Quantum Mechanics II - Homework Assignment 10

Alejandro G omez Espinosa May 6, 2013

1) . a) For H = H0 + V1 (t) + V2 (t) write the perturbation expansion of the Feynman propagator K (t, t ) both in algebraic form and as Feynamn diagrams. (Invent some notation to distinguish between V1 and V2 events in your diagrams, e.g., circles vs crosses.) In the algebraic form, this propagator K (t, t ) can be written as: K (t, t ) = K0 (t t ) + (i) +(i)2 dt1 dt1 K0 (t t1 ) (V1 (t1 ) + V2 (t1 )) K0 (t1 t )+ (1)

dt2 K0 (t t1 )(V1 (t1 ) + V2 (t1 ))K0 (t1 t2 )(V1 (t2 ) + V2 (t2 ))K0 (t2 t ) + ...

The notation for this process is shown in Figure 1.

V1

V2

Figure 1: Diagrams for the vertices V1 and V2 . b) Now assume V1 is independent of t, and assume you know the exact propagator K (t t ) for Hamiltonian H0 + V1 . Invent a notation for this propagator (e.g., a double line, or a wavy line, or something). Working with the diagrams, start from the double perturbation expansion of Part (a), and derive the single perturbation expansion in which K is the unperturbed propagator and V2 (t) is the perturbation. If we use a wavy line for the propagator K that includes the terms from H0 + V1 and using the notation introduced in part (a), the feynman diagrams for this process looks like Figure 2.

gomez@physics.rutgers.edu

t t1

t t2 + t1 +...

Figure 2: Diagram of the process H = H0 + V1 + V2 (t), where V1 is independent of time. Here the wavy line represents the propagator K = K0 + V1 and the ellipse represents the vertix of V2 . (c) Repeat Part (b) using algebra but no diagrams; that is, translate all your work from diagrams into algebra. Translating Figure 2 into algebra, we found: K (t, t ) = K (t t ) + (i) +(i)2 dt1 dt1 K (t t1 )V2 (t1 )K (t1 t )+

dt2 K (t t1 )V2 (t1 )K (t1 t2 )V2 (t2 )K (t2 t ) + ...

2) Derive a perturbation expansion for the energy propagator in the case V (t) is not independent of time. (Work in the global, not the individual-particle, context.) Specically, develop an expansion for |L(, )| , where L(, ) = (i)2 dt dt eit e t K (t, t )

(2)

in terms of the unperturbed propagators L ( ) and the scattering functions V ( ) where V ( ) = ( i ) dteit V (t) (3)

Derive a set of Feynman rules to represent the perturbation series graphically. Dening the Fourier transforms as: F ( ) = ( i ) f (t) = (2i)1 dteit f (t) deit F ( ) (4) (5)

then, the scattering functions can be expressed by: i |V (t)| = (2 )1 2 deit V ( ) (6)

Now, to calculate (2), let us use x = t t , thus: L ( ) = i Kx,0 eix dx + (i) dx dt1 dx dt1 eix V (t1 )K0 (x, t1 )K0 (t1 ) +

+(i)

dt2 eix K0 (x, t1 )V (t1 )K0, (t1 , t2 )V, (t2 )K0 (t2 , 0) + ... dxdt1 d d d eix ei(xt1 ) ei t V ( )L ( )L ( ) +
(t

= L ( ) ( ) + i(2 )3 +(i)2 (2 )5

dxdt1 dt2 d d d d d eixi (xt1 )i

t 1 i t2 i 1 t 2 ) i

L ( )V ( )L ( )V ( )L ( ) + ... = L ( ) ( ) + i(2 )3 +(i)2 (2 )5 d (2 ) ( )(2 ) ( )V ( )L ( )L ( ) +

dd d (2 ) ( )(2 ) ( )(2 ) ( )

L ( )V ( )L ( )V ( )L ( ) + ... = L ( ) ( ) + i(2 )1 +(i)2 (2 )3 d V ( )L ( )L ( ) +

dd d L ( )V ( )L ( )V ( )L ( ) + ...

Therefore, we can derive the following rules for this case, using the diagrams of Figure 3: 1. For the propagator: L ( ) ( ) 2. For the each interacction: (2i)1 d V ) ( )

1)

2)

3)

Figure 3: Rules for the Feynman diagrams of Problem 2).

3) Consider the Hamiltonian H=

a

Ea a a aa +

E a a +
ab

Rab, a a ab c

+ h.c.

(7)

where h.c. means Hermitian conjugate. For parts (a-c), work in the context of individualparticle propagators. a) Draw all Feynman diagrams which contribute to a|K (t t )|b up to fourth order in R.

t t2

t2 t1 t1 b t b t
Figure 4: Second Order Feynman Diagrams for problem 3.

Figure 5: Fourth order Feynman Diagrams for Problem 3

Figure 6: Fourth order Feynman Diagrams for Problem 3

Figure 7: Fourth order Feynman Diagrams for Problem 3 b) For each second-order diagram, use the diagram rules derived in class to write an explicit expression for a|K (t t )|b . For the diagrams in Figure 4, i.e., the second order diagrams, the expressions are: Kab, (t, t ) =
c

( i )2

dt1

dt2 Ka (tt2 )Rac, K (t2 t )Kc (t2 t1 )Rcb, K (tt1 )Kb (t1 t )

(8) for the left diagram. For the right one: Kab, (t, t ) =
c

( i )2

dt1

dt2 Ka (tt2 )K (tt2 )Rac, Kc (t2 t1 )Rcb, K (t1 t )Kb (t1 t )

(9) c) Same as (b), but give the expressions for a|L( )|b . In the case of (8), using the notation of Figure 11 on the right = b and 5

Figure 8: Fourth order Feynman Diagrams for Problem 3

Figure 9: Fourth order Feynman Diagrams for Problem 3 = a , then the expression is given by: (2 )2 da
db La (a )L ( a )Rac, Lc ( )Rbc, Lb (b )L ( b )

(10)

In addition for (9), using the notation of Figure 11 on the left: = a c , = b c and b + = a + = , then the expression is given by: (2 )3 da db
dc La (a )L (b c )Rbc, Lc (c )Rac, Lb (b )L (a c ) (11)

Figure 10: Fourth order Feynman Diagrams for Problem 3

a w wc wa

a wa

wc w wb w w

wb b w b

Figure 11: Second order Feynman diagrams with the energy propagators.