2002 ASM International. All Rights Reserved.

Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves (#06825G)

www.asminternational.org

Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

Second Edition

INTERNATIONAL

The Materials Information Society

Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org

 2002 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves (#06825G)

www.asminternational.org

Copyright 2002 by ASM International All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner. First printing, December 2002

Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book, but it should be made clear that NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are outside of ASMs control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No claim of any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication, and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in amount than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to specification is essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual conditions is recommended. Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters patent, copyright, or trademark, or as a defense against liability for such infringement. Comments, criticisms, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International. Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Technical Book Committee (20012002), Charles A. Parker, Chair. Prepared with assistance from the ASM International Materials Properties Database Committee, P.J. Sikorsky, Chair. ASM International staff who worked on this project included Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor; Veronica Flint, Acquisitions Editor; Bonnie Sanders, Manager of Production; Carol Terman, Production Project Manager; and Scott Henry, Assistant Director of Reference Publications.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Atlas of stress-strain curves.2nd ed. p. cm. SAN: 204-586T.p. verso. ISBN: 0-87170-739-X 1. Stress-strain curvesAtlases. 2. MetalsTesting. I. ASM International. TA460 .A86 2002 620.1'63dc 21 2002027674

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 2002 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves (#06825G)

www.asminternational.org

Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ferrous Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Cast Iron (CI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Carbon Steel (CS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Alloy Steel (AS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 High-Strength Steel (HS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Stainless Steel (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Tool Steel (TS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Nonferrous Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Cast Aluminum (CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Wrought Aluminum (WA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Aluminum Laminates (LA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Copper (Cu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Magnesium (Mg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Nickel (Ni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Titanium (Ti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Alloy Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 UNS Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

iii

 2002 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves (#06825G)

www.asminternational.org

Preface
In this information age, mechanical property data are plentiful. However, locating needed information quickly, judging the validity of the data, and making reasoned comparisons of data can be daunting. Stress-strain curves condense much information about the mechanical behavior of metals into a convenient form. From these basic curves the engineer can extract such information as the strength, ductility, formability, elasticity, and other information useful in predicting the performance of a particular alloy under stress. ASM International published the first edition of the Atlas of StressStrain Curves, a collection of over 550 curves, in 1986. This book, along with the Atlas of Fatigue Curves, Atlas of Creep and StressRupture Curves, and the Atlas of Stress-Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue Curves, has formed a set of useful materials property resources for the engineer, materials scientist, and designer. Well over three years agowith the encouragement, assistance, and guidance of the ASM Technical Books and Materials Properties Database CommitteesASM International embarked on the project to create this updated, expanded, and improved Second Edition of the Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves. Some of the overriding goals of this project have been to: Add curves for materials that are especially useful to key industries, including aerospace, automotive, and heavy manufacturing Seek out curves with a pedigree so readers can trace the source of the information and have some indication regarding its reliability Include as much pertinent information as possible for each curve. Factors such as heat-treat condition, product form, thickness, specimen size, orientation, history, testing temperature, and testing rate all affect materials performance and may be helpful when interpreting the curves Normalize the presentation of the curves to facilitate comparisons among different materials We feel ASM International has been reasonably successful in achieving these objectives in this edition. Many people are involved in a project of this size, and we would like to thank those who have contributed to, or assisted, this effort. First and foremost, ASM International thanks the materials researchers who created the original curveswithout their efforts this volume would not exist. Donna M. Walker, FASM, Stressolvers Inc., and Veronica Flint, ASM staff, initiated the project to revise and expand this book. ASM International thanks them for their efforts in helping to define the goals for this project and in acquiring many of the new curves to be added to the book. Special thanks are extended to Special Metals, Gil Kaufman, FASM, Kaufman Associates, and Bruce Boardman, FASM, Deere & Company, for their contributions of stress-strain curves. Hiro Okamoto and his associates performed the huge task of redrawing the curves to normalize their presentation, and we are grateful for their accurate and timely work. The organization and final quality of the data as seen in the book are my responsibility, and any errors, omissions, or misclassifications of alloys are mine. I thank Heather Lampman, the principal copy editor, and the members of the ASM International production staff, who have worked diligently to keep any errors to a minimum. However, in any endeavor of this scope, there will be mistakes. Corrections, comments, and criticisms are invited. It should be noted that most of the data included in this book are not specified as being minimum, typical, or having any defined confidence level associated with them. The reader may want to refer to the source of a particular curve to find additional details. The Introduction in this book provides a review of the information that can be extracted from stress-strain curves, a clarification of terms used in describing mechanical behavior, and a guide to the limitations of the accuracy and precision of the information given. Charles Moosbrugger Technical Editor ASM International

iv

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