RESEARCH FORMAT Research Format - is a skeletal framework in writing a research paper.

It gives guidance and direction in the writing of the paper. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY -this includes the brief statements about the problem -the need to study such problem. -the flow of presentation should lead into identification of the problem -studies and literature being reviewed ca be integrated in the background to strengthen the need to investigate the problem on hand. 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY -determines the thrust and direction of the study. -it contains a general and specific objectives of the study stated in a form of a statement or questions. -carefully and clearly stated. -the general objective is usually the a reiteration of the title of the study. -the specific objective or problems must be measureable and quantifiable. -the specific objectives in the form of statements could be expressed as follows: to know..to evaluate;;;;;;to find..to investigate..to gain to learn...to discover etc -they can also be stated in the form of questions using the words What.How.Will.Is there. -the raising of questions should not be monotonous using a single expressing of the questions like..What is..What objectives..What standards. What facilities etc..(not monotonous) HowWill there be 3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY -this spells out the importance or values of the study and its contribution to the researcher, students, community, school society, government, science, administrator, environment, agencies involved and others. -the writer should make convincing statements on the genuine need to conduct the study. -the use of the following phrases could help express this part of the thesis: The study will provide..It will also contribute to the.. The findings will also serve as a guide to This will also serve as basis. Hopefully, the study will provide some insights and information on how. Through this research, students will become aware of This study will enhance the ..

4. SCOPE & LIMITATION - Scope contains the coverage of the study. -it define the subject time, samples, institutions, persons involved The use of following phrases could help express the scope of the study: The coverage of the study. The study focuses on .. The study consists only of. It only involves.It covers the The study includes.. Limitations include statements on what are excluded or not a part of the study. -these are usually the constraints which are not under the control of the researcher. The use of following phrases could help write this portion of the study The writer limits this study to. The study is limited to. The study does not cover the. The study excludes the.. It does not include

The study involves only.. CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK I. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES & LITERATURE - brief and topical presentation of relevant published or unpublished researches, theses or dissertations conducted locally or foreign/internationally which are not necessarily arranged in chronological order but should have relationship or similarity with the present study. -assists the writer to locate research topic -materials should be objectives and reliable not bias. -materials should be updated, relevant and related to the problem 2. SYNTHESIS -summary of the relatedness or similarities of the studies and literatures reviewed to the present research work. The following phrases could help write the synthesis of the study. The study conducted by.provides .for. This study has similarly to that of .in the following aspects Like the previous studies presented, this study will also This study is similar to that of in terms of . The concept presented by.has the bearing on this study in the sense This study is closely related to the study conducted by. 3. HYPOTHESIS OR ASSUMPTIONS Hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relationship between two or more variables used in the study.(Meralco, 1977) -is an intelligent or educated guess expressed in a form of declarative statement and needs to be tested. -it is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences (Webster, 1986). -Null Hypothesis is a statement of denial of an attribute, existence, effect or relationship that should be tested which maybe either accepted or rejected in favor of the an alternative hypothesis express in a negative statement. -Operational or Alternative Hypothesis is the affirmation of an attribute, existence, effect or relationship expressed in positive statement. There are some interesting characteristics of a good hypothesis, namely: 1. It must be stated based on the specific question or problem of the study. 2. It should be testable. 3. It must have valid and acceptable conclusion. 4. It must be expressed in term of cause and effect or comparative relationship among variables involved in the study. Assumption-is the supposition that something is true (Webster,1986).This does not need to be proven using statistical computation to analyze the results. 5. DEFINITION OF TERMS Words which need to be defined to provide better understanding of the study to be conducted and are usually presented in alphabetical orders or as they appear in the presentation. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY I. RESEARCH DESIGN Research method used in the study, -its definition or description -including the justification why it is best design for the study SAMPLES & SAMPLING TECHNIQUES -description of the subjects or population involved in the study, -sample size, the manner it is determined -& the technique used in the selection of samples. INSTRUMENTATION -use of questionnaires

II.

III.

-interview or observation tools that will be used in the study -its description, content, development and validation IV. PROCEDURE -steps to be used in the gathering of data, time frame & the persons responsible for the collection of data. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA -the statistical tools to be used in the analysis of data and the reasons appropriateness of the said tools. -This part of the paper should resolves the objectives of the study. CHAPTER IV RESULTS & DISCUSSION I. RESULTS -topical presentation of data presented according to the specific objectives or problem of the study using figures, tables and graphs. -presents the most salient features about the findings of the study. II. DISCUSSION -presentation of the most important findings, its analysis and interpretation of data in a united or holistic approach. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION I. SUMMARY -brief statements of the research objectives, significance, methodology and findings. II. CONCLUSION -general statements inferred fro the results usually based on the hypothesis or assumption. III. RECOMMENDATION -suggestions to be undertaken based on the significance of the findings and recommendations for future research.

V. of

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. BOOKS AND MANUALS -suggested to be presented in the ff. manner: AUTHOR/S (Family name, Given name, Middle initial) Name of the Book or Manual underlined). Edition Place of the Publication: Name of the Publisher, The year Published (as illustrated below) Rivera, Maximiano, M. Roela V. Rivera. Practical Guide to Thesis & Dissertation Writing. 1st Edition, Quezon City: Katha Publishing Inc., 1996 2. JOURNALS, MAGAZINES & NEWSPAPER These reference materials are suggested to be presented in the following Author/s ( Family name, Given Name, M.I.) Title of Thesis/Dissertation underline), Volume, Place of publication: Name of the Publisher, month and the year published. (As illustrated below).Every section should be typed two spaces away from each other with eight spaces allowed in the typing of the second and the rest of the lines as follows. Esperant, Karen. Rivera heads National Student Exchange The Meter. Volume 47, Issue 13, Nashville: Tennessee State University, 1997. Limonick, Michael D./:Heading for Apocalype? Time. New York: Time Inc., 1995.

3. PUBLISHED & UNPUBLISHED THESES/DISSERTATIONS Writer (Family name, Given Name,M.I.) Title of Thesis/Dissertation underlined), If published, write the name of publisher, Volume and the year published), School, Year Completed as hereby illustrated. Rivera, Maximiano M. Establishment of A Marine Biological Station for the University of the East : A Proposal, Centro University, 1982. Footnotes. It is a citation written at the bottom of every page indicating the source of data presented. Instead of using this in the presentation of data, journal type of entry is suggested where the family of the author, the year of the publication and the page enclosed in a parenthesis depending upon the expression as illustrated below. Appendices. -complilation of selected documents related to the study arranged using the Alphabet A-Z. -this is presented by typing the word Appendix followed by the Appendix followed by the Alphabet at the center front of each document. Abstract. -it consist of 1or 2 page summary of the research study which includes restatement of the problem/objectives, significance/importance of the study, methodology, major findings and conclusions. Acknowledgement This part of the paper serves as expression of gratitude of the writer to those who contributed toward the realization of the study. Specific names of persons or groups of people, institution are mentioned in this part including statements of what they have done to the author to realize the study. The following phrases could help state this portion of the thesis: I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to I would like to express my profound gratitude to I would like to thank . I would like to extend my special thanks to .. A especially give thanks to .. I am thankful to My thanks and appreciation to.. For support and guidance technical expertise time and patience, financial support and.. allowing to . encouragement and technical knowledge providing the researcher the cooperation and leadership useful and practical advice Table of Contents. -an organizational framework of the research topics which serves as the dimension of the covered topics arranged according to the organization of the content. Curriculum Vitae. -resume of the writer which may be integrated at the end of the thesis or dissertation.