Derivation of the Double Angle Formulas

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The Double Angle Formulas can be derived from Sum of Two Angles listed below: Equation (1) Equation (2) Equation (3) Let = A = B; Equation (1) will become

Let = A = B; Equation (2) will become Equation (4) The Pythagorean Identity sin2 + cos2 = 1 can be taken as sin2 = 1 - cos2 and Equation (4) will become...

sin2 + cos2 = 1 can also be taken as cos2 = 1 - sin2 and Equation (4) will become...

For easy reference, below is the summary for cos 2

Let = A = B; Equation (3) will become

Derivation of Sum and Difference of Two Angles

Tags: derivation of formula trigonometry identities sum of two angles difference of two angles trigonometric identities

The sum and difference of two angles can be derived from the figure shown below. Consider triangle AEF:

From triangle EDF:

From Triangle ACE:

The summary of the above solution is shown below:

Sum of two angles From triangle ABF:

Difference of two angles Let = - and note that sin (-) = -sin cos (-) = cos and tan (-) = -tan

Derivation of the Half Angle Formulas

Tags: identity trigonometric identities

Half angle formulas can be derived from the double angle formulas, particularly, the cosine of double angle. For easy reference, the cosines of double angle are listed below: cos 2 = 1 - 2sin2 Equation (1) cos 2 = 2cos2 - 1 Equation (2)

Note that the equations above are identities, meaning, the equations are true for any value of the variable . The key on the derivation is to substitute with . For Equations (1) and (2), let = From Equation (1)

From Equation (2)

Equation (3)

From Equation (3)

From Equation (3)

Derivation of Sine Law

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For any triangles with vertex angles and corresponding opposite sides are A, B, C and a, b, c, respectively, the sine law is given by the formula...

Derivation To derive the formula, erect an altitude through B and label it hB as shown below. Expressing hB in terms of the side and the sine of the angle will lead to the formula of the sine law.

Equate the two hB's above:

To include angle B and side b in the above relationship, construct an altitude through C and label it hC as shown below.

Thus,

Therefore, the ratio of one side to the sine of its opposite angle is constant. Note: The constant ratio above is the diameter of the circumscribing circle about the triangle. See the proof (not available for now) for this note.

Derivation of Pythagorean Theorem

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Pythagorean Theorem In any right triangle, the sum of the square of the two perpendicular sides is equal to the square of the longest side. For a right triangle with legs measures and and length of hypotenuse , the theorem can be expressed in the form

Proved by Pythagoras

Area of the large square = Area of four triangles + Area of small square

Proved by Bhaskara Bhaskara (1114 - 1185) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer.

Area of the large square = Area of four triangles + Area of inner (smaller) square

Proved by U.S. Pres. James Garfield

Area of trapezoid = Area of 3 triangles

Derivation of Pythagorean Identities

Tags: trigonometry Pythagorean theorem identities Pythagorean identities

In reference to the right triangle shown and from the functions of a right triangle: a/c = sin b/c = cos c/b = sec c/a = csc a/b = tan b/a = cot

From Pythagorean Theorem

Another way to derive tan2 + 1 = sec2

(okay!)

Another way to derive 1 + cot2 = csc2

(okay!)

Derivation of Cosine Law

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The following are the formulas for cosine law for any triangles with sides a, b, c and angles A, B, C, respectively.

Derivation: Consider the triangle to the right: Cosine function for triangle ADB

Pythagorean theorem for triangle ADB

Pythagorean theorem for triangle CDB

Substitute h2 = c2 - x2

Substitute x = c cos A

Rearrange:

The other two formulas can be derived in the same manner.

Derivation of Basic Identities

Tags: identity trigonometric identities

The derivation of basic identities can be done easily by using the functions of a right triangle. For easy reference, these trigonometric functions are listed below. a/c = sin b/c = cos a/b = tan c/a = csc c/b = sec b/a = cot

Sine and Cosecant are reciprocal to each other

and

Cosine and Secant are reciprocal to each other

and

Tangent and Cotangent are reciprocal to each other and Tangent is the ratio of Sine to Cosine

Thus,

and