1. What is D-FF? D-FF stand for Delay-type Flip-Flop.Its a logic gate used in logic design n perform varioyus functions.

its truth table is as follows: A o/p 11 00 output is same but just delayed it has one input n only one output 2. What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops? a latch is a level triggered device whereas a flip flop is edge triggered. 3. What is a multiplexer? Multiplexer is many to one kind of switch ther r many inputs n allows only one out at a time based on its status lines. status lines decides which input to be connected to output. 4. How can you convert an SR Flip-flop to a JK Flip-flop? First we should know the concept of edge triggering Consider two RS latchs (R & S as inputs and Q & Qas outputs), one as master and the other as slave. If the clock signal is at logic 0 the the resulting output at Q and Q are not affected. If the clock is at Logic 1, any changes at the input are not reflected at the output If the clock falls from logic 1 to logic 0 then the current state of input latch reaches the output latch. Therefore the outputs change only when the clock falls from Logic 1 to Logoc 0. This is known as edge triggering.

The process of adding additional feedback from slave latch to master latch results in JK flipflop

7. Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why? the zener diode is used for the voltage regulator because it finishs the ripples from the signals taken. 8. Explain an ideal voltage source? 9. An ideal voltage source is a device that supplies constant potential difference across its terminals and is independent of current it supplies. 10. Explain zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown? 11. zenner breakdown:- zenner diode is nothing but pn junction diode when current passes through it for long time the temp of diode increases and if the current flows throgh diode furthur the temp increases rapidly and hence breakdown occurs called zenner breakdown. avalaunche breakdown:- zenner diode consist of p-type and n=type material which contains holes and electrons,when current flows through it the electrons coinside over each other due to which heat is produced which leads to rise the temp of diode and hece the breakdown occurs 12. What are the different types of filters? There are three types of filters. 1.low pass filter-low frequency filter. 2.high pass filter-high frequency filter. 3.band pass filter- combination of low pass and high pass filters 14. What is sampling theorem? Frequency of sampling needs to be atleast twice the max frequency of the signal to be sampled. 15. What is impulse response? Consider a filter (LTI), then Impulse response is the response of the filter at time n to unit impulse occuring at time 0 17. What is CMRR? CMRR IS A PARAMETER USED TO DEFINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER. IT ACTUALLY SAYS HOW MUCH OF NOISE SIGNAL IS BEING AMPLIFIED BY THE OP-AMP. CMRR= DIFFERENTIAL GAIN/COMMON MODE GAIN(NOISE).FOR A GOOD OP-AMP CMRR MUST BE VERY HIGH(INFINITY). 18. Explain half-duplex and full-duplex communication? half duplex: It isa the type of communication in which there r is two way communication but not simultabneously. eg: walkitalki. Full duplex: It is a type of communication in which there is two way simultaneous communication between two parties the best eg. is Telephone, Mobile.. 20. Why is there need for modulation? -practicability of antennas..we cant construct antennas having height in kms -narrowbanding-by modulating a signal with a high frequency such as 10 mhz we can actually transfer the whole band without any loss 21. Which type of modulation is used in TV transmission? in television FM(frequency modulation)is used rather thn AM(amplitude modulation). 24. For asynchronous transmission, is it necessary to supply some synchronizing pulses additionally or to supply or to supply start and stop bit? yes offcourse it is necessary to supply synchronizing pulses or start n stop bits to synchronize the remote user or the opposite party as for any communication it is necessary to synchronize both the communicating parties. Tat if the communication is asynchronous it is necessaary to do so. 25. BPFSK is more efficient than BFSK in presence of noise. Why? 26. What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis? Pre-emphasis refers to Improving the signal to noise ratio by increasing the magnitude of higher frequency signals with respect to lower frequency signals. Deemphasis refers to Improving the signal to noise ratio by decreasing the magnitude of higher frequency signals with respect to lower frequency signals 28. Explain ASCII, EBCDIC?

Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code. A standard character-to-number encoding (like ASCII) used by some IBM computer systems. For example, Oracle on OS390 (IBM MVS) stores data as EBCDIC characters. Q why the input resistance of an op-amp is high whereas it's output resistance is low? A.Loading at the input point and to pass the maximum output to the load is the requirement of Op-Amp which is a current exchange device from input side to output side. Q.what do you understand by microwaves? why these are called micro A.micro waves are those waves whose wavelength is less than a foot(30 cms) or freq ranging from 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.Because of there tinyness these are called micro. Q. how do microwave oven works?? A. Heart of microwave oven is magnatron which generates frequency of appox. 2.4 GHz.explain working of magnatron. Q.What is CMRR? Explain briefly. A. CMRR stands for common mode rejection ratio. It is a measure of the ability of a test instrument to reject interference that is common to both of its measurement input terminals. It is expressed in decibels and it is the ratio of the actual or common signal level appearing on the two input terminals together to the measured level. 1.What are the flags in 8086? Carry flag, Parity flag, Auxiliary carry flag, Zero flag, Overflow flag, Trace flag, Interrupt flag, Direction flag, and Sign flag. 2.What are the various interrupts in 8086?? Maskable interrupts, Non-Maskable interrupts 3.What is meant by Maskable interrupts? An interrupt that can be turned off by the programmer is known as Maskable interrupt. 4.Which interrupts are generally used for critical events?? Non-Maskable interrupts are used in critical events Such as Power failure, Emergency, Shut off etc. 5.What is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086? 5 Mhz is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086. 6.What are the various segment registers in 8086? Code, Data, Stack, Extra 7.Which Stack is used in 8086? FIFO (First In First Out) stack is used in 8086.In this type of Stack the first stored information is retrieved first. 1.What are the various registers in 8085? Accumulator register, Temporary register, Instruction register, Stack Pointer, Program Counter are the various registers in 8085 . 2.What is Stack Pointer Stack pointer is a special purpose 16-bit register in the Microprocessor, which holds the address of the top of the stack 3.What is Program counter? Program counter holds the address of either the first byte of the next instruction to be fetched for execution or the address of the next byte of a multi byte instruction, which has not been completely fetched. In both the cases it gets incremented automatically one by one as the instruction bytes get fetched. Also Program register keeps the address of the next instruction. 4.Which Stack is used in 8085? LIFO (Last In First Out) stack is used in 8085.In this type of Stack the last stored information can be retrieved first. 5.What is meant by a bus? A bus is a group of conducting lines that carriers data, address, & control signals. 6.What is Tri-state logic? Three Logic Levels are used and they are High, Low, High impedance state. The high and low are normal logic levels & high impedance state is electrical open circuit conditions. Tri-state logic has a third line called enable line. 7.Give an example of one address microprocessor? 8085 is a one address microprocessor. 8.In what way interrupts are classified in 8085? In 8085 the interrupts are classified as Hardware and Software interrupts. 9.examples of Software interrupts? RST0, RST1, RST2, RST3, RST4, RST5, RST6, RST7. 10.EXAMPLES of Hardware interrupts? TRAP, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5, INTR. 11.Which interrupt has the highest priority? TRAP has the highest priority. 12.Name 5 different addressing modes?

Immediate, Direct, Register, Register indirect, Implied addressing modes. 13.How many interrupts are there in 8085? There are 12 interrupts in 8085. 14.What is clock frequency for 8085? 3 MHz is the maximum clock frequency for 8085. 15.In 8085 which is called as High order / Low order Register? Flag is called as Low order register & Accumulator is called as High order Register. 16.Why crystal is a preferred clock source? Because of high stability, large Q (Quality Factor) & the frequency that doesn't drift with aging. Crystal is used as a clock source most of the times. 17.What does Quality factor mean? The Quality factor is also defined, as Q. So it is a number, which reflects the lossness of a circuit. Higher the Q, the lower are the losses. 1.what is the differnce between SCR and diode rectifier? ans: diode is a 2 terminal device, in scr gate controls the rectifing.SCR is used in High frequency applications but diode is low freuency devices, SCR can be in high temparatures but not diode. 2.whatis intersymbol interference ans:In telecommunication, intersymbol interference (ISI) means a form of distortion of a signal that causes the previously transmitted symbols to have an effect on the currently received symbol. This is usually an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable. ISI is usually caused by echoes or non-linear frequency response of the channel. Ways to fight against intersymbol interference include adaptive equalization or error correcting codes (especially soft-decoding with Viterbi algorithm). 3.Distinguish between Angle modulation and Amplitude modulation. ans: In amplitude Modulation as the amplitude of given signal varies, the amplitude of carrier signal also varies in the same way. In angle modulation, the frequency or phase may vary according to the amplitude of given signal 4.What is Biasing? ans: biasing is a process of connecting dc voltage to a device by which we can select the operating point of the device. by biasing actually we select the operating point of the device. 5.What do you mean by ASCII, EBCDIC? ans:ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), is a character encoding based on the English alphabet. EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an 8-bit character encoding used on IBM mainframe operating systems 6.What do you mean by 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB? ans:3db implies 70%(o.7o7) of the power,i'e we r interested to consider the bandwidth range from peak to 70% b'coz uptp 70% its reliable.hence 3db is called as half power freq. 3db value is the mean square value which is 70% of the maximum value. 7.What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis? ans re-emphasis " Improving the signal to noise ratio by increasing the magnitude of higher frequency signals with respect to lower frequency signals" De-emphasis " Improving the signal to noise ratio by decreasing the magnitude of higher frequency signals with respect to lower frequency signals" 8.What is sampling theorem? ans:It is defined as the sampling frequency should be greater than or equal to twice the sampling frequency then we can generate the original signal if the condition does not satisfy we get the signal in the distorted mannerit is given as ( fs >/ 2 fs) 9.What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it? ans: A condition in logic network in which the difference in propagation times through two or more signal paths in the network can produce an erroneous output.in jk flip flop race around problem will occur when both the inputs are high. it can be prevented by using master slave jk flip flop 10.What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops? ans:latch works without clock signal,but works with a control signal and it is level triggered device.whereas flip flop is a 1 bit storage element and works with a clock signal.its a edge triggered device. normally latches are avoided and flip flops are

preferred. 11. what is Barkhausen Criterion? ans: 1./AB/=1,i.e. the magnitude of loop gain must be unity 2.the total prase shift around the closed loop is zero or 360 degrees. 12.what are active and Passive Components? ans:ACTIVE COMPONENTS The components which produce the energy in the form of current or voltage are called as active components.Example:transistors etc,. PASSIVE COMPONENTS The components which stores the energy in the form of current or voltage are called as passive components.example:inductors,resistors,capacitors etc What are different categories of antenna and give an example of each? Different categories of antenna are as follows : 1. Wire Antennas - Short Dipole Antenna 2. Microstrip Antennas - Rectangular Microstrip (Patch) Antennas 3. Reflector Antennas - Corner Reflector 4. Travelling Wave Antennas - Helical Antennas 5. Aperture Antennas - Slot Antenna 6. Other Antennas - NFC Antennas What is handover and what are its types? Handover in mobile communication refers to the process of transferring a call from one network cell to another without breaking the call. There are two types of handover which are as follows : Hard Handoff : hard handoff is the process in which the cell connection is disconnected from the previous cell before it is made with the new one. Soft Handoff : It is the process in which a new connection is established first before disconnecting the old one. It is thus more efficient and smart. What is ionospheric bending? When a radio wave travels into the ionospheric layer it experiences refraction due to difference in density. The density of ionospheric layer is rarer than the layer below which causes the radio wave to be bent away from the normal. Also the radio wave experiences a force from the ions in the ionospheric layer. If incident at the correct angle the radio wave is completely reflected back to the inner atmosphere due to total internal reflection. This phenomenon is called ionospheric reflection and is used in mobile communication for radio wave propagation also known as ionospheric bending of radio waves. What is CDMA? CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access which uses digital format. In CDMA systems several transmissions via the radio interface take place simultaneously on the same frequency bandwidth. User data is combined at the transmitters side with a code, then transmitted. On air, all transmission get mixed. At the receiver's side the same code is used as in the transmitters side. The code helps the receiver to filter the user information of the transmitter from incoming mixture of all transmissions on the same frequency band and same time. Explain the concept of frequency re-use. The whole of the geographical area is divided into hexagonal shape geometrical area called cell and each cell having its own transceiver. Each BTS (cell site) allocated different band of frequency or different channel. Each BTS antenna is designed in such a way that i cover cell area in which it is placed with frequency allotted without interfering other cell signals. The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all of the cellular base station within system is called frequency reuse. Explain Bluetooth. Bluetooth is designed to be a personal area network, where participating entities are mobile and require sporadic communication with others. It is omni directional i.e. it does not have line of sight limitation like infra red does. Ericsson started the work on Bluetooth and named it after the Danish king Harold Biuetooth. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz area of spectrum and provides a range of 10 metres. It offers transfer speeds of around 720 Kbps.