Micro spherically Focused Log:

Introduction: The MSFL tool is a pad-type miniature version of the SFL (spherically focused log) that was developed to eliminate borehole effects and achieve superior shallow investigation. Principle: The MSFL tool measurement involves only the first few inches of the formation immediately adjacent to the borehole, the flushed zone (Rxo), in which drilling fluid has displaced all formation fluids. Electrodes for the MSFL are imbedded in an insulating pad mounted on a powered caliper arm. Working and Instrumentation The MSFL tool is a stand-alone logging tool that is wired to be placed anywhere in the logging tool string. Included in the MSFL tool string is a ML log that makes two resistivity measurements, a 2-in. normal and a 1.5-in. lateral. A caliper measurement of the borehole is also provided along with the MSFL tool log. The Microlog has three electrodes spaced 1-in. apart and positioned vertically on an insulated pad. The microlog senses the presence or absence of mudcake. The measured voltage at the 2-in. button and the differential voltage between the 1-in. and 2-in. buttons are linearly related to the formation resistivity. When mudcake forms adjacent to permeable formations, mud invasion causes negative separation in high porosity sands between the 1.5-in. lateral and the 2-in. Normal. MSFL and ML Tool Features The MSFL and ML tools contain the following features: The MSFL tool measures voltages that represent five analog parameters: MSFL tool survey current (IA) MSFL tool survey voltage (VE) Caliper potentiometer voltage (CALP) Microlog lateral (MINV) Microlog normal (MNOR) MSFL and ML Tool Benefits The MSFL and ML tools offer the following benefits: The MSFL tool provides a measurement of the flushed zone resistivity (Rxo) with low mudcake correction. The Microlog provides qualitative estimate of permeability. Permeable zones allow mud filtrate to invade the formation, which results in mudcake buildup. Zones that are not permeable do not allow mud filtrate to invade the formation. Such zones have no mud cake. The permeability estimates help in making well completion decisions.

SPECIFICATIONS Diameter (Tool Body) 3.5 in. (9 cm) Max OD: 5.0 in (12.7 cm) Length 163.4 in. (4.15m) Weight 217 lb. (98 kg) Operating Voltage 100VDC 60mA OR 250VAC 60Hz 30mA OR 180VAC 60Hz 40mA MEASUREMENT RANGE MSFL 0.2 to 2,000 ohm-m Accuracy 5 % Caliper 5-1/2" to 16" LIMITATIONS Maximum Pressure 15,000 PSI Maximum Temperature 350F (177C)

Resistivity Log
Use of Resistivity Logs as a Tool for Estimating Interparticle Porosity. Resistivity is the ability of a substance to impede the flow of an electrical current. This is a very important rock property in formation evaluation as it helps to differentiate between formations filled with salty waters (good conductors of electricity) and those filled with hydrocarbons (poor conductors of electricity).

Hence, a difference in resistivity exists between rocks filled with hydrocarbons and those filled with formation water. Resistivity and porosity measurements are used to obtain values of water saturation to help evaluate producibility of the formation.

Overview
Formation:Reservoir quality Fluid:Oil, Gas or Water?
Borehole:Environmental factors

Formation Properties Radioactivity Porosity Grain density Pore Size Stratigraphy Bedding, Dip Sonic Velocity Seismic Velocity Borehole Properties Depth Caliper Spontaneous Potential Temperature Cable Tension Deviation, Azimuth Fluid Properties Salinity (Resistivity) Density Saturation Pressure Temperature Viscosity Mobility Bubble Point Resistivity logging Basic Principle Resistivity is a fundamental material property which represents how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current in these logs, resistivity is measured using 4 electrical probes to eliminate the resistance of the contact leads. The log must run in holes containing electrically conductive mud or water.

 Resistivity logging is sometimes used in mineral exploration and water-well drilling, but most commonly for formation evaluation in oil- and gas-well drilling. Most rock materials are essentially insulators, while their enclosed fluids are conductors.

BUCKING CURRENTS THE LATEROLOG TOOLS USE ELECTRODES TO INJECT A CURRENT ON THE FORMATION AND TO MEASURES VOLTAGES AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN THE TOOL. THE INDUCTION TOOLS USE COILS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS TO DEVELOP CURRENTS IN THE FORMATION WHOSE INTENSITY IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE CONDUCTIVITY OF THE FORMATION. HYDROCARBON FLUIDS ARE AN EXCEPTION, BECAUSE THEY ARE ALMOST INFINITELY RESISTIVE. WHEN A FORMATION IS POROUS AND CONTAINS SALTY WATER, THE OVERALL RESISTIVITY WILL BE LOW. WHEN THE FORMATION CONTAINS HYDROCARBON, OR CONTAINS VERY LOW POROSITY, ITS RESISTIVITY WILL BE HIGH. HIGH RESISTIVITY VALUES MAY INDICATE A HYDROCARBON BEARING FORMATION

 Hydrocarbon fluids are an exception, because they are almost infinitely resistive. When a formation is porous and contains salty water, the overall resistivity will be low. When the formation contains hydrocarbon, or contains very low porosity, its resistivity will be high. High resistivity values may indicate a hydrocarbon bearing formation Limitation of Resistivity Log Resistivity logs are affected by the borehole mud, washout, shoulder bed Every type of resistivity tool also has its inherent physical limits in measurement accuracy and resolution. Because of the limitations imposed by tool physics, the uncertainty in resistivity tool response modeling (e.g., the inversion process) is an issue even with an ideal data set measured in perfect borehole conditions.

DIP METER LOG

Geophysical log designed to measure the structural dip & dip direction of dipping surfaces in a borehole. Multi-arm micro-resistivity log Measures direction of dip of beds adjacent to borehole Structural dip analysis help us about:

Reservoir geometry Precise location of faults Textural changes Thin shale beds Open fractures DEVICES The first dip meter tool had three arms 120 apart (Need three points to derive the equation of a plane in 3D). This was replaced by the four-arm dip meter. Originally having only 4 micro logs, the number was eventually increased to 8. TOOLS Three or four spring-loaded arms record separate micro resistivity tracks

 Stoned consist of a magnetic compass records the orientation of the tool Software is used to : Correlate deviations on the logs

Calculate the amount and direction of bedding dip.

PRINCIPLE Electrodes on each arm are in contact with the rock layers. Rock layer is dipping, different arms will contact the layers at different depths. Locations of a, b, c, d peaks on Resistivity curves give location of bedding plane (boundary between Different rocks. Boundary does not conduct electricity well high resistivity.) REPRESENTATION OF DIP METER DATA 1. Stick Plot: Uses sticks to show the dip measurements. Depth is recorded on the vertical axis. Angle on the stick is dip measurement. Tadpole Plot 1. Uniformly low dips Usually Seen in shale's Indicate the structural dip of formation 2. Upward declining dip sequence Caused by drape of shales over reefs

 By infilling of Sand stone within the channels By occurrence of folds, faults or unconformities 2. Upward increasing dip sequence: Sediments progrades in reefs, Submarine fans or delta lobes Folds, Faults or Unconformities 3. Random Motifs Reflect poor bore hole conditions. Indicate fractures, slumps, conglomerates or grain flow. Dip is plotted on the horizontal axis Depth in the well is vertical axis. Head of the tadpole shows amount of dip. Tail of tadpole points in the direction of dip

APPLICATIONS Formational geology Sedimentology Structural geology Tectonics Regional structures Thickness Determination of borehole inclination and direction Determination of formation thickness, dip and direction Determination of True Vertical Depth (TVD) Image data processing allows paleontology studies. Volumetric measurements to determine thin bed total.