Chapter 1 ECOLOGY OF THE CHILD

ECOLOGY- the science of interrelationship between organisms and their environments. ADAPTATION- the modification of an organism or its behavior to make it more fit for the existence under the conditions of its environment. ECOLOGY, CHANGE, AND CHILDREN Human ecology involves the biological, psychological, social, and cultural contexts in which a developing person interacts and consequent processes. As human develop, they must continue to adapt to change, on personal, social, societal level. SOCIALIZATION AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT Socialization- is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as effective as effective members of groups and society. SOCIALIZATION AS A UNIQUE HUMAN PROCESS George Mead a social interaction theorist wrote that it is language that exactly separates the human for the animals. Mead goes on to say that language makes ideas and communication of this ideas is possible and language also make s it possible to replace action with thoughts and the use of thoughts to transforms behavior. Language

Ideas

Action

Communicatio n

Thoughts

Behavior The ability to reason and having athe behavior enable us to internalize the attitudes of others. Internalization- is a process by which externally controlled behavior shifts into internally or self-regulated behavior. Incorporating expectations into behavior by role taking

Internalization

Generalized Others

SOCIALIZATION AS A RECIPROCAL DYNAMIC PROCESS

Socialization is a reciprocal process in that when one individual interacts with one another, a response in one usually elicits a response in the other. It is also dynamic process in that change over time, with individuals becoming producers of response as well as products of them MATURATION It refers to the developmental changes associated with the biological process of aging. As children mature, their needs and abilities elicit changes in parental expectations for behavior.

GENES Genotype- the total composite of the heredity instructions coded in the genes at the moment of conception. Passive genotype environment interaction -children inherit genes from ther parents, children are prewired or prediposed to be affected by the environment their parents provide. Evocative genotype environment interaction -an individual genotype will tend to evoke or elicit certain responses from the environment in which they interact. Active genotype environment interaction -an individual genotype will tend to motivate the person to seek out environments most compatible with his/er genetic prewiring

TEMPERAMENT The innate characteristics that determine an individuals sensitivity to various experiences and responsiveness to patterns of social interaction.

Easy Child

Slow to warm Up Child

Difficult Child

Temperamental Quality Rhythmicity Approach/withdrawal Adaptability Intensity of Reaction Quality of Mood

Easy Child Very regular Positive approach Very adaptable Low or mild positive

Slow to warm up Child Varies Initial withdrawal Slowly adaptable Mild Slightly negative

Difficult Child irregular Withdrawal Slowly adaptable Intense Negative

(goodness of fit) -Refers to match/ mismatch between temperament and other personal characteristics. INTENTIONAL AND UNINTENTIONAL SOCIALIZATION Intentional Socialization- when adults have certain values that they consistently convey explicitly to the child, and when they back these up with approval for compliance and negative consequences for noncompliance. Unintentional Socialization- it happens when there is no deliberate intent to impart knowledge or values.

SOCIALIZATION, CHANGE AND CHALLENGE Economic fluctuations can affect the job and may have major negative impact to the family finances. Family members may have work for longer hours, purchasing power may decrease, and the family may have to move.

Societal Change (Child rearing and Education) Parents are very concern with their childrens intellectual abilities. This is evident by growth of preschoolers and kindergartens with academic programs. Also evident by the pressure of Elementary, middle school and high school, the NCLBA mandates performances standards, accountability, flexibility, which often pressures the learner. As a consequence of this situation, the children are pressured to become Intellectually independent and intellectually successful.

CHANGE AND CONCEPT OF CHILDHOOD

Philippe Aries it It It did change throughout the year in that concept of treatment of children by parents. Childhood and society improved considerably. Concept of Childhood

Linda Pollock Particular in parent-child relation did not change very much because parents still have the emotional ties with their children.

TIME PERIOD 14th-16th century

16th-18th century

18th-20th century

20th- Today

A BRIEF VIEW OF CHILDHOOD THROUGH HISTORY SIGNIFICANT EVENT CHILD TREATMENT Renaissance Children treated as miniature adults, harsh treatment, expected to work, included in adults activities (partying, same punishment for crime) Printing Press Children treated as unformed adults therefore schools were created to teach them. Industrial revolution Children need to be prepared for adulthood in a complex society, compulsory education laws, recognition of childrens rights, and passage of labor laws. Today Children viewed as consumers, pressured to compete, to achieve, to be independent and self-reliant

SOCIALIZATION AND ADAPTATION Analyzing some of the variables involved in socialization process can help people adapt to change. As well as understanding the input socialization in various setting and situations affects the output of socialization. Manipulating the input may result to desired output.

Examples of Input Instruction Setting standards Learning by doing Feedback Reinforcement Punishment Group pressure

Socialization Variables Examples of Output Values Attitudes Motives and attributions Self-esteem Self regulation of behavior Morals Gender roles

THEORIES RELATING TO SOCIALIZATION THEORY- is an organized set of statements that explains observations, integrates different facts or events and predicts future outcomes.

Theories: Provides a framework or interpreting research findings and give direction for future study. Explain a particular aspect of development, such as genetics Describe setting that influence many aspects of the childs development such as culture Examine the interaction between the child and his/her environment such as ecology.

THE BIOECOLOGICAL THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Is the scientific study of the progressive, mutual accommodations throughout the life course, between an active, growing, highly complex biopsychological organisms characterized by a complex evolving interreralated dynamic capacities for thought, feeling and action and changing properties of the immediate sting in which the developing person lives as this process is affected by relations between these settings and by the larger contexts in which the settings are embedded.

According to Bronfenbrenners biological theory there are four basic structures: Microsystem,Mesosytem, Exosystem,and Macrosystem

MICROSYSTEM
Activities and relationships with significant others experienced by a developing person in a particular small setting such as family, school, peer group, or community. Family- is the setting that provides nurturance, affection and variety of opportunities. School- is the setting in which children formally learn about their society. Peer Group- is the setting where the children are generally unsupervised by adults, thereby gaining experience in the independence. Community- is the setting in which children learn by doing. Media- Bronfenbrenner included this because it contributes interactive setting for reciprocal interaction.

MESOSYSTEM
Linkages and interrelationships between two or more of a persons Microsystems (ex home and school, school and community)

EXOSYSTEM
Settings in which do not actually participate but which affect them in one of their Microsystems (parents job, the school board and the city council)

MACROSYSTEM
The society and sub-culture to which the developing child belongs, with particular reference to the belief system lifestyles patterns of societal interactions and life changes Low-context macro system -culture generally characterized by rationality, practicability, competitions, individuality, and progress. High-context Macro system -culture generally characterized by intuitiveness, emotionality, cooperation, group identity and tradition.

Patterns of Behavior Race Communication

Diverse Patterns of Behavior Low Context Euro American

Relationship p to Natural and Social Environment

Adaptivity

High Context Native American, Latino American, Asian American What is said is generally more Communication is gleaned from important that who said it setting in which the communication takes place. People tend to try to control the They tend to live in harmony with nature. nature Develop identity based on their Tend to gain identity through group personal efforts and achievement. association Expect personal freedom, openness Are less open to strangers, make and individual choice distinctions with insiders and outsiders and more likely to follow traditional role expectation. Both Illustrate adaptive behaviors to survive

CHRONOSYSTEM Temporal changes in ecological systems or within individuals producing new conditions that affect development. CONTEMPORARY ECOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY-generally accepted as the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products or any technological application that uses biological systems. GLOBALISM/NATIONALISM- telecommunication and transportation facilitate a global economy-labor, production, marketing, consumption can occur in different places in the world. As people exposed to greater homogeneity, they sometimes become more nationalistic. SHIFT INTO DECISIONMAKING RESPONSIBILTY- new advances in science, medicine, education, economics, communications, media, transportation, security, privacy, and ecology require skills to cope with massive amount of information. INFORMATION INTERMEDIARIES-one way the world capitalize on todays information glut is to offer endorsement. Enticement and services to help consumers to make decisions.

REPORTED BY: ETHEL JOI M. MENDOZA BEED 3-C PRESCHOOL MAJOR