DEPARTENT OF EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695 547

M.Tech (Geoinformatics) Quality data and skilled people are crucial to find solutions to problems in the developing world. Geospatial data, combination of data acquired from air and space borne remote sensing sensors and terrestrial surveys, has been of immense use in this endeavor. The acronym GIS (geographic Information System) has been widely used a tool for collecting, analyzing and managing geospatial data. Since the emergence of GIS as an independent domain in the late 1980s, there has been spectacular progress in the hardware, software and human resource development. The pace of development and application potential of geospatial technology has been so vast that there has been significant shortage of skilled human resource in its development and use, at all levels. Further, with its giant stride catching up the developments in computing, internet, and mobile technologies, the classical geospatial technology has evolved itself to be called appropriately with Geoinformatics. For the last two decades, the geospatial technology related courses of numerous institutes have produced exhaustive pool of trained man power in the applications aspects of the geospatial technology. However, there is a huge demand for the professionals who have flair of methodological and system development aspects of the Geoinformatics. A number of universities in India have started offering courses in Geoinformatics with varying proportions of theoretical and application courses of remote sensing, GIS, photogrammetry, and computing. Identifying the immense potential of geospatial technology and its seamless integration with modern information communication technologies for natural resource management, environmental monitoring, and business application, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology offers a new masters programme M.Tech (Geoinformatics) with the objective of contributing to the development of skilled man power in Geoinformatics with potential for taking up methodological and computational aspects of Geoinformatics. The type of courses and delivery mechanism of this programme is structured in such a way as to equip the students with necessary skills in theoretical, practical and software implementations of geo-information methods and make themselves suitable for taking up careers in research and corporate entities.

Course Structure and Eligibility for Admission

I Semester 5 Core Courses + 3 Labs II Semester 4 Core Courses + 1 Elective + 2 Labs III Semester 1 Elective + Thesis Phase 1 + Seminar IV Semester Thesis Phase 2 + Seminar

18 credits

17 credits

16 credits

19 Credits Total Credits: 70 Credits Breakup:

Taught courses: 11 courses (3 credits each) + 5 labs (1 credit each) = 38 credits Seminars: 2 Seminars (1 credit each) = 2 credits Thesis 30 credits

Eligibility for Admission (a) B.E. / B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering/Information Technology/Electrical and Electronics Engineering/Electronics and Communication Engineering/Civil/Physical Science/Engineering Sciences/Geoinformatics/Agricultural Engineering or M.Sc in Mathematics/Physics (b) Valid GATE score in Computer Science & Engineering, Information Technology, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Civil Engineering, Engineering Sciences, Agricultural Engineering, Mathematics, Physics

Semesters - Courses I Sem. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Introduction to Remote Sensing Geographic Information System Introduction to Data Structures, Algorithms and Database Management Satellite based Navigation and Positioning Probability and Statistics Remote Sensing Lab Geographic Information System Lab Data Structures, Algorithms and Database Management Lab II Sem. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Image Interpretation and Digital Image Processing Analysis and Modelling of Geospatial Data Microwave Remote Sensing Elective -1 Elective -2 Digital Image Processing Lab Microwave Remote Sensing Lab 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 L 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 C 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1

Total credits: 18

0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 3 1 0 3 1 Total credits: 17

III Sem. 16 17 18 Elective -3 Dissertation - Phase 1 Seminar- I IV Sem. 19 20 Dissertation - Phase 2 Seminar II 0 0 17 0 0 1 Total credits: 19 18 1 3 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 Total credits: 16 3 12 1

(L-Lecture T-Tutorial

P-Practical

C-Credit)

Elective Courses Students have to choose one course from the following bunches against the respective elective.

Bunch 1 (for elective 1) 1. Advanced GIS (GIS related course) 2. Pattern Recognition (interdisciplinary fundamental course)

Bunch 2 (for elective 2) 3. Quantitative Methods in Remote Sensing (application oriented remote sensing course) 4. Photogrammetry (analog and digital photogrammetry course)

Bunch 3

(for elective 3)

5. Hyperspectral Image Processing and Analysis (satellite image analyses course) 6. LIDAR Remote Sensing (GIS related course)

SYLLABUS SEMESTER I Introduction to Remote Sensing (3 0 0) 3 credits Definition and overview of remote sensing, electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter, Spectral signatures of surface materials, physical basis of signatures, radiometric and geometric distortions and corrections, remote sensors and platforms - optical, infrared and microwave sensors, active remote sensing techniques: LIDAR and Microwave remote sensing, and radars, data formats, remote sensing data interpretation- visual and digital interpretation techniques, remote sensing applications. Textbook 1. Introduction to Remote Sensing by James B. Campbell, 4th Edition, Guilford Press 2. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation (5th Ed.) by Thomas M. Lillesand, and Ralph W. Kiefer, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 3. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing by George Joseph, Universities Press 4. Remote Sensing: Optics and Optical Systems by Slater, P.N, Addison-Wesley Publishing

Geographic Information System (3 - 0 - 0) 3 credits Introduction to Geographic Information System (GIS) - Hardware, Software, Data types and models- Spatial data quality, Thematic maps, Symbolization, Scale and generalization - Coordinate systems, Map projections and visualization - Input / output techniques in GIS (spatial and non-spatial), Editing, Topology, Database structure - Analysis: spatial, network analysis, optimization of path, time and cost, Routing and events, Facility location, Interpolation methods, Digital elevation model, Surface analysis - Geovisualization - Decision support systems, OpenGIS, WebGIS, Enterprise GIS - Planning, Designing and Implementation, National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), Future trends. Textbook 1. Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems by Lo C.P. and Yeung A.K.W., (2nd Ed.), Prentice Hall, 2006. 2. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems by Kang-Tsung Chang, McGraw Hill Publishers. 3. Principles of Geographical Information Systems by Burrough P.A. and McDonnell R.A., Oxford University Press, 1998. 4. Geographic Information Systems and Science by Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David W. Rhind, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 5. The Handbook of Geographic Information Science, Wilson J. (Ed), Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.

Introduction to Data Structures, Algorithms and Database Management (3-0-0) 3 credits Simple sort methods and performance measurement, Data representation methods and linear lists, Arrays & matrices, Stacks, Queues, Hashing, Binary trees, Priority queues, Tournament trees, Search trees, Graphs, The greedy method, Divide-and-conquer, Branch-and-bound. Introduction to databases, relational databases, object databases, basic SQL, data types, operators; advanced queries, joins, built-in functions, grouping, stored procedures; views, catalogs and integrity, creating tables, verifying integrity, E R model and normalization, backup and recovery, popular databases. Textbooks 1. Introduction to Algorithms by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Cliff Stein, (2nd Ed.), PHI Press. 2. Data Structures and Program Design in C by Robert L Cruise, (2nd Ed.), Pearson Education. 3. Algorithms by Kevin Wayne and Robert Sedgewick, (4th Ed.), Pearson Education. 4. Database Management Systems by Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke, McGraw-Hill, 2002. 5. An Introduction to Database Systems by C.J.Date, A. Kannan S. Swamynathan (8th Ed.), Pearson Education, 2009. 6. Fundamentals of Database Systems by Elmasri and Navathe, (6th Ed.), Addison-Wesley, 2011.

Satellite based Navigation and Positioning (3-0-0) 3 Development of global surveying techniques, positioning and navigation with satellites, Reference systems: coordinate systems, time systems, satellite orbits: orbit description, orbit determination, orbit dissemination, satellite signals: generic signal structure, generic signal processing, observables: data acquisition, data combinations, atmospheric effects, antenna phase centre offset and variation, multipath effects, mathematical models for positioning: point positioning, differential positioning, relative positioning, data processing: data preprocessing, ambiguity resolution, adjustment, filtering, and quality measures, network adjustment, Data transformation: coordinate transformations, datum transformation, combining GNSS and terrestrial data, GPS reference systems, GPS services, GPS segments, GPS signal structure, GLONASS - reference systems, GLONASS segments, GLONASS signal structure, Galileo reference systems, Galileo services, Galileo segments, Galileo signal structure, IRNSS - signals, services and segments, satellite based augmentation systems (SBAS) - GAGAN, WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS applications. Textbook 1. GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and more by Hofmann-Wellenhof, Bernhard, Lichtenegger, Herbert, Wasle, Elmar, SPRINGER.
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2. Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Insights into GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Compass and Others by Basudeb Bhatta, CRC Press. 3. Introduction to GPS: The Global Positioning System, by Ahmed El-Rabbany, ARTECH House. 4. Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multi-sensor Integrated Navigation Systems by Paul D. Groves, ARTECH House. 5. Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications by Elliott D.Kaplan, Artech House, 2005. 6. GPS: Theory, Algorithms and Applications by Guochang Xu, Artech House, 2009.

Probability and Statistics (3-0-0) 0 credits Discrete Probability, probability of event, discrete and continuous random variable, probability distribution, binomial, Poisson distribution, multivariate distribution, hyper geometric distribution, frequency interpretation of probability, random numbers, simulations, population and samples, central limit theorem, sampling distributions of mean and variance, point estimation, confidence interval for mean, variance and proportions, tests of hypotheses, control charts for variables and attributes, acceptance sampling by attributes, simple, double and sequential sampling plans, design of experiments, curve fitting by the method of least squares, chi-square test of goodness of fit, contingency tables, inference based on the least square estimators, correlation, inference concerning correlation coefficient, linear and multiple regression, polynomial regression, F statistics. Textbook 1. Probability and Statistics for Engineers by Johnson, R. A., Miller & Freund (6th Ed.), Prentice Hall, 2000. 2. Introduction to Probability and Statistics: Principles and Applications for Engineering and the Computing Sciences by Milton, J. S. and Arnold, J. C., McGraw-Hill (2002). 3. Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists by Ross, S. M., (3rd Ed.), Academic Press, 2004. 4. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications by Feller, W., vol.1 & vol.2, John Wiley, 1968. 5. Introduction to Mathematical Statistics by Hogg, R. V., Craig, T., and McKean, J. W., (6th Ed.), Prentice Hall, 2004.

SEMESTER- II Image Interpretation and Digital Image Processing (3-0-0) 3 credits Digital image formation and characteristics, radiometric and geometric distortions, image registration, intensity transformations and spatial filtering, filtering in frequency domain, image noise reduction, image transformations, PCT, multispectral image analyses- supervised classification techniques, M L classification, minimum distance classification, parallelepiped classification, context classification, non-parametric classification, clustering and unsupervised classification, K-means, ISODATA clustering, separability measures, divergence, J M distance, transformed divergence, post-classification analysis, introduction to hyperspectral image processing and analyes. Textbook 1. Remote Sensing Digital Image analysis by John A. Richards and Xiuping Jia, Springer, 2006. 2. Digital Image Processing by R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, (3rd Ed.) Prentice Hall. 3. Digital Image Processing of Remotely sensed Images by P.M. Mather, Wiley, 2004. 4. Digital Image processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective by John R. Jensen, PrenticeHall, 2004. 5. Remote Sensing: Models and Methods for Image Processing by Robert A. Schowengerdt, Academic press, 2006.

Analysis and Modelling of Geospatial Data (3-0-0) 3 Types of data, point level models, spatial point processes, areal (lattice) models, estimation and modeling of spatial correlations, ,variance, variogram, fitting parametric models, matern class, maximum likelihood estimation, restricted maximum likelihood, prediction and kriging, Lagrange multiplier approach, conditional inference approach, predicting at multiple sites, model misspecification in kriging, spatial-temporal models, separable vs non-separable models, continuous time models with spatial dependence, spatial models with time dependence, misalignment, data integration, Bayesian spatial statistics, bayesian estimation, Bayesian kriging, Bayesian priors for covariance parameters, hierarchical bayesian methods. Textbook 1. Multivariate Geostatistics: An introduction with Applications by Hans Wakernagel, Springer, (3rd Ed.), 2003. 2. Statistics for Spatial Data by Cressie, Wiley, 1993. 3. Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis for Spatial Data by Banerjee, Carlin and Gelfand, Chapman and Hall, 2004. 4. Spatial statistics: geospatial Information Modeling and Thematic Mapping by Mohammed A Kalkhan, CRC Press, 2011. 5. Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists by R. Webster and M.A. Oliver, (2nd Ed.) Wiley, 2007. 6. Interpolation of Spatial Data by Stein, Springer, 1999.
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7. Statistical Methods for Spatial Data Analysis by Schabenberger and Gotway, Chapman & Hall, 2004.

Microwave Remote Sensing (3 - 0 - 0) 3 credits Introduction, history, properties of electromagnetic radiation, polarimetry, radiation laws, radiative transfer theory, radiometry, passive sensors and applications, active sensors, SLAR, real aperture radar, radar equation, range, azimuth resolution, synthetic aperture radar, radar image interpretation and data processing, speckle, backscattering coefficient, image enhancement, classification and noise filtration algorithms, physical mechanism and empirical models for scattering and emission, IFSAR, DINSAR, radargrammetry, POLSAR, altimeter and scatterometer data processing, applications: land, ocean, atmosphere and planetary. Textbook 1. Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing by Iain H. Woodhouse, CRC, 2004. 2. Imaging Radar (Manual of Remote Sensing, Volume 2) by Henderson F.M. and Lewis A.J. (3rd Ed.), Wiley, 1998. 3. Understanding Synthetic Aperture Radar Images by Olivie, C. and Quegan, S. Scitech, 2004. 4. Polarimetric Radar Imaging. From Basics to Applications by Lee, J.-S. and Pottier, E., CRC Press, 2009. 5. Imaging with Synthetic Aperture Radar by Didier Massonnet, Jean-Claude Souyris, CRC Press, 2008. 6. Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, from Theory Applications by Ulaby F.T., Moore R.K. and Fung A.K., Artech House Publishers, 1986.

Elective Courses Advanced GIS (3-0-0) 3 credits Data types and models Input / output techniques in GIS (spatial and non-spatial) editing Topology database structure Spatial analysis of vector and raster data models Network analysis, optimization of path, time and cost, routing and events, facility location, hydrological analysis interpolation methods multidimensional (MD) data - spatial representation of data object hierarchy - MD structure: k-d tree, Point quadtree construction and dynamic & kinetic data structure - topology of 3D data terrain data acquisition and input interpolation and transformation algorithms - 3D attribute data acquisition, source of data: field base, airborne, satellite, microwave and LiDAR - data input, editing, management surface analysis advantages and disadvantages of 3D and 4D 4D / 5D representation - visualization applications: emergency response, shadow analysis, urban development, infrastructure development and management, transportation and communication, Utilities modeling, virtual citiesDecision support systems, expert systems WebGIS - Enterprise GIS-National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). Text Books 1. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems by Chang, K. (5th Ed.), McGraw Hill. 2. Geographic Information Systems and Science by Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David W. Rhind, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 3. GIS: A Computational Perspective by Worboys and Duckham, CRC Press, 2004. 4. Spatial Data Modelling for 3D GIS, Abdul-Rahman, Alias, Pilouk, and Morakot, Springer, 2008. 5. Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures by Hanan Samet, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2006. 6. Multi Dimensional Geographic Information Science, Raper, J. Taylor and Francis, 2000. nd 7. Spatial Tesselations Concepts and Applications of Voronoi Diagrams (2 Ed.) by Okabe, A., Boots, B., Sugihara, K. and Chiu, S. N., John Wiley and Sons, 2000.

Pattern Recognition (3-0-0) 3 credits Basics of pattern recognition, bayesian decision theory , classifiers, discriminant functions, decision surfaces, normal density and discriminant functions, discrete features, parameter estimation methods, maximum-likelihood estimation, gaussian mixture models, expectationmaximization method, Bayesian estimation, hidden markov models for sequential pattern classification, discrete hidden markov models, continous density hidden markov models, dimension reduction methods, fisher discriminant analysis, principal component analysis, nonparametric techniques for density estimation, parzen-window method, k-nearest neighbour method , linear discriminant function based classifiers, perceptron, support vector machines, decision trees, unsupervised learning and clustering, criterion functions for clustering, algorithms for clustering: k-means, hierarchical and other methods, cluster validation, introduction to ANNs and genetic algorithm. Text Books:
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1. Pattern Classification by R.O.Duda, P.E.Hart and D.G.Stork, John Wiley, 2001. 2. Pattern Recognition by S.Theodoridis and K.Koutroumbas, Academic Press, 2009. 3. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning by C.M.Bishop, Springer, 2006.

Quantitative Methods in Remote Sensing (3-0-0) 3 credits Remote sensing data calibration, reflectance, radiance conversion, spectral reflectance and materials properties, deterministic methods, statistical, empirical methods, physically based methods, estimation of geophysical variables, forest growing stock, LST / SST, soil moisture, snow melt and runoff prediction, crop yield, rainfall, ocean chlorophyll and productivity, validation and spatial scaling. Textbook 1. Remote Sensing: Models and Methods for Image Processing (3rd Ed.) by Robert A. Schowengerdt, Associate Press. 2. Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces by Liang S., Wiley-Interscience Publishers, 2003. 3. Remote Sensing and GIS Integration: Theories, Methods, and Applications, Weng Q., McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009.

Photogrammetry (3-0-0) 3 credits Introduction: Basics of geometrics, Projection and coordinate system, Camera calibration representation of digital images B/W, RGB, HIS, CCD cameras, time delay integration, spectral sensitivity of CCD sensor, geometry problem of CCD image - , image measurement, coordinate system, image movement, image transformation, geometric and radiometric transformation Vertical aerial photographs: Parallax, Stereo model - Tilted photos: Rectification, Mathematical photogrammetric principles, Analog vs Analytical vs Digital models - Orientation: Interior, Relative, Absolute - Collinearity and Coplanarity - Image matching - Ground control Aerotriangulation - ortho photo generation, digital elevation model, SAR Interferometry, LASER mapping - automated mapping, feature extraction, image enhancement, virtual reality modeling, non-topographic Photogrammetry, video metrology Textbook 1. Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS (3rd Ed.) by Wolf P. and DeWitt B., McGraw-Hill, 2000. 2. Digital Photogrammetry, Theory and Application, Eilifried Linder, Springer, 2003. 3. Digital Photogrammetry, Michel Kasse and Yves Egles, Taylor & Francis, 2001. 4. Photogrammetry: Geometry from Images and Laser Scans by Kraus, Karl, de Gruyter Publishers. 5. Introduction to Modern Photogrammetry by Edward M.Mikhail, Janan S.Bethel & Chris Mc Glone, Wiley & Sons Inc,2000.

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Hyperspectral Image Processing and Analysis (3-0-0) 3 credits Examination of popular multispectral sensors bandwidths and comparison with spectral signatures of typical surface features, development of hyperspectral remote sensing, AVIRIS, CASI, DIAS, Hyperion, Proba-1 etc., reflectance spectrometry, field and lab spectroradiometers, pre-processing of hyperspectral imagery: atmospheric calibration/correction, spectral correlation and data redundancy, dimensionality reduction and feature selection, endmember extraction PPI, N-FINDR, hyperspectral band ratios and vegetation indices, classification methods: spectral angle mapper, spectral information divergence, constrained energy minimization, spectral feature fitting, band depth analysis, support vector machines, applications of hyperspectral remote sensing: vegetation biophysical and biochemical parameters, soil properties, mineral identification, water quality assessment, material identification and mapping, anomaly detection, reference spectral libraries- USGS, and ASTER spectral libraries. Textbook 1. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications by Marcus Borengasser, William S. Hungate, and Russell Watkins, CRC Press. 2. Techniques and Applications of Hyperspectral Image Analysis by Hans F. Grahn and Paul Geladi, Wiley & Sons Ltd. 3. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Tropical and Subtropical Forests by Margaret Kalacska and G. Arturo SanchezAzofeifa., CRC Press. 4. Hyperspectral Data Exploitation: Theory and Applications by Chein-I Chang,Wiley & Sons Ltd.

LIDAR Remote Sensing (3-0-0) 3 credits Introduction to lasers and LIDAR, LIDAR system components, characteristics of LIDAR data, LIDAR remote sensing platforms-airborne platforms, spaceborne platforms, ground-based platforms, bathymetric mapping systems, georeferencing and calibration of LIDAR data geodesy, datums, and coordinate systems, direct georeferencing technology, boresight calibration, LIDAR data preprocessing, quality control, LIDAR error budget, noise removal, Automated classification- layer extraction, automated filtering, manual editing and product generation- surface editing, terrain data products, quality assurance, quality control, and accuracy assessment- data validation, quantitative assessment, qualitative assessment, accuracy standards, LIDAR applications: topographic analysis- contour mapping, slope, aspect and hillshade, flood inundation analysis, line-of-sight analysis, forestry- LIDAR and forests, measuring forests with LIDAR, basic forest metrics, 3D urban modelling, terrestrial and airborne LIDAR fusion, mobile LIDAR mapping. Textbook 1. Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning, Principles and Processing, Shan, J. and C. Toth, Taylor & Francis, 2008. 2. Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Applications: The DEM Users Manual, Maune, D. F. and Bethesda, M.D. (2nd Ed.), American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 2007.
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SOFTWARE TO BE USED FOR PRACTICAL SESSIONS 1. ArcGIS 2. Leica Phtogrammetric Suite (LPS) 3. ERDAS IMAGINE 4. ENVI 5. e-Cognition 6. MATLAB 7. DORIS 8. TerraSCAN 9. PolSARPro 10. IGIS 11. Trimble Office

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