibility could be "created" using this method:
1.

Find m, such that m is the (preferably) smallest multiple of p that ends in either 1 Delete the last digit and subtract (if multiple ends in 9) or add (if it ends in 1) the deleted digit times the integer nearest to m/10. For example, if m = 91, the integer closest to 91/10 = 9.1 is 9; and for 3.9, it's 4. 3. Verify if the result is a multiple of p. Use this process until it's obvious.
2.

or 9.

Example 1: Let's see if 14281581 is a multiple of 17. In this case, m = 51 (which is 17*3), so we'll be deleting the last number and subtracting it fivefold. 1428158 - 5*1 = 1428153 142815 - 5*3 = 142800 14280 - 5*0 = 14280 1428 - 5*0 = 1428 142 - 5*8 = 102 10 - 5*2 = 0, which is a multiple of 17, so 14281581 is multiple of 17.

Example 2: Let's see if 7183186 is a multiple of 46. First, note that 46 is not a prime number, and its factorization is 2*23. So, 7183186 needs to be divisible by both 2 and 23. Since it's an even number, it's obviously divisible by 2. So let's verify that it is a multiple of 23: m = 3*23 = 69, which means we'll be adding the deleted digit sevenfold. 718318 + 7*6 = 718360 71836 + 7*0 = 71836 7183 + 7*6 = 7225 722 + 7*5 = 757 75 + 7*7 = 124 12 + 7*4 = 40 4 + 7*0 = 4 (not divisible by 23), so 7183186 is not divisible by 46. Note that you could've stopped calculating whenever you find the result to be obvious (i.e., you don't need to do it until the end). For example, in example 1 if you recognize 102 as divisible by 7, you don't need to continue (likewise, if you recognized 40 as not divisible by 23). The idea behind this method it that you're either subtracting m*(last digit) and then dividing by 10, or adding m*(last digit) and then dividing by 10.

V.

Sum of the numbers in an arithmetic series: In an arithmetic series the difference between terms is a constant. Example: 4 + 10 + 16 + 22 + ... + 100 is an arithmetic series. The formula for the sum is n (a + z) / 2* where n is the number of terms in the sequence, a is the lowest term, and z is the highest term. Finding the sum of the above sequence: 17 (4 + 100) / 2 = l7 * 104 / 2 = 884 Why is n equal to 17? Figure it out. x(n - 1) + a = z where x is the amount being added to each number, n is the number of terms, a is the lowest term, and z is the highest term. The minus 1 is to account for the first term. Using the sequence above this would look like this: 6(n - 1) + 4 = 100, subtract 4 from both sides, so 6(n - 1) = 96, divide both sides by 6, so (n - 1) = 16, add 1 to both sides so, n = 17 *If you reconize this formula, it is also know as Gauss' formula. The story behind it is accually very interesting, while Gauss was in school (it was a one room

school house) his teacher gave them busy work; they had to add all of the numbers between 1 and 100 on a chalkboard, it took Gauss only a few seconds because he found the pattern that forms when you add the first and last, second and second to last numbers and so on you get the same number every time so you only have to take half of this number (which turns out to be the average of the all of the numbers in the sequence) and multiply that by the number of numbers. Since you are multiplying the average by the number of numbers, you get the answer. VI. Triangle or triangular numbers: 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55 are triangle numbers. (This is based on V. above!) ... n (n + 1) / 2 (it can be used to find the number of dots) To find 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... + n, just take n, multiply it by its higher consecutive number, and divide by 2. Example: find 1+2+3+4+5+...+28. 28 (28 + 1) / 2 = 406 VII. Pythagorean Theorem: Applications of this famous relationship occur very often in math competition and on the S.A.T. a2 + b2 = c2 Pythagorean Triples: Integral values of a, b, and c, where a, b, and c are relatively prime (one or more of the numbers is/are prime so it can't be reduced in size): 3 - 4 - 5 (the most common) 5 - 12 - 13 15 - 112 - 113 7 - 24 - 25 16 - 63 - 65 8 - 15 - 17 17 - 144 - 145 9 - 40 - 41 19 - 180 - 181 11 - 60 - 61 20 - 21 29 12 - 35 - 37 20 - 99 - 101 13 - 84 - 85 B. The 45o - 45o - 90o right triangle, or right isosceles triangle: This is half of a square, where the legs are congruent. If the leg is s, then the hypotenuse is s * sqrt(2) (s times the square root of 2). Example: A square has a perimeter of 10, and you need to know the length of the diagonal.
A.

s = 2.5, so d = 2.5 * sqrt(2). The 30o - 60o - 90o right triangle: This is half of an equilateral triangle. The short leg, the one opposite the 30o angle, is s, the hypotenuse is 2s, and the long leg, which is opposite the 60o angle, is s * sqrt(3) (s times the square root of 3). Number of diagonals in an s-sided polygon: I've seen so many different applications of this formula:
C.

II.

s (s - 3) / 2 where s is the number of sides of the polygon. A polygon having 45 sides has 45*(45-3)/2 = 945 diagonals. III. Fraction, decimal, percent equivalencies: You must know these backward, forward, and upside down. The halves, thirds, fourths, fifths, sixths, sevenths, (yes, sevenths!), eighths, ninths, tenths, (so hard, he?), elevenths, twentieths, twenty-fifths, fiftieths. It also helps to know the twelfths, fifteenths, and sixteenths. You should, for example, be able to recognize, instantly and without hesitation, that 83 1/3% is 5/6, and that 9/11 is 81 9/11%. Diagonal of a cube: s * sqrt(3) where s is the edge of the cube. This is an application of the Pythagorean Theorem: See Section Vll(B) above. Figure out why this is so. Don't expect me to do it for you. V. Area and Volume: A. Area of a square, given the side: A = s 2 B. Area of a square, given diagonal: A = d 2/2 C. Area of a rhombus, given diagonals: A = (d1 d2)/2 (B and C are closely related. How?) D. Area of triangle: A = (bh) / 2 E. Area of circle: A = r 2 F. Area of trapezoid: A = 1/2 h (b1 + b2) G. Volume of cylinder and prism: V = B h H. Volume of cone and pyramid: V = 1/3 (B h) I. Volume of a sphere: V = 4/3 r 3 J. Surface area of a sphere: A = 4 r 2 I also expect you to know the following procedures: A. Scientific notation, both multiplying and dividing numbers written in this form. All you do is apply the rules you've learned about exponents. B. Turning a repeating decimal into a simple fraction. You see this almost every week; isn't it time to learn the shortcut for this, once and for all?

IV.

VI.

Turning a fractional percent into a simple fraction. Example: 20 5/6% = 5/24 D. Setting up probability problems. This is usually plain, simple reading. Know the terms "with replacement"; "without replacement", "at least one". E. Be able to generate Pascal's Triangle on the spot. There are so many applications of this in combinations and probability. F. Can you think of any more? I can. You should.
C.

This is just the beginning. If you think you can't memorize the relationships and formulas in this "Bible", you are absolutely right. Chances are the person ranked above you knows it better than you do. If, on the other hand, you think this can be done, you're quite right!