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The Double Angle Formulas can be derived from Sum of Two Angles listed below: Equation (1) Equation (2) Equation (3) Let = A = B; Equation (1) will become
Let = A = B; Equation (2) will become Equation (4) The Pythagorean Identity sin2 + cos2 = 1 can be taken as sin2 = 1 - cos2 and Equation (4) will become...
sin2 + cos2 = 1 can also be taken as cos2 = 1 - sin2 and Equation (4) will become...
The sum and difference of two angles can be derived from the figure shown below. Consider triangle AEF:
Difference of two angles Let = - and note that sin (-) = -sin cos (-) = cos and tan (-) = -tan
Half angle formulas can be derived from the double angle formulas, particularly, the cosine of double angle. For easy reference, the cosines of double angle are listed below: cos 2 = 1 - 2sin2 Equation (1) cos 2 = 2cos2 - 1 Equation (2)
Note that the equations above are identities, meaning, the equations are true for any value of the variable . The key on the derivation is to substitute with . For Equations (1) and (2), let = From Equation (1)
Equation (3)
For any triangles with vertex angles and corresponding opposite sides are A, B, C and a, b, c, respectively, the sine law is given by the formula...
Derivation To derive the formula, erect an altitude through B and label it hB as shown below. Expressing hB in terms of the side and the sine of the angle will lead to the formula of the sine law.
To include angle B and side b in the above relationship, construct an altitude through C and label it hC as shown below.
Thus,
Therefore, the ratio of one side to the sine of its opposite angle is constant. Note: The constant ratio above is the diameter of the circumscribing circle about the triangle. See the proof (not available for now) for this note.
Pythagorean Theorem In any right triangle, the sum of the square of the two perpendicular sides is equal to the square of the longest side. For a right triangle with legs measures and and length of hypotenuse , the theorem can be expressed in the form
Proved by Pythagoras
Area of the large square = Area of four triangles + Area of small square
Proved by Bhaskara Bhaskara (1114 - 1185) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer.
Area of the large square = Area of four triangles + Area of inner (smaller) square
In reference to the right triangle shown and from the functions of a right triangle: a/c = sin b/c = cos c/b = sec c/a = csc a/b = tan b/a = cot
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The following are the formulas for cosine law for any triangles with sides a, b, c and angles A, B, C, respectively.
Derivation: Consider the triangle to the right: Cosine function for triangle ADB
Substitute h2 = c2 - x2
Substitute x = c cos A
Rearrange:
The derivation of basic identities can be done easily by using the functions of a right triangle. For easy reference, these trigonometric functions are listed below. a/c = sin b/c = cos a/b = tan c/a = csc c/b = sec b/a = cot
and
and
Tangent and Cotangent are reciprocal to each other and Tangent is the ratio of Sine to Cosine
Thus,
and