INTRODUCTION:

The crude oil is not like other chemical.It consists thousand of chemical compound.They are generally combination of carbon and hydrogen.So,to refining the crude oil we must use very high temperature to condense the crude oil.usually the temperature used is vary with the product produced.The highest is 400 celcius.the petroleum refining consists crude oil storage tank,crude oil furnnce tank,distillation coloumn and product storage tank.All the parts have their own important function.The product can be divided into the 3 main parts.Which is heavy,middle and light.Here we are going to explain the function of everypart.
Example of storage tank

CRUDE OIL STORAGE TANK

Definition of storage tank is container that hold liquid and medium used for long term in a big amount. This tanks can be used to store either crude oil ready for refining or finished product at the end of processing. It is made up of metal and concrete .The metal in contact with soil and petroleum product must be protected .Fixed root are meant for liquid wit high flash point.the material that popular used to build the tank is steel and concrete because low cost and chemical. nsists of 4 tanks. There are 2

platforms on top of the tanks with caged ladders for each. Separate piping connects each tank to the pump house. At the pump house the input pipes are controlled by separate gate valves. There is a large output valve on the opposite side of the shed with an unglued elbow leading the pipe into the ground. This makes it easy to remove the piping to ground and install custom piping to a different location.Application of storage tank Upon arrival at the refinery terminal crude oil is pumped into above-ground storage tanks with capacities of thousands to millions of gallons. Raw crude oil is stored in floating- or fixed-roof tanks field-built to API standards. Tank level measurement by noncontact radar has gained share over mechanical float type and servo gauges due to its accuracy, low maintenance, no moving parts and fast set-up.The challenges that we can face is Tank level is maintained by valve actuation. By triggering an emergency cutoff, level controls prevent overflows and shut down pumps when level falls below low level. Safetycertified controls may be necessary due to crudes low flash point.

Crude oil furnance tank

Main purpose of furnance tank is to heat the crude oil.Inside the furnance tank got heating chamber which made of copper.The
crude oil furnace is usually set between a desalting tank and the first distillation tower. The purpose of this furnace is to heat desalted crude oil to about 400-600C to prepare it for delivery to the distillation process.There are two smaller pipes beneath

the structure for delivery of air and gas for heating. Crude oil enters the furnace from the top convection unit and flows down and exits from the lower portion of the radiant heater box. There is a maintenance platform on the main radiant furnace box with a secondary platform leading to the stack.The connector between the storage tank and furnance tank is function act as way for flow of crude oil to sorage tank and prevent backflow of crude oil from furnance tank.Material used to build the furnance tank is steel and concrete.The steel can be coroded because it is remain in one place.The concrete is to withstand high temperature.As alternative for steel,light weight fibreglass is used .

Distillation Column
The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures. So, the first step is to separate these components. They have different boiling temperatures, so they can be separated easily by fractional distillation. An atmospheric distillation tower distills crude oil into fractions. The collected liquid fractions may either pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks or go to other areas for further chemical processing. There are usually heavy residues left over after atmospheric distillation. These residues are sent to a vacuum distillation tower which further distilled the 'residual bottoms' for more product. The tower has one outlet pipe at the top which collects the lightest product from the distillation process. The tower has one inlet pipe at ground level. The standard design has all piping ending at the bottom of the tower. For example, fractional distillation is used in oil refineries to separate crude oil into useful substances (or fractions) having different hydrocarbons of different boiling points. The crude oil fractions with higher boiling points have more carbon atoms, higher molecular weights more branched chain alkanes, darker in colour, more viscous and more difficult to ignite and to burn. In order to design a distillation column and its selection as well as sizing need ideas of vapour and liquid phase thermodynamics because it helps to

calculate minimum number of equilibrium stages on which the needed separation take place. In addition, a continuous columns minimum reflux ratio factor depends on the VLE data. As a part of introduction, a brief requirements and tools used for sizing of this separation equipment discussed. At last, safety and economical factors shapes up the drawing and mechanical parts of the column. Any column equipped with internal set up that has only purpose of providing mass and heat transfer. The internal structures directly affect the vapour and liquid phase mass and heat transfer simultaneously. Parts like trays, re-distributors, packaging, distributors and baffles are some of them. Each part ultimately should provide the purpose of enough contact of the phases. Column height and diameter are calculated finally by inclusion of these internal parts. In immediate need of design, two internal parts are enough in design calculations that would be trays and packing. Either of these two parts are main internal structures that determine the separation, efficiency and capacity of the column. During the selection of the tray, sieve, bubble cap and valve trays are common in use. We select the bubble cay tray and in this project because it has lower price, higher efficiency in separation, and provide enough contact of the phases. Packing is of random and structured by packing materials like saddles and rings. There are 9 pipes which transfer 9 different products into 9 different storage tank. There are three connections between distillation column and storage tanks. The purpose of the connections is to prevent the backflow of the refining products from the storage tank into distillation column which will influence the process of fractional distillation. The vast piping systems within todays refineries transport hydrocarbon Vapour streams, light liquid streams, heavier liquid streams, water, and Steam throughout the refinery. Certified, reliable and accurate flow measurement is essential for a refinerys safe and efficient operation. Flow alarms and continuous flow controls monitor product streams, signal no-flow conditions caused by plugging or valve closure , and provide a defence against pump cavitations. Pumps operating in a reduced or no-flow condition can overheat and rupture the pumps sea land cause a dangerous deviation in process pressure and temperature.

>DISTILLATION TOWER<

PRODUCT STORAGE TANK

Finished refinery products stored in tanks with capacities that often exceed 100,000 gallons are motor gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, fuel oils, and LPG. Marketed products also include feedstock for textiles, tires, pharmaceuticals and plastics. Tank monitoring uses buoyancy, pressure, servodriven, and radar.

Tanks may be provided with automatic overflow control and alarm systems. Automated tank gauging networks with proprietary protocols are a vital part of tank farm architecture. Today, thousands of tanks can be linked in a network offering enhanced data acquisition, field calibration and remote diagnostics.

PRODUCT STORAGE TANK