3 IDENTIFICATIONANDUTILIZATIONOFWILDEDIBLEPLANTSUSEDBYTHETRIBALSOFBASTARREGIONCHHATTISGARHByAJAYBANIK

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online)
Published on: 1st Dec 2012 IDENTIFICATION AND UTILIZATION OF WILD EDIBLE PLANTS USED BY THE TRIBALS OF BASTAR REGION (CHHATTISGARH)
AJAY BANIK SOS IN FORESTRY & WILDLIFE, BASTAR VISHWAVIDYALAYA, JAGDALPUR (C.G) dr.ajaybanik@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
India is one of the 12 mega-diverse countries in the world; it has a forest area of 23.81% of the countrys geographical area. In India, the life and economy of the tribal people are intimately connected with the forest. Wild edible plants play a major role in meeting the nutritional requirement of the tribal population in remote parts of the country in general and Bastar of Chhattisgarh in specifically. Wild edible plants not only provide food quantity but also make significant contribution to the population nutrition throughout the year. The use of wild plants as food has been formed an integral part of the culture and tradition of many indigenous communities of the world. It constitutes an essential component in the diet and food security of many tribal communities particularly people living around the forest fringe or in its vicinity. Bastar is the homeland of various tribal groups like Abujh Maria, Muria, Bison-Horn Maria, Dhurwa, Dorla, Bhatra, Halba whose life and culture is nourished in the cradle of Sal (Shorea robusta), Sagon (Tectona grandis), Mahua (Madhuca indica) and others forest timbers and plants. About 74% population of the district is tribals. The present study on identification and documentation of wild edible plants revealed that the Adivasis living in forest areas often do very little cultivation; they ate a variety of wild growing plants. The 107 such wild edible plants that were eaten by the tribals of Bastar are described in this study. The information was based on an ethno-botanical field study of the district during the months of February June in the year 2012. The study showed that; a large amount of plants of Bastar region are having an edible values. Some of the edible plants availability is of low in status like Artocarpus lakoocha, Caryota urens, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Dioscorea spicata, Leea macrophylla, Pueraria tuberosa etc. which needs to be conserve in the region by the suitable conservation techniques in view of livelihood and nutritional point of view.
KEY WORD: Identification,Wild edible plants, Bastar region.
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INTRODUCTION:
It is estimated that in India about 800 species are consumed as wild edible plants over the country (Singh and Arora 1978). Wild edible plants not only provide food quantity but also make significant contribution to the population nutrition throughout the year (Grivetti and Ogle Britta, 2000; Ogle Britta, 2001; Ogle Britta et al., 2001; Ogle Britta et al., 2003). The tribals normally collect seeds of local forest produces like Tendu, Mahua, Chironji, Amla, Harra, Bahera, Tamarind, Jamun, Lakh, Dhup, Bhelwa, Bel, Ber, Neem, Tora, Gum, Raal from the forest and sell them to earn their livelihood. Also the diversity of wild edible species offers variety in family diet and contributes to household food security as well as increase dietary diversity. Further, it provides rural households with supplemental income opportunities through their sale in the markets. In view of above, the present study was conducted to achieve the goal by covering the following objectives:1. Identification of wild edible plant species in the Bastar District. 2. Documentation of identified wild edible plants in the study area. 3. Ethnobotanical uses of edible plant species. To understand the utilization pattern of value addition and processing techniques of wild edible plants by the Tribals of Bastar region.
STUDY AREA:
The Chhattisgarh state is spread over in an area of 135,187 km2 which constituted 4.1% of land area and 8.4% of forest cover of the country. The total population of the state is 25.54 million (census 2011). Bastar district is located in the southern part of Chhattisgarh and it is situated 600 meter high plateau above sea level this extend up to Jeypore of the Orissa state; Jagdalpur is 500 m. above the sea level. The district has an average population of 1,411644 as per the 2011 census. Of the total population 86 % are rural population in which more than 70 per cent are tribal people.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The field study was carried out in the villages and forest villages of the Bakawand, Machkot and Jagdalpur forest ranges of Bastar District (C.G). During the month February - June of the year 2012. The methodology covers two types of survey namely: 1. Field Survey 2. Literature Collection
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The main aim of the survey was to collect information about the wild edible plant species which are used by the tribals and also the species are identified and documented by collecting samples of plant species. The identified and collected plant samples were arranged and documented according to their local names, in different tribal languages are noted; also the information about their availability in forests and the level of demand are also noted and written. The parts used as edible also either taken raw or after processing are briefly noted. Tribals also gave the information about their rituals (taboo) based on the edible products. The traditional techniques and the modern processing techniques of the edible plant species are enquired and briefed well. The total respondents were 50-60 in numbers per villages to collect information on wild edible plants along with the information and identification from forest department about the local names and utilization of wild edible plants the study area. The categories of respondent were old men, Tribal women and forest villagers i.e. user group.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Roy and Rao, 1957 summarized the diet as monotonous and nutritionally very unsatisfactory, lacking in animal protein, calories, calcium and certain vitamins. They also reported that the eggs of ants are collected from the leafy nests and considered as a delicacy. Gurmuri kira which is collected from its nests by holding a lighted torch, is also eaten by many of the tribal people. Ayyanar et al., 2011 Paliyar's (Tribal group of Theni Distt Tamilnadu state) diet comprises variety of unconventional foods such as edible forms of flowers, fruits (ripe and unripe), tubers and rhizomes, leaves, stems, seeds and wild mushrooms. Kala, 2009 investigated and recorded 73 ethno-botanical species used by tribal and non-tribal communities in southern part of Surguja district of Chhattisgarh state in India. Jain, 1963 reported 88 edible plant species in Bastar region utilized by the tribals. It has been commented that authors of works on wild edible plants generally fail to exclude plants that are merely edible but are certainly no treat. The present work, too, needs an explanation in this regard. The purpose of such reports is to present a list of indigenous plant materials which the tribal of the region know and recognize as edible. No attempt is generally made to remark to comparative utility of the different plant-foods in the daily diet, or to recommend any to native wild foods to the city-dwellers. These aspects fall within the regime of a nutrition scientist. A catalogue of all plants reported to be used for eating purposes supplies basic material for nutritional research. The present study revealed that the tribals mostly rely on tree species of forests for their food purpose as the 45 plant species were of tree habit out of total 107 plant species compiled. Besides tree species, 25 plants were used of roots/tubers importance, 33 were of leaf importance, 42 plants of fruit importance, 3 http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 31
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were of nuts importance, 17 were of stem and 9 of flowers importance etc. In accordance with the systematic classification, the plants of family belonging to the Fabaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Dioscoreaceae were found highest/maximum plants which are used as edible plants. On the basis of usage the tribals were mostly used wild fruits from the forests and consumed as vegetable were mostly preferred way to consume wild edible plants. However, they also made some value addition by preparing the value added products like Achaars, Murabaahs, Bevrages, chips like kuliapapad chips of Dioscorea hispida tubers, chutneys like of Artocarpus lakoocha, Gur from plant species like Borassus flabellifer and Phoenix sylvestris and beverages & drinks like from the plants like Aegle marmelos, Borassus flabellifer, Caryota urens, Citrus maxima, Madhuca indica etc. Mostly the forest products were either used raw or used to cooked vegetables but like Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea spicata, Dioscorea pentaphylla or tuberous species were required a long processing techniques which takes about 24-48 hrs of processing before used. The investigations were also revealed that the 48 plant species were found to be abundant and 46 plant species were found moderately available in the forests of Bastar region. However, species like Pueraria tuberosa and Caryota urens were found to be rare or endangered in the studied area which needs to be conserved by suitable in-situ techniques. The plants like Dillenia pentagyna, Bauhinia malabarica were of religious importance and they use such plant products only after the religious/worship ceremony called Kakshadh. 1. Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae An Annual herb.
Local name - Lathzeera (H); Circita (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - July - October Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Machkot
Edible uses - The leaves of the herb is used as vegetables by the tribals and the seeds are used as grains and are eaten. 2. Adenanthera pavonina Fabaceae A tree.
Local name - Raktchandan, Raktkambal, Lalchandan Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March - October Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Machkot
Edible uses - The seeds are eaten after roasting by the tribals. 3. Adhatoda zeylanica Acanthaceae An evergreen shrub.
Local name - Basokpata, Basakpat Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - Throughout the year http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot PEER-REVIEWED Page | 32
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Edible uses - Leaves are used to cook vegetables. 4. Aegle marmelos Local name - Bel, Billi Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - March - May Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot Rutaceae A deciduous tree.
Edible uses - The fruit is eaten fresh or dried. The juice is strained and sweetened to make a drink similar to lemonade, and is also used in making SHARBAT. 5. Agave vera - cruz Mill. Local name - Naagfani (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Throughout the year Demand (use) - Low Location - Bakawand Agavaceae An herb.
Edible uses - The young leaves and young soft stem are used to cook vegetables. 6. Alangium salvifolium Alangiaceae A spinescent deciduous shrub.
Local name - Amkol (H); Koyamara (G); ulge (T); Dhol anku, Ankol Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - April - June Edible use - Ripe fruits are eaten. 7. Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae An Annual herb. Demand (use) - Low Location - Irikpal
Local name - Katabhaji (H); Kontamariso Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - April - August Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Nagarnaar
Edible uses - The leaves of the herb are used as vegetable. 8. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Araceae A perennial herb.
Local name - Sirdikanda, Surankanda (H); Pullakanda (T); Jantakanda, Haatipau Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - October - December Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot
Edible uses - Rhizome cooked. Tubers are largely eaten, and are sold in market. Most of the varieties of jimmy-kand found in Bastar region cause itching in hands, tongue, and neck of person eating it, also to the person cooking them because of the presence of calcium oxalate. Such type of tubers are boiled with leaves of Imli (Tamarind) and are cooked mixed with Tamarind fruits or Amchur(Mango) powder, the vegetable have no longer itching sensation. 9. Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae An annual herb.
Local name - Bhuinim (G); Kirata http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 33
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Demand (use) - Moderate
Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - October - December
Location - Machkot
Edible uses - The leaves are added to curries like bitter gourd. 10. Annona reticulata Local name - Ramphal Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March - May Demand (use) - High Location - Jagdalpur Annonaceae A deciduous or semi-evergreen tree.
Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten all around the district. 11. Annona squamosa Local name - Sitaphal Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - November - April Demand (use) - High Location - Jagdalpur Annonaceae A small tropical Semi-evergreen tree.
Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten all around the district. 12. Anthocephalus cadamba Rubiaceae A perennial tree.
Local name - Kareka (H); Kadam, Kadom Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - August - November Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten raw. 13. Antidesma diandrum Local name - Avali, Havali (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Throughout the year Demand (use) - Low Location - Jagdalpur Euphorbiaceae A shrub. Demand (use) - High Location - Aasna
EDIBLE USES - Leaves are pounded with rice, some gram flour is mixed with and a curry is made. The leaves are even dried, powdered and stocked for use. The fruits are eaten, and the young leaves are used in curry and as vegetable. It bears purplish red fruits which are pleasantly acidic and are eaten by local people. 14. Artocarpus heterophyllus Local name - Phanas, Kathal Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - February - May Demand (use) - High Location - Dharampura Moraceae An evergreen tree.
Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten. Unripe fruits are used as vegetable, pickles. Seeds from the ripe fruits are roasted and are eaten directly.
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Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 15. Artocarpus lakoocha
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) A deciduous tree.
Moraceae
Local name - Barhal, Dahu, Dahua Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - May - October Demand (use) - Low Location - Boregaon
Edible uses - Unripe fruits are used as spice and substitute for tamarind. Ripe fruits are pickled. Also ripe fruits are added with spices and are eaten like snakes by Tribals. 16. Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae An herb.
Local name - Shatavar, Shatavari, Satmuli Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - June - September Edible uses - The tubers are used as vegetables. 17. Averrhoa carambola Oxalidaceae A deciduous small tropical tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot
Local name - Kamra (H); Karmas, Kamarang, Kamras Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - March May Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Aasna
Edible uses - Ripe Kamras fruits are eaten fresh or in fruit salads. Fruits are also used to make juice. 18. Bauhinia malabarica Caesalpiniaceae A deciduous tree.
Local name - Dondera, Purol (H); Dondermara (M); Seheda (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - March - June Demand (use) - High Location - Tamad-gumad
Edible uses - The bark chips are tied in small bundle and are added to Salphi (Caryota urens) liquor Handi to increase its intoxicating action. 19. Bauhinia purpurea Caesalpiniaceae A deciduous tree.
Local name - Dhondhar, Kancankacnar (M); Kodel (G); Koilaribhaji (H, M) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - July - September Demand (use) - High Location - Aasna
Edible uses - The young leaves and flowers of this tree are cooked as vegetables. 20. Bauhinia vahlii Caesalpiniaceae A Creeper.
Local name - Koya, Paur (M); Siadi, Siali (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March - May Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Aasna
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Edible uses - The seeds are eaten all through the district. The fruits are roasted on fire; it bursts loudly exposing the seeds. The seeds can be eaten raw, cooked as vegetables and also roasted. The seeds are roasted on fire, de-husked and eaten. 21. Boerhaavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae An herb.
Local name - Handithomgde (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - Throughout the year Edible uses - The young leaves are cooked as vegetables. 22. Borassus flabellifer Local name Tad (H) Demand (use) - High Location - Bastanaar Arecaceae An evergreen tree. Demand (use) - Low Location - Machkot
Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March - June
Edible uses - The ripened fibrous outer layer of the palm fruits are eaten raw, boiled, or roasted. The chief product of the Palmyra is the sweet sap (toddy) obtained by tapping the tip of the inflorescence, as is done with the other sugar palms and, to a lesser extent, with the coconut. The toddy ferments naturally within a few hours after sunrise and is locally popular as a beverage. Rubbing the inside of the toddy-collecting receptacle with lime paste prevents fermentation, and thereafter the sap is referred to as sweet toddy, which yields concentrated or crude sugar (gur). Palmyra palm jaggery (gur) is much more nutritious than crude cane sugar. The pulp of the fruit is eaten after roasting, and the juice is used as an intoxicating drink. 23. Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae A medium-sized deciduous tree.
Local name - Car (H); Ekda (G); Reka (M); Tolemorli, Charo Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - April - May Demand (use) - High Location - Nangur
Edible uses - The fruits are eaten raw, seeds are an article of commerce. Seeds of chironji are used as nuts (almond) substitute among tribals of bastar. The oil extracted from the kernels of the fruit is used as a substitute for almond oil in native 24. Butea monosperma Fabaceae A deciduous tree.
Local name - Palas, Motka chettu Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Flowers - February-March; Fruits - April-June Demand (use) - High Location -Baranji
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Edible uses - Nectar (Ras) from flowers are collected and used as a drink by tribals because of its sweetness. Oil is extracted from dried seeds collected in the month of May-June are used to extract oil comparable to groundnut oil. 25. Calamus floribundus Local name - Bet Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - July - August Demand (use) - Low Location - Machkot Arecaceae An shrub.
Edible uses - The young shoot culms are cooked as vegetables and fruits are eaten. 26. Cannabis sativa Local name - Bhang, Ganja Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - November - January Edible uses - The seeds are roasted and are eaten. 27. Carissa carandas Apocynaceae A sprawling semi-vine shrub. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot Cannabaceae An annual herb.
Local name - Karanda (H); Karunda, Karonda Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - May - July Demand (use) - High Location - Dharampura
Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten. Unripe fruits are used to make achar in the district. 28. Caryota urens Arecaceae An evergreen tree.
Local name - Gargamarra (M), Mari, Salphi Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - October - July Demand (use) - High Location - Bastanaar
Edible uses - The sap of this tree is fermented to make a wine, Salphi. It is said to be a refreshing drink. The dried pith of the tree is pounded and boiled in water; it makes a thick drink called salphi-pej. 29. Casearia graveolens Flacourtiaceae A deciduous tree.
Local name - Kirich, Kirci (H); Khirchi Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - June - July Demand (use) - High Location - Bakawand
Edible uses - The seeds are used to yield edible oil known as kirich tel. The ripe fruits are eaten raw. 30. Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae A shrub.
Local name - Cecenda (H); Koretemtem (G); Tagres, Kasonda Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - August - January http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ Demand (use) - Low Location - Kokapal (Bakawand) PEER-REVIEWED Page | 37
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Edible uses - From dried seeds, powder is made which is said to be a stimulant like coffee. Flowers are fried in mustard oil and eaten. 31. Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae A shrub.
Local name - Carota (H); Etkusir (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - July - December Demand (use) - Low Location - Jagdalpur
Edible uses - The leaves are eaten as vegetables, they are also cooked with rice. The seeds are sold in the local market commonly; they are powdered and are taken with water, considered as an antidote against scorpion, bee and wasp stings. 32. Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae A deciduous shrub.
Local name - Manotige (D); Pemg (H); Vadamgul (M); Papdi (T) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - August - October Edible uses - The flowers are cooked as vegetables. 33. Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae An annual plant. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kokapal (bakawand)
Local name - Phulbhaji (H); Siliari Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - Throughout the year Demand (use) - Low Location - Nangur
Edible uses - The tender leaves are cooked and eaten as vegetables. 34. Chlorophytum borivilianum Liliaceae An herb.
Local name - Karauli (G); Koinjad, Korkota Kanda (H); Safedmusli Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - August - October Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot
Edible uses - Tubers, leaves and flowers are cooked as vegetables. 35. Cinnamomum tamala Local name - Tejpata, Tejpatra Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Throughout the year Edible uses - The leaves are added as spices by the tribals. 36. Cissus repanda Local name - Panilaha (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - May - June http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Machkot PEER-REVIEWED Page | 38 Vitaceae A deciduous climber. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot Lauraceae An medium sized tree.
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Edible uses - Watery sap of this plant is drunk. 37. Citrus maxima Rutaceae An evergreen small sized tree.
Local name - Atarraa (H); Batawi nimbu Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - March - June Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kokapal
Edible uses - Villagers eat the fruit fresh or use it to make juice. Fruit pulp is also used in salads.the riped flesh is used as a desert by mixing it with spices and are eaten. 38. Coix lacryma-jobi Local name - Kans, Kasa (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Throughout the year Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kutumsar Graminae An herb.
Edible uses - The grains are eaten as cereals. The pounded flour is sometimes mixed with water like barley for barley water. It is also husked and eaten out of hand like a peanut. Beers and wines are made from the fermented grain. 39. Colocasia esculenta Araceae A perennial herb.
Local name - Kochai ghuiyaa (H); Pechi (G); Gaathi Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - Throughout the year Demand (use) - High Location - Bakawand
Edible uses - The tender leaves are used to make saags as well as pakodas by tribals in bastar. Green leaves are mixed with gram powder and spices; and are cooked in steam for eating. Corms are peeled, cut in pieces and are boiled and are eaten with rice. 40. Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae A deciduous tree.
Local name - Bohar (H); Bohari, Buhari Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - May - June Demand (use) - High Location - Jagdalpur
Edible uses - The leaves are used as vegetables, all over the villages in bastar. Fruits are also eaten. 41. Costus speciosus Costaceae A stout herb.
Local name - Besemati (G); Keukanda (M) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - April - October Demand (use) - High Location - Nangur
Edible uses - The tubers are washed and baked in hot ash; they are pounded with salt and chillies and eaten as chutney. Another method is to pound and boil them. They can make a full diet. Tubers also make
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good pickle with lemon (nimbu) and chillies (mirchies). They are also sliced into pieces to prepare vegetables or fried in oil. 42. Curculigo orchioides Local name - Kali musli, Kalomusli Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - August - October Edible uses - The tubers are eaten as vegetables. 43. Curcuma amada Local name - Ama haldi (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - December to March Demand (use) - High Location - Kurandi Zingiberaceae A perennial herb. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot Hypoxidaceae An annual herb.
Edible uses - Mainly used to make achaar by the tribals, also used as spice in vegetable cooking. 44. Curcuma angustifolia Zingiberaceae A perennial herb. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot
Local name - Tikhur (H, Hi); Besegadda (G); Palua Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - December to March
Edible uses - The tubers are processed and largely eaten. Tikhur is made from the plants which do not flowered. They are finely meshed and are put in a jar in water. The sweet content of the tubers settles down in bottom. It is kept as such for 12 hours and is then cleaned. It is then used to make sharbat, halvas, and thandai etc, used mainly as coolant. It is commonly found in wild as well as cultivated. Traditional technique of Tikhur starch processing Tikhur tubers are rubbed in stones or in iron plate chillni. In traditional technique the juice extracted is mixed with double quantity of water and is filtered with cotton cloth in mud utensil (Ghadaa). After filtration liquid is left for whole night to settle down. After one day the liquid over the settled starch is cleaned off. And the cleaning procedure is done 3-4 times; at last starch is taken out with the help of spoon and is spread over plates made up of aluminium or bamboo. Starches are dried for 4-6 days in sun and are stored for future or are sold in market. Modern technique of Tikhur starch processing In this technique use of modern equipments are used, because of urbanisation and also by the help of government subsides tribals are able to purchase this equipments. In this Tikhur tubers are grinded with the help of electric grinder. It is considered modern because of the use of electricity. In these the time and labour of grinding is saved. After grinding, filtration and removal of http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 40
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excess of water is done by traditional method; it is estimated that by the help of machine, 3-4 tonnes of tuber starch can be extracted per day; whereas in traditional methods only 25-30 kilos can be achieved in a day. The drying process is also done in single day by the help of electric drier. Step wise traditional method of processing of TIKHUR is depicted in the photos below: Tubers are collected from wild and the soil is cleaned with water and cut into pieces Pieces of tubers are dipped in water for 4-5 hours. Tubers are cleaned by rubbing After that, tubers are grinded either in rough stone or in tin plate called CHILLNI; during rubbing sap or juice is removed with water. And the Pulp is collected in large vessel Collected pulp is filtered in mud vessel with the help of cotton cloth During filtering water is added in 1:2 ratios. After filtering the juice is left for 12hours for settle down, so that the starch settles at the bottom of the vessel and after 12 hours water in above the starch is removed carefully; again same amount of water is added in the vessel. It is left again for 3 hours Water is again removed; this process is done 3-4 times in continuous intervals After that the white starch left in the vessel is taken out with the help of spoon in a steel or aluminium tray Collected starch is dried in sun. After drying they are broken into pieces and are stored for use or is taken to the market for selling TIKHUR powder (Dried TIKHUR power can be used for 18 months). 45. Curcuma caesia Local name - Kali haldi Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - December to March Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot Zingiberaceae A perennial herb.
Edible uses - Black turmeric are used in vegetables as spices. In the fields, the rhizomes are washed thoroughly and are placed in a wide mouthed cauldron (ganjh). The water is poured in the cauldron such that the rhizomes are completely sunk. The cauldron is covered with a lid, and the rhizomes are boiled for about 30 minutes until foam oozes out with strong odour. The rhizomes are taken out whilst the water is reduced to one-third of its content and when they turn soft with their inner portion decolorized from blue to dark or pale brown. The rhizomes are then dried in hot sun for 10 to 15 days until they are hardened. These http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 41
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dried rhizomes are then packed for marketing. 46. Dactyloctenium aegyptium Local name - Makra (H); Chikara Status in Bastar (availability) - Abuntant Availability - May - October Edible uses - The seeds are used as grains. 47. Dendrocalamus strictus Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - July - October Poaceae A deciduous grass. Demand (use) - High Location - Bakawand Local name - Dongribans (H); Narbans (G) Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Machkot Poaceae An herb.
Edible uses - Young shoots are eaten and are sold largely in local markets known as Basta. Seeds are also eaten. Bamboo shoot is one such 'food from the forest' that is relished by the people as a substitute of vegetable in the daily diet. 48. Dillenia pentagyna Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - March - May Dillaniaceae A deciduous tree. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kokapal
Local name - Keringila, Karmatta (G); Mici (M); Raayi
Edible uses - Sour chutney is made from the fruits. Young small fruits are eaten raw or after cooking. They are also cooked with rice. When the fruits are ripe, their rind is removed and they are cooked as vegetable. Raw fruit slices are used in cooking dal. Also the dried slices of fruits are made Achaar. 49. Dioscorea alata Dioscoreaceae A considerable perennial climber. Demand (use) - High Location - Nangur Dioscoreaceae A climbing sweet yam. Demand (use) - High Location - Nangur
Local name - Nagarkand, Uskakand, Rasamating ( H); Gornakand, Naarkand Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - July- October 50. Dioscorea bulbifera Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - October - December
Edible uses - The tubers are eaten after processing. These yams occur wild and are also cultivated. Local name - Damgkanda (H); Lathikanda (G); Faryagatikanda
Edible uses - Both the roots and fruits (bulbils) are used as vegetable. The tuber takes three years to develop and grows to the size of pumpkin. After prolonged boiling the tubers are eaten. 51. Dioscorea hispida Dioscoreaceae A twining vine.
Local name - Kulia, Kuliakand (H); Kaimulkanda, Kaimulmati (G) http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 42
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Demand (use) - High Location - Aasna
Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - December - March
Edible uses - The tubers are largely eaten after processing. Tubers are collected from wild and the soil is cleaned with water and small rootlets are removed from the tubers. Tubers are boiled in water and their skin is removed. Tubers are put in basket; the latter is put in a water stream for 24 hours. The acrid content of the tubers is washed away. These chips can be cooked as rice or with rice. On drying these chips look like potato chips; this are called kuliapapad. The Adivasis prepare these chips and sell it to local market or mostly to the contractors who sell them to the city markets. TRADITIONAL METHOD OF PROCESSING OF KULIA-KAND Tubers are collected from wild and the soil is cleaned with water and small rootlets are removed from the tubers Tubers are boiled in water and their skin is removed Tubers are put in basket; the latter is put in a water stream for 24 hours. The acrid content of the tubers is washed away Then the tubers are sliced into pieces in form of chips. These chips are sun dried for few days for proper drying These dried chips are called as KULIAPAPAD 52. Dioscorea oppositifolia Local name - Tagariyakand (H) Availability - October - December Edible use - The tubers are boiled and eaten as vegetables. 53. Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscoreaceae A climber. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot Local name - Bhains deti kanda (M); Bara kand, Sorenda kanda Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - October - December Dioscoreaceae A climber. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot
Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant
Edible use - The tuber, which contains a toxic element, is dug from the ground. The rind is removed and the tuber is then cut into pieces and boiled. The pieces are then immersed or dipped in a running stream for one night. After leaching, it is again boiled reportedly five or six times and then eaten mixed with salt and spices. 54. Dioscorea spicata Dioscoreaceae A climber.
Local name - Pitakand, Pithkand, Tudupmati (M); Kadukanda (H) http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 43
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Demand (use) - High Location - Aasna
Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - December to March
Edible uses - The tuber is consumed after elaborate processing; else they are bitter. The slices are cut and boiled in water mixed with ash for about 2 hours, and thoroughly washed in clean water and boiled again for a few minutes. The slices are peeled off, and the slices are eaten. 55. Diospyros malabarica Ebenaceae An evergreen tree.
Local name - Gandhphanas (M); Tirkakaya (G); Makadtendu Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - March-April Edible uses - Ripe seeds are eaten by villagers. 56. Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae A deciduous tree. Demand (use) - Low Location - Karpawand
Local name - Tumirmara (M); Temru, Tenu Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - May - June Demand (use) - High Location - Nangur
Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten largely known as temru in local, approximately 17-18 fruits are sold in 10 rupees in local markets. Tendu fruit is pickled when still unripe and put into kodo chaff to mature. To make it ripen sometimes tribals bury the fruits in the ground and fire is lit over it, when ripe, it is eaten raw. 57. Elaeocarpus floribundus Local name - Banghkri Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - May - December 58. Emblica officinalis Phyllanthaceae Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kokapal A small to medium sized deciduous tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Kurandi Elaeocarpaceae An evergreen tree.
Edible uses - Fruits are pickled and are eaten with rice. Also used in cooking dal. Local name - Ishurkaya (G); Nilli Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - March - June
Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten and are plenty available in forests of bastar. Because of its medicinal importance it is of now a commercial fruit. Also it is one of the 15 state medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh
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state. Also by making value addition rural also make achaar and murabaas with ripe fruits of Amla in the district. 59. Ensete superbum Local name - Vankela (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - August - October vegetables and unripe fruits are pickled into ACHAAR 60. Euphorbia prostrata Local name - Mukeljaba, Phalodi (M) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - Throughout the year Edible uses - The herb is cooked as vegetable in villages. 61. Ficus glomerata Moraceae An evergreen tree. Demand (Use) - High Location - Kurandi Local name - Dumar (G); Gular Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - February- June tribals of bastar. The ripe figs are eaten raw. 62. Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae A deciduous small tree. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Bakawand Rubiaceae A perennial shrub. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Aasna Verbenaceae A medium-sized deciduous tree. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Nangur Demand (use) - Low Location - Karpawand Euphorbiaceae An annual herb. Demand (use) - Low Location - Machkot Musaceae A banana like plant.
Edible uses - The young stems are cooked as vegetables. Unripe fruits and inflorescence are cooked as
Edible uses - dried fruits are ground and mixed with rice or millets flour to make pej, a staple food of
Local name - Kakai (H); Kattai, Mudvedma (G); Kevti Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March-June Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten raw. 63. Gardenia gummifera Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - June - August Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten. Seeds are also eaten. 64. Gmelina arborea Local name - Seona, Sivna (G, H); Kursi (M); Kurasmara (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March - April Edible uses - Fruits are dried in sun, boiled and eaten. http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 45 Local name - Kullu, Kurlu, Kuru (H); Vidgu (G)
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Malvaceae A small shrub.
65. Hibiscus rugosus synn Hibiscus manihot Local name - Dhokrakanda (H); Guppadmate (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - August - December 66. Holarrhena antidysenterica Local name - Kudai (H) ; Dudhi, Kutri Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March - July
Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kurandi Apocynaceae A deciduous shrub to small tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Kurandi Rubiaceae A deciduous tree.
Edible uses - The tuberous roots are boiled in water and their rind is removed and the inner part is eaten.
Edible uses - In Bastar tribal cook the flowers of Kudai as vegetables known as kudaisaag. 67. Hymenodictyon orixense synn. H. Excelsum wall Local name - Guppudmaram, Mac, Minaboder (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - June - August 68. Indigofera cassioides synn Indigofera pulchella Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - March - May 69. Ipomoea batatas Local name - Mitha aalu Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March - June 70. Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Demand (use) - High Location - Nangur A climber. Demand (use) - High Location - nangur Leeaceae An herb. Demand (use) - Low Location - Kutumsar Convolvulaceae Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kokapal Fabaceae A shrub
Edible uses - Leaves of this tree is cooked as vegetable in the district by tribals. Local name - Giril, Ghirel, Jhiler (H); Velva (M); Jivla, Kandicettu Demand (use) - Low Location - Kokapal A climber.
Edible uses - Its flowers are cooked and eaten as vegetables all around the district by the tribals.
Edible uses - Tubers are boiled and cooked, and eaten with rice. Local name - Kalum, Komlibhaji, Komlisaag (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Throughout the year 71. Leea macrophylla Local name - Dhotelakand (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - September - November
Edible uses - The leaves are cooked as vegetables by the tribals.
Edible uses - Leaves are eaten as famine food. Tubers are cooked as vegetables. http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 46
Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 72. Leucas aspera
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) An herb. Demand (use) - Low Location - Aasna A deciduous tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Kokapal
Lamiaceae
Local name - Gubibuta (H); Bhata gobi (G); Goiso Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Throughout the year 73. Madhuca indica Sapotaceae
Edible uses - The leaves of the plant are plucked before flowering, they are cooked as vegetables. Local name - Garang, Idukmara, Idum (M); Mahu, Moda, Tora (H); Mahua Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - March - May
Edible uses - Its flowers are cooked as vegetables. Seeds (Tora) dried yield edible oil known as TORA TEL in bastar. The sugary solution obtained on boiling flowers in water is mixed with flour to prepare sweet dishes like puris and ladoos. They are also boiled together with tamarind fruits and eaten. Mahua liquor or locally known as mand is largely distilled from the flowers. In flowering season i.e. February - April flowers are collected and dried in sun and are stored for future use. Oil is also extracted from seeds and is used in cooking and lighting. Also flowers are beaten into pulp and are mixed with dried Kamei fruit and Tamarind kernels to prepare chutney, which is eaten with rice. Processing of Mahua flower into mand (Fig. 6.) Large scale brewing by licensed bhattis is not permitted in Chhattisgarh. Hence brewing is a household industry in the tribal belt of the state. However every household does not engage in brewing. In a village of 60-70 households, barely 5-7 households are engaged in this activity. The process Mahua flowers are put in earthen pots filled with water two days before it goes into brewing. After the bubbles are seen on the top of the pot, that pot of flowers is fit for further processing in the furnace and transferred to the brewing brass pot on the bottom. The brewing room has a hearth/furnace with three pots put on one another. The bucket placed near the furnace is connected to the brew pot with a pipe. The process often takes five to six hours. The skills of brew making are primarily with the women. Often as a business woman, they protect the brew from the male members of their households so that they get the returns expected. They lock the brewing room if they go out for some other work. 74. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae An evergreen tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Kokapal
Local name - Maka, Makamg, Marka (M) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - April - July
Edible uses - Unripe fruits can be used to prepare pickles or chutney. Ripe fruits are eaten raw. http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 47
Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 75. Manilkara zapota Local name - Chiku, Palacettu
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) An evergreen tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Kokapal
Sapotaceae
Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - December - March fruit and the skin, which is not eaten. 76. Melilotus indica Local name - Banmethi Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - December - June Edible uses - The leaves are cooked as vegetables. 77. Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae Fabaceae
Edible uses - Generally, the ripe sapodilla is merely cut in half and the flesh is eaten. It is an ideal dessert
An herb. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Machkot A climber. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Machkot
Local name - Bido (G); Kewach, Kiwach Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - December - April Edible uses - The seeds are eaten after roasting. 78. Oroxylum indicum Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - December - April Edible uses - Seeds are used in vegetables. 79. Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae An herb. Demand (use) - Low Location - Bakawand An evergreen tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Nangur Local name - Amrul, Amblit Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Throughout the year 80. Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae Bignoniaceae A tree. Demand (use) - Low Location - Machkot Local name - Kotore, Tappakaya (G); Phaphni (H)
Edible uses - Leaves of the plant are used to cook vegetables (bhaji). Local name - Chind (H, M); Indi (M) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - May-August
Edible uses - The petiole bases are removed from the young shoots and the tender white soft pith is eaten. The ripe fruits are eaten. An insect is found in basal part of the stem; it is fried and eaten. Sap obtained from the main stem from an incision in the bark below the tree crown is used as a beverage (intoxicating beverage) by the tribals of bastar known as chind ras. http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 48
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Processing of Gur - Gur is made by firstly by cleaning the stem, earthen pots are disinfected and slung at the stem of the plants. A bamboo pipe is inserted within the tree. Nectar from the tree oozes overnight and collects in a pot which is taken out in the morning. At the end of the day the clay pots are scorched again for further use. The nectar is then concentrated on fire. Huge earthen ovens are erected in the fields. Date juice in aluminium pots are heated and concentrated. The gur is boiled for two & half hours. Liquid gur is formed before twenty minutes and solid after 20 minutes. Then they are poured in banana leaves to cool and solidify. They are then pieced with date thorns. 81. Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthaceae A small deciduous tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Nangur Araceae An herb. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot Polygonaceae An herb. Demand (use) - High Location - Bakawand Fabaceae A large perennial climber. Demand (use) - High Location - Nangur Gramineae A grass. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Nangur Sapindaceae A tree.
Local name - Rani Amla, Chota amla, Shree amla Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March-June Edible uses - The fruits are edible and used to prepare pickles. 82. Plesmonium margaretiferum Local name - Dhui (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - Throughout the year Edible uses - The stem and leaves are cooked as vegetables. 83. Polygonum plebeium Local name - Catibhaji Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - June - November Edible uses - The whole plant are cooked as vegetables. 84. Pueraria tuberosa Local name - Patal kumda (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Low Availability - December - March Edible uses - Tubers are cooked as vegetables. 85. Sacciolepis interrupta Local name - Hathilid Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - Throughout the year Edible uses - The seeds are eaten as grains. 86. Schleichera oleosa Local name - Kosamb (H): Kusum http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 49
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Demand (use) - High Location - Kokapal Cyperaceae A perennial grass
Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - June - July Edible uses - The fruits are eaten raw when ripened. 87. Scirpus grossus synn Actinoscirpus grossus Local name - Kashur Kand, Kesur, Kasuru (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - June - October 88. Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae
Demand (use) - High Location - Kokapal A deciduous tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Bastanar
Edible uses - The tubers are dug up and are eaten under the name kesurkand. Local name - Idumaram (G); Kohka (M); Jidcettu (T) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - April - June
Edible uses - The fruit ripens in April-June, and is eaten ripe or unripe. It can be collected, dried and stored for consumption in rainy season. Leaves and seeds are eaten as vegetables seeds are eaten as vegetables. Fruits (hypo carp) are roasted, powdered and mixed with water and eaten. Bhelva are sold in local markets. 89. Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae A deciduous tree. Demand (use) - Moderate
Local name - Haramgi (M); Hargi (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - March-April 90. Smilax macrophylla Location - Kokapal Smilacaceae A climber. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kokapal An annual herb. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kokapal An herb Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Machkot PEER-REVIEWED Page | 50 Edible uses - Young green leaves are used as vegetables. Local name - Mutrilaha (G); Phomsar (H); Ramdatun (M); Mootri Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - Throughout the year Edible uses - Young fruits are cooked as vegetables. 91. Smithia conferta Fabaceae Local name - Citalboti, Titalboti (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - Throughout the year Edible uses - The leaves of the herb are cooked as vegetables. 92. Solanum surattense Solanaceae Local name - Katakari (H); Remgahapa Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - Throughout the year Edible uses - The fruits are eaten by the tribals. http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/
Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 93. Sphaeranthus indicus
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) An annual herb. Demand (use) - Low Location - Jagdalpur
Asteraceae
Local name - Lambapul (H); Molelkusir (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Throughout the year
Edible uses - Leaves of young plants, which have not flowered, are plucked. They are washed and boiled in water; water is thrown and the green vegetable is eaten with salt and chillies. Young leaves are cooked with rice. 94. Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae A deciduous tree.
Local name - Amodi (G); Amadi (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - March-June 95. Sterculia urens Sterculiaceae Local name - Itum, Karat (G); Kulu (H) Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - October - May 96. Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Local name - Nendi (m); Nendum (g) Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - June - July gently until slightly mushy, and eat with a pinch of rock salt. 97. Syzygium jambos Local name - Jam Status in Bastar (availability) - Less Availability - March - May Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kokapal Myrtaceae An evergreen tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Dongaghat A deciduous tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Kutumsar An evergreen tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot
Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten raw. Raw fruits are used in cooking dal in tribal areas.
Edible uses - Fruits are pounded; seeds are separated and cooked as vegetables. Gum is also edible.
Edible uses - Fruits are commonly eaten, sold in markets. The best way to enjoy jamuns is to pound them
Edible uses - Fruits are usually eaten fresh or used after preserving in form of ACHAARS. Rose apples spoil very quickly so fruits should be used soon after picking. The large, hollow seed cavity is sometimes utilized to stuff the fruits and bake them. Fruit extract can be used to make a sweet smelling rose water. 98. Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae An evergreen tree.
Local name - Hita, Hitamg (M); Amli, Thenthuli http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 51
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Demand (use) - High Location - Kokapal
Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - October - April
Edible uses - Fruits are eaten all over the district. The pulp is sold in markets in the shape of round balls. Seeds are fried or roasted and the kernels are powdered. The powder is boiled in water to make a sort of drink during summers. The fruit pulp is edible. Pulp of young fruits is sour and acidic, but ripe fruits are sweeter. Some varieties are sweet, while others have always a sour taste. Young leaves can be used in salads. It is popularly used in chutneys and sauces 99. Termenelia cattapa Local name - Desi badam Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - October - December Demand (use) - High Location Combretaceae A deciduous tree.
Edible uses - The seeds of the fruits are eaten like nuts (Almonds) among Tribals of Bastar. 99. Urginea indica Liliaceae An bulbous plant
Local name - Bailaagodri (H); Kolikanda Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - October - February Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kurandi
Edible uses - The bulb tastes bitter; slimy and is used to cook curries. 101. Woodfordia fruticosa Lythraceae A tall shrub.
Local name - Dhavai, Dhaul, Daul (H); Ittol, Jaji, Dhataki Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March - April Demand (use) - High Location - Kokapal
Edible uses - The flowers are available all around the year and are cooked as vegetables. Also the sweet nectar of flowers is also sucked by the tribals. 102. Xanthiu indicum Local name - Gokhru Availability - October - December Edible uses - The young leaves are cooked as vegettables. http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 52 Asteraceae An herb Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Machkot
Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 103. Xylia xylocarpa Local name - Kadai, Kadum
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) A tree. Demand (use) - Moderate
Mimosaceae
Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - Location - Machkot Edible uses - The seeds are roasted and eaten. 104. Zizyphus mauritiana Rhamanaceae Local name - Remga (H); Borkoli Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - February - April 105. Ziziphus nummularia Local name - Jhar beri Availability - February - April Rhamanaceae
A deciduous medium sized tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Jagdalpur A shrub. Demand (use) - High Location - Jagdalpur
Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten. Fruits are dried and are used to make achar in villages with mirchies.
Edible uses - The dried fruits can be eaten as is, or can be refreshed by soaking in water for a few minutes. Also used to make refreshing drinks. 106. Ziziphus oenoplia Rhamanaceae Local name - Katakuli (M), Ude (G) Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - February - April Edible uses - Ripe fruits are eaten. 107. Zizyphus jujuba Local name - Kul, Boir (H) Availability - December - March Rhamanaceae A shrub. Demand (use) - Moderate Location - Kokapal A shrub. Demand (use) - High Location - Machkot
Status in Bastar (availability) - Less
Edible use - Ripe fruits are eaten. Ripe fruits are also dried and stored for future use.
DISCUSSION:
IDENTIFIED SPECIES CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF HABIT: The information given in the species list above has been analysed in the following paragraphs. Species are classified on the basis of the habit i.e. nature of growth in the forests of Bastar region. The total number of species in any category is given within brackets. 1. TREE (45 species out of 107 species of plants)
Adenanthera pavonina, Aegle marmelos, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa, Anthocephalus cadamba, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus lakoocha, Averrhoa carambola, Bauhinia malabarica, Bauhinia purpurea, Borassus flabellifer, Buchanania lanzan, Butea monosperma, Caryota urens, Casearia PEER-REVIEWED Page | 53
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graveolens, Cinnamomum tamala, Citrus maxima, Cordia dichotoma, Dillenia pentagyna, Diospyros melanoxylon, Diospyros malabarica, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Emblica officinalis, Ensete superbum, Ficus glomerata, Flacourtia indica, Gmelina arborea, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Hymenodictyon orixense, Madhuca indica, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Phoenix sylvestris, Oroxylum indicum, Phyllanthus acidus, Schleichera oleosa, Shorea robusta, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Sterculia urens, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium jambos, Tamarindus indica, Termenelia cattapa, Zizyphus mauritiana 2. SHRUBS (13 species out of 107 species of plants)
Adhatoda zeylanica, Alangium salvifolium, Antidesma diandrum, Calamus floribundus, Carissa carandas, Celastrus paniculata, Gardenia gummifera, Hibiscus rugosus, Indigofera cassioides, Woodfordia fruticosa, Ziziphus nummularia, Ziziphus oenoplia, Zizyphus jujuba 3. HERBS (31 species out of 107 species of plants) Achyranthes aspera, Agave vera, Amaranthus spinosus, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Andrographis paniculata, Asparagus racemosus, Boerhaavia diffusa, Cannabis sativa, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Celosia argentea, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Colocasia esculenta, Costus speciosus, Curculigo orchioides, Curcuma amada, Curcuma angustifolia, Curcuma caesia, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Euphorbia prostrata, Leea macrophylla, Leucas aspera, Melilotus indica, Oxalis corniculata, Plesmonium margaretiferum, Polygonum plebeium, Urginea indica, Xanthiu indicum 4. CLIMBERS/CREEPERS (13 species out of 107 species of plants) Smithia conferta, Solanum surattense, Sphaeranthus indicus,
Bauhinia vahlii, Cissus repanda, Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Dioscorea spicata, Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea aquatica, Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria tuberosa, Smilax macrophylla 5. GRASSES (4 species out of 107 species of plants) Coix lacryma-jobi, Dendrocalamus strictus, Sacciolepis interrupta, Scirpus grossus IDENTIFIED SPECIES CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF USAGE: The information given in the species list above has been analysed in the following paragraphs. Species are classified on the basis of the parts used and how they are used. The total number of species in any category is given within brackets. 1. PLANT PARTS USED 1. FRUITS (42 species out of 107 species of plants)
Aegle marmelos, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa, Anthocephalus cadamba, Antidesma diandrum, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus lakoocha, Averrhoa carambola, Bauhinia vahlii, Borassus http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 54
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flabellifer, Buchanania lanzan, Carissa carandas, Casearia graveolens, Celastrus paniculata, Citrus maxima, Cordia dichotoma, Dillenia pentagyna, Diospyros melanoxylon, Diospyros malabarica, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Emblica officinalis, Ensete superbum, Ficus glomerata, Flacourtia indica,
Gmelina arborea, Madhuca indica, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Phoenix sylvestris, Phyllanthus acidus, Schleichera oleosa, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Solanum surattense, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium jambos, Tamarindus indica, Termenelia cattapa, Zizyphus mauritiana, Ziziphus
nummularia, Ziziphus oenoplia, Zizyphus jujube 2. SEEDS OR GRAINS (22 species out of 107 species of plants)
Adenanthera pavonina, Alangium salvifolium, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia vahlii, Buchanania lanzan, Cannabis sativa, Casearia graveolens, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Coix lacryma-jobi, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Diospyros malabarica, Madhuca indica, Mucuna pruriens, Oroxylum indicum, Sacciolepis interrupta, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Tamarindus indica, Termenelia cattapa, Xylia xylocarpa 3. LEAVES (33 species out of 107 species of plants)
Achyranthes aspera, Adhatoda zeylanica, Aegle marmelos, Agave vera, Alangium salvifolium, Amaranthus spinosus, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Andrographis paniculata, Annona reticulate, Annona squamosa, Antidesma diandrum, Averrhoa carambola, Bauhinia purpurea, Bauhinia vahlii, Boerhaavia diffusa, Butea monosperma, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Celosia argentea, Cinnamomum tamala, Colocasia esculenta, Euphorbia prostrate, Hymenodictyon orixense, Ipomoea aquatica, Leucas aspera, Melilotus indica, Oxalis corniculata, Plesmonium margaretiferum, Shorea robusta, Smilax macrophylla, Sphaeranthus indicus, Syzygium cumini, Tamarindus indica, Xanthiu indicum 4. ROOTS OR TUBERS Aegle marmelos, (25 species out of 107 species of plants) salvifolium, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Asparagus racemosus,
Alangium
Chlorophytum borivilianum, Colocasia esculenta, Costus
speciosus, Curcuma amada, Curcuma
angustifolia, Curcuma caesia, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Dioscorea spicata, Gardenia gummifera, Hibiscus rugosus, Ipomoea batatas, Leea macrophylla, Pueraria tuberose, Scirpus grossus, Smithia conferta, Urginea indica 5. STEM BARK OR SAP (17 species out of 107 species of plants)
Amaranthus spinosus, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa, Bauhinia malabarica, Borassus flabellifer, Butea monosperma, Calamus floribundus, Caryota urens, Cassia
occidentalis, Cissus repanda, Colocasia esculenta, Dendrocalamus strictus, Ensete superbum, Phoenix sylvestris, Plesmonium margaretiferum, Sterculia urens http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 55
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(9 species out of 107 species of plants)
Bauhinia purpurea, Borassus flabellifer, Butea monosperma, Caryota urens, Celastrus paniculata, Ensete superbum, Indigofera cassioides, Madhuca indica, Woodfordia fruticosa 7. WHOLE PLANT (12 species out of 107 species of plants)
Amaranthus spinosus, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Colocasia esculenta, Euphorbia prostrate, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Leucas aspera, Oxalis corniculata, Polygonum plebeium, Smilax macrophylla, Smithia conferta, Sphaeranthus indicus 2. PLANTS ARE USED AFTER VALUE ADDITION: Plants are used as vegetables, nuts, grains, etc. On the basis of usage the plants can be classified into following categories. The total number of species in each category is given within brackets. 1. VEGETABLES (A) LEAVES Achyranthes aspera, Adhatoda zeylanica, Agave vera, Amaranthus spinosus, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Andrographis paniculata, Antidesma diandrum, Bauhinia purpurea, Boerhaavia diffusa, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Celastrus paniculata, Celosia argentea, Colocasia esculenta, Cordia dichotoma, Euphorbia prostrata, Hymenodictyon orixense, Indigofera cassioides, Ipomoea aquatica, Leea macrophylla, Leucas aspera, Melilotus indica, Oxalis corniculata, Plesmonium margaretiferum, Semecarpus anacardium, Shorea robusta, Smilax macrophylla, Smithia conferta, Sphaeranthus indicus, Tamarindus indica, Xanthiu indicum (B) ROOTS Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Asparagus racemosus, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Colocasia esculenta, Curcuma amada, Curcuma angustifolia, Curcuma caesia, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Dioscorea spicata, Gardenia gummifera, Hibiscus rugosus, Ipomoea batatas, Leea macrophylla, Pueraria tuberosa, Scirpus grossus, Urginea indica (C) FLOWERS Bauhinia purpurea, Ensete superbum, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Indigofera cassioides, Madhuca indica, Woodfordia fruticosa (D) FRUITS Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia vahlii, Celastrus paniculata, Cordia dichotoma, Dillenia pentagyna, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Ensete superbum, Gmelina arborea, Mangifera indica, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Tamarindus indica (E) WHOLE PLANT http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 56 (71 species out of 107 species of plants)
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Amaranthus spinosus, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Celosia argentea, Colocasia esculenta, Euphorbia prostrata, Ipomoea aquatica, Leucas aspera, Oxalis corniculata, Polygonum plebeium, Smilax macrophylla, Smithia conferta, Sphaeranthus indicus (F) SEEDS Adenanthera pavonina, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia vahlii, Cannabis sativa, Mucuna pruriens, Oroxylum indicum, Semecarpus anacardium, Xylia xylocarpa (G) SHOOTS Calamus floribundus, Colocasia esculenta, Dendrocalamus strictus, Ensete superbum, Plesmonium margaretiferum 2. FRUITS (35 species out of 107 species of plants)
Aegle marmelos, Alangium salvifolium, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa, Anthocephalus cadamba, Antidesma diandrum, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus lakoocha, Averrhoa carambola, Borassus flabellifer, Buchanania lanzan, Calamus floribundus, Carissa carandas, Citrus maxima, Dillenia pentagyna, Diospyros melanoxylon, Diospyros malabarica, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Emblica officinalis, Ficus glomerata, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Phoenix sylvestris, Phyllanthus acidus, Schleichera oleosa, Semecarpus anacardium, Solanum surattense, Spondias pinnata, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium jambos, Tamarindus indica, Termenelia cattapa, Zizyphus mauritiana, Zizyphus nummularia, Zizyphus oenoplia, Zizyphus jujuba 3. NUTS (3 species out of 107 species of plants)
Buchanania lanzan, Ficus glomerata, Termenelia cattapa 4. BEVERAGES AND DRINKS (15 species out of 107 species of plants)
Aegle marmelos, Averrhoa carambola, Borassus flabellifer, Butea monosperma, Caryota urens, Cissus repanda, Citrus maxima, Curcuma angustifolia, Emblica officinalis, Madhuca indica, Mangifera indica, Phoenix sylvestris, Tamarindus indica, Woodfordia fruticosa, Ziziphus nummularia 5. GRAINS (5 species out of 107 species of plants)
Cassia occidentalis, Coix lacryma-jobi, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Dendrocalamus strictus, Sacciolepis interrupta 6. OILSEEDS (6 species out of 107 species of plants)
Butea monosperma, Casearia graveolens, Diospyros malabarica, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Madhuca indica, Termenelia cattapa 7. CHUTNEY & ACHAARS (19 species out of 107 species of plants)
Artocarpus lakoocha, Carissa carandas, Citrus maxima, Costus speciosus, Curcuma amada, Curcuma caesia, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dillenia pentagyna, Diospyros melanoxylon, Elaeocarpus floribundus, http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 57
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Emblica officinalis, Mangifera indica, Phyllanthus acidus, Spondias pinnata, Syzygium cumini, Zizyphus mauritiana, Zizyphus nummularia, Zizyphus oenoplia, Zizyphus jujuba 8. SWEETS (9 species out of 107 species of plants)
Averrhoa carambola, Buchanania lanzan, Citrus maxima, Curcuma angustifolia, Emblica officinalis, Ipomoea batatas, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Termenelia cattapa 9. CONDINMENTS (5 species out of 107 species of plants)
Bauhinia malabarica, Buchanania lanzan, Cinnamomum tamala, Ficus glomerata, Termenelia cattapa 10. BARK (1 species out of 107 species of plants)
Bauhinia malabarica 11. TREE SAP & GUMS (5 species out of 107 species of plants)
Borassus flabellifer, Caryota urens, Cissus repanda, Phoenix sylvestris, Sterculia urens AVAILABILITY OF IDENTIFIED EDIBLE PLANT SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA: Species are classified on the basis of the availability of plant species in the forests of Bastar region. The total numbers of species in any category are given within brackets. 1. ABUNDANT (48 species out of 107 species of plants)
Achyranthes aspera, Adhatoda zeylanica, Aegle marmelos, Amaranthus spinosus, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Asparagus racemosus, Bauhinia malabarica, Bauhinia purpurea, Buchanania lanzan, Cannabis sativa, Casearia graveolens, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Celosia argentea, Chlorophytum borivillium, Colocasia esculenta, Cordia dichotoma, Costus speciosus, Curcuma amada, Curcuma
angustifolia, Curcuma caesia, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Emblica officinalis, Ensete superbum, Euphorbia prostrata, Indigofera cassioides, Madhuca indica, Mangifera indica, Melilotus indica, Mucuna pruriens, Plesmonium margaretiferum, Polygonum plebeium, Sacciolepis interrupta, Scripus grossus, Shorea robusta, Smilax macrophylla, Smithia conferta, Solanum surattense, Spondias pinnata, Syzygium cumini, Tamarindus indica, Xanthiu indicum, Ziziphus nummularia 2. MODERATE (46 species out of 107 species of plants)
Adenanthera pavonina, Agave vera, Alangium salvifolium, Andrographis paniculata, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa, Anthocephalus cadamba, Antidesma diandrum, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia vahlii, Borassus flabellifer, Butea monosperma, Calamus floribundus, Caryota urens, Celastrus
paniculata, Cinnamomum tamala, Cissus repanda, Coix lacryma-jobi, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Dioscorea spicata, Diospyros melanoxylon, Ficus glomerata, Flacourtia indica, Gardenia gummifera, Gmelina arborea, Hibiscus rugosus, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Hymenodictyon orixense, Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea aquatica, Leea macrophylla, Leucas aspera, Manilkara zapota, Oroxylum indicum, Oxalis http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 58
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corniculata, Phoenix sylvestris, Phyllanthus acidus, Schleichera oleosa, Semecarpus anacardium, Sphaeranthus indicus, Termenelia cattapa, Urginea indica, Woodfordia Zizyphus mauritiana, Ziziphus oenoplia 3. LESS (12 species out of 107 species of plants) fructicosa, Xylia xylocarpa,
Artocarpus lakoocha, Averrhoa carambola, Boerhaavia diffusa, Carissa carandas, Citrus maxima, Dillenia pentagyna, Diospyros malabarica, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Pueraria tuberosa, Sterculia urens, Syzygium jambos, Zizyphus jujube DEMAND OF WILD EDIBLE PLANTS AMONG THE TRIBALS OF BASTAR: Species are arranged on the basis of demand of plant species/products among the tribals of Bastar region. The total numbers of species in categories are given in brackets. 1. HIGH (59 species out of 107 species of plants) Adhatoda zeylanica, Aegle marmelos, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Asparagus racemosus, Bauhinia malabarica, Bauhinia purpurea, Borassus flabellifer, Buchanania lanzan, Butea monosperma, Cannabis sativa, Caryota urens, Carissa carandas, Casearia graveolens, Chlorophytum borivillium, Cinnamomum tamala, Colocasia esculenta, Cordia dichotoma, Costus speciosus, Curcuma amada, Curcuma angustifolia, Curcuma caesia,
Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Dioscorea spicata, Diospyros melanoxylon, Emblica officinalis, Ficus glomerata, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea aquatica, Madhuca indica, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Mucuna pruriens, Phoenix sylvestris, Phyllanthus acidus, Pueraria tuberosa, Plesmonium margaretiferum, Polygonum plebeium, Schleichera oleosa, Scripus grossus, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Sterculia urens, Syzygium cumini, Tamarindus
indica, Termenelia cattapa, Woodfordia fructicosa, Zizyphus mauritiana, Ziziphus nummularia, Ziziphus oenoplia 2. MODERATE (28 species out of 107 species of plants)
Achyranthes aspera, Adenanthera pavonina, Amaranthus spinosus, Andrographis paniculata, Averrhoa carambola, Bauhinia vahlii, Celastrus paniculata, Cissus repanda, Citrus maxima, Coix lacryma-jobi, Dillenia pentagyna, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Flacourtia indica, Gardenia gummifera, Gmelina arborea, Hibiscus rugosus, Hymenodictyon orixense, Melilotus indica, Sacciolepis interrupta, Shorea robusta, Smilax macrophylla, Smithia conferta, Solanum surattense, Syzygium jambos, Urginea indica, Xanthiu indicum, Xylia xylocarpa, Zizyphus jujube
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Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 3. LOW
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(19 species out of 107 species of plants)
Agave vera, Alangium salvifolium, Anthocephalus cadamba, Antidesma diandrum, Artocarpus lakoocha, Boerhaavia diffusa, Calamus floribundus, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Celosia argentea, Diospyros malabarica, Ensete superbum, Euphorbia prostrata, Indigofera cassioides, Leea macrophylla, Leucas aspera, Oroxylum indicum, Oxalis corniculata, Sphaeranthus indicus SYSTEMATIC FAMILY LIST The identified and documented wild edible plant species belongs to the following 55 families (arranged according to Bentham hookers scheme)in table 6.
CONCLUSION:
Edible plants of forestry origin can provide a substantial food security to a larger population of the world. Food resources from forests are nutritionally important and are traditionally used to supplement the staple diet besides adding diversity and flavour. Several wild edible plants are used in times of scarcity and famine. To familiarise the food available in our forests, this study work entitled Identification & utilization of wild edible plants used by the Tribals of Bastar region has been compiled. In this work a total of 107 species of wild plants of forest origin were identified and documented, which were used by tribals of Bastar region as edible plants from different forests and forest villages of Bastar district. Investigations were made on plants according to their habit, family, plant description, basis of usage, mode of uses, status of plant availability in forests, demand among the tribals, and their value addition. The main aim of this study work was to compile the information of various available wild edible plants by which the state and the country should get attention and to give importance to under-valued resource of nature for a healthy living of the tribals.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
I take this momentous opportunity to express my heartiest gratitude, indebtedness and regards to my guide, Dr. Sharad Nema, HOD/Associate Professor, School of Studies Forestry & Wild life, Bastar Vishwavidyalaya, Jagdalpur. It has been a great honour to work under his supervision. I am extremely grateful for his valuable guidance, untiring attention and patience throughout my entire period of work. Carrying out his sheer volume and depth of this work was no easy without the help of some people who made this journey easier with words of encouragement and shore intellectually satisfying by offering different places to look to expand my theories and ideas. I owe the opportunity to express my gratefulness to Shri Deoshankar, Scientist, S.G Agriculture College and Research Centre, Jagdalpur for his encouragement and motivation throughout the present endeavour.
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I would like to express my grateful gratitude to Dr. Vinod Soni, Dr. Sanjeevan Kumar, Assistant Professor, School of Studies Forestry & Wildlife, Bastar Vishwavidyalaya, Jagdalpur for his constant support during my study work. I would also like to thank my friends and the villagers who lended me cooperation during the study work. My thanks also remain due for those who have helped me knowingly and unknowingly in various ways to complete my research work successfully.
REFRENCES:
Ayyanar M., Sankarasivaraman K., Ignacimuthu S. and Sekar T. (2010): Asian j. exp. biol. sci. 1(4): 265271. Dwivedi A. P. (2007): Forests The Non-Wood Resources. International book Distributors, Dhera Dun. p 352 Grivetti LE and Ogle Britta M. (2000): Value of traditional foods in meeting macro- and micronutrient needs: the wild plant connection. Natl. Res. Rev.13:31-46. Jain S. K. (1963): Wild Plant-Foods of the Tribals of Bastar (Madhya Pradesh); B.S.I. 30 B, (2):56-80. Kala prakash Chandra. (2009): Aboriginal uses and management of ethnobotanical species in deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh state in India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 5:20 Roy J. K., and Rao R. K. (1957): Investigations on the diet of the muria of Bastar Dist. Bull. Dept. Anthrop., Govt. India, 6, 33-45. Ogle Britta M. (2001): Wild vegetables and Micronutrient Nutrition- studies on the Significance of Wild vegetables in Womens Diets in Vietnam, (Comprehensive summaries of Uppsala, Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine). Ogle Britta M., Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung, Do Tran Thanh and Hambraeus L. (2001): The contribution of Wild Vegetables to micronutrient intakes among women: An example from the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Ecol. Food Nutr., 40:159-184. Ogle Britta M., Ho Thi Tuyet, Hoang Nghia Duyet and Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung. (2003): Food, Feed or Medicine: The multiple functions of edible wild plants in Vietnam, Econ. Bot. 57(1):103-117. Singh H. B., Arora R. K. (1978): Wild edible plants of India (1st ed.). ICAR Publication, New Delhi. p 88.
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ABBREVATIONS: @ At the rate of o C Degree Centigrade % Percent et al. Others Ha Hectare i.e. That is Viz. Namely Sq Square Fig Figure Spp Species Ht Height Kg Kilogram Km Kilometre m Metre cm Centimetre mm Millimetre gm Gram Hrs Hours in Inch ft Feet BM Bison-horn Maria Kilometre square Km2
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Sq Km FAO ISFR NWFP INB
Square Kilometre Food and Agriculture Organization Indian State Forest Report Non Wood Forest Products Indian National Bibliography
LANGUAGES D Dorli G Gondi H Halbi Hi Hindi M Maria T Telgu
TABLE 01:CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF THE HABIT / NATURE OF GROWTH, FOLLOWING RESULTS HAS BEEN FOUND Sr FORM / NATURE No. of species Total no. of species no. found 1. TREE 45 107 2. SHRUBS 13 107 3. HERBS 31 107 4. CLIMBERS 13 107 5. GRASSES 4 107
TABLE 02: CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF USAGE OF PLANT PARTS, FOLLOWING RESULTS HAS BEEN FOUND: Sr BASIS OF USAGE No. of species Total no. of species no. (PARTS USED) found 1. FRUITS 42 107 2. SEEDS OR GRAINS 22 107 3. LEAVES 33 107 4. ROOTS OR TUBERS 25 107 5. STEM BARK OR SAP 17 107 6. FLOWERS 9 107 7. WHOLE PLANT 12 107
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TABLE 03:CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF HOW THE PLANTS ARE USED AFTER VALUE ADDITION, FOLLOWING RESULTS HAS BEEN FOUND: Sr BASIS OF USAGE No. of species Total no. of species no. (FORM) found 1. VEGETABLES 71 107 2. FRUITS 35 107 3. NUTS 3 107 4. BEVERAGES & DRINKS 15 107 5. GRAINS 5 107 6. OILSEEDS 6 107 7. CHUTNEY & ACHAARS 19 107 8. SWEETS 9 107 9. CONDINMENTS 5 107 10. BARK 1 107 11. TREE SAP & GUMS 5 107
TABLE 04:CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF AVAILABILITY IN THE FORESTS OF BASTAR REGION, FOLLOWING RESULTS HAS BEEN FOUND Sr BASIS OF No. of species Total no. of species no. AVAILABILITY found ABUNDANT 34 107 1. MODERATE 39 107 2. LESS 11 107 3.
TABLE 05:CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF DEMAND AMONG THE TRIBALS OF BASTAR REGION, FOLLOWING RESULTS HAS BEEN FOUND BASIS OF DEMAND Sr No. of species Total no. of species no. found HIGH 50 107 1. MODERATE 20 107 2. LOW 14 107 3. TABLE 06: SYSTEMATIC FAMILY LIST S FAMILY SPECIES TOTAL S No. No. No. ACANTHACEAE 3, 9 2 1. 29. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. AGAVACEAE ALAGIACEAE AMARANTHACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANNONACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARECEAE 5 6 1, 7, 33 23, 74, 88, 94 10, 11 27, 66 8, 39, 82 1 1 3 4 2 2 3 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
FAMILY GRAMINAE HYPOXIDACEAE LAMIACEAE LAURACEAE LEEACEAE LILIACEAE LYTHRACEAE MALVACEAE
SPECIES No. 38, 46, 47, 85 42 72 35 71 34, 99 101 65 Page | 63
TOTAL 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
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Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 S No. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. FAMILY ARECACEAE ASPARAGACEAE ASTERACEAE BIGNONIACEAE BORGINACEAE CAESALPINIACEAE CANNABACEAE CELASTRACEAE COMBRETACEAE CONVULVULACEAE COSTACEAE CYPERACEAE DILLANIACEAE DIOSCORACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEA E EBENACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE FABACEAE
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ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) FAMILY MIMOSACEAE MORACEAE MUSACEAE MYRTACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE OXALIDACEAE PHYLLANTHACEA E POLYGONACEAE RHAMANACEAE RUBIACEAE RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SMILACACEAE SOLANACEAE STERCULIACEAE VERBANACEAE VITACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE SPECIES TOTAL No. 103 1 14, 15, 61 59 96, 97 21 17, 79 58, 81 83 104, 105, 106, 107 12, 63, 67 4, 37 86 73, 75 90 92 95 64 36 43, 44, 45 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3
SPECIES TOTAL S No. No. 22, 25, 28, 4 37. 80 16 1 38. 93, 102 78 40 18, 19, 20, 30, 31, 98 26 32 99 69, 70 41 87 48 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 89 55, 56 57 13, 60 2, 24, 68, 76, 77, 84, 91 29, 62 2 1 1 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 2 7 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.
28.
FLACOURTIACEAE
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FIG. 1. A1, A2 - Aegle marmelos pulp. B1, B2 - Amorphophallus paeoniifolius plant and tubers. C - Annona reticulata fruits. D - Asparagus racemosus herb. E - Bauhinia malabarica tree. F - Bauhinia purpurea tree. G - Bauhinia vahlii climber. H - Borassus flabellifer pulp. I, J - Buchanania lanzan tree and fruits. K - Butea monosperma flowers. L - Carissa carandas plant.
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FIG. 2.
A, B - Caryota urens (Salphi) tree and inflorescence. C - Tribal taking out Salphi from the tree. D - Salphi drink. E - Tribals selling Salphi at HAAT. F - Casearia graveolens fruits. G - Cassia tora herb. H - Chlorophytum borivilianum herb. I, J - Colocasia esculenta plant & tubers. K - Cordia dichotoma fruits. L, M - Costus speciosus herb and tubers. N - Curculigo orchioides herb with tubers.
FIG. 3.
METHOD - A: Traditional method of processing of Tikhur starch. METHOD - B: Modern method of processing of Tikhur starch. PEER-REVIEWED Page | 66
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FIG. 4.
A, B - Curcuma amada herb and tubers. C, D - Curcuma angustifolia plant and tikhur starch. E, F - Curcuma caesia plant and tubers. G - Dendrocalamus strictus young stem Culm BAASTA. H - Dillenia pentagyna fruits. J - Dioscorea bulbifera tubers. K, L, M - Dioscorea hispida tubers, processing and processed chips KULIAPAPAD. N - Dioscorea pentaphylla tubers. P - Dioscorea oppositifolia climber. O - Dioscorea spicata tubers. PEER-REVIEWED Page | 67 I - Dioscorea alata tubers.
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FIG. 5. A - Diospyros melanoxylon fruits B, C - Emblica officinalis fruits Achaar and Murabaah D - Ensete superbum plant. E - Euphorbia prostrata herb F - Ficus glomerata fruits. G - Gardenia gummifera plant H, I - Hibiscus rugosus plant and tubers J - Holarrhena antidysenterica flowers K, L - Ipomoea batatas tubers (white & purple).
FIG. 6. A, B - Madhuca indica TREE C - Mahua flowers D - Tribals collecting Mahua flowers. E, F - Tribals drying Mahua flowers under sun. G, H - Dried Mahua flowers are sold in Mandis. I, J - Tribals distilling Mahua Alcohol from Dried Mahua flowers. K - Mahua liquor (MAND) L - Tribals selling Mahua Mand in Haats.
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FIG. 7. A - Leucas aspera herb. B - Oxalis corniculata herb. sylvestris tree. D - Tribal taking out Chind Ras. E - Chind Ras. F - Chind fruits. G - Chind gur. H - Pueraria tuberosa tuber. I - Schleichera oleosa (Kusum) fruits. J - Scirpus grossus tubers.
FIG. 8. A - Semecarpus anacardium nuts. B - Tribals selling Bhelva nuts in Haat. C - Spondias pinnata fruits (Amda). D - Sterculia urens gum (Kullu gum). E - Syzygium cumini fruits (Jamun). F - Syzygium jambos fruits. G - Tamarindus indica fruits. H - Imli bhelaa sold in HAATS. I - Woodfordia fruticosa flowers. J - Urginea indica herbs. K - Ziziphus nummularia plant. L - Ziziphus oenoplia fruits.
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50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 TREES 45
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31
13
13
SHRUBS
HERBS
CLIMBERS
GRASSES
FIG. 09. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF THE HABIT / NATURE OF GROWTH
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
42
33 25 22 17 12 9
FRUITS
SEEDS OR GRAINS
LEAVES
ROOTS OR STEM BARK FLOWERS TUBERS OR SAP
WHOLE PLANT
FIG. 10. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF USAGE OF PLANT PARTS
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 71
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35 15 3 5 6 19 9 4 1 5
FIG. 11. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF HOW THE PLANTS ARE USED AFTER VALUE ADDITION
50 40 30 20 10 0 ABUNDANT MODERATE LESS 11 39 34
FIG. 12. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF AVAILABILITY OF THE PLANT SPECIES IN THE FORESTS OF BASTAR REGION
60 50 50 40 30 20 20 10 0 HIGH MODERATE LOW 14
FIG. 13 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF DEMAND AMONG THE TRIBALS OF BASTAR REGION http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 71
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FLACOURTIACEAE FABACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE ELAECARPACEAE EBENACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE DILLANIACEAE CYPERACEAE COSTACEAE CONVOLVUCEAE COMBRETACEAE CELASTRACEAE CANNABACEAE CAESALPINIACEAE BORANGINACEAE BIGNONIACEAE ASTERACEAE ASPARAGACEAE ARECACEAE ARACEAE APOCYNACEAE ANNONACEAE ANACARDIACEAE AMARANTHACEAE ALANGIACEAE AGAVACEAE ACANTHACEAE 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 7 2
4 3 2 2 4 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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ZINGIBERACEAE VITACEAE VERBENACEAE STERCULIACEAE SOLANACEAE SMILACACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPINDACEAE RUTACEAE RUBIACEAE RHAMANACEAE POLYGONACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE QXALIDACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE MYRTACEAE MUSACEAE MORACEAE MIMOSACEAE MALVACEAE LYTHRACEAE LILIACEAE LEEACEAE LAURACEAE LAMIACEAE HYPOXIDACEAE GRAMINAE 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
3 4
4 3.5 4 4.5
FIG. 14. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF THE SYSTEMATIC FAMILIES OF THE PLANT SPECIES
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ANNEXURE I TABLE 07: CHHATTISGARH FOREST AT A GLANCE: FOREST AREAS: At a glance: Reserved Forests Protected Forests Undemarkated P.F. Total Forests 25782.167 Sq.Km. 24036.100 Sq.Km. 9954.122 Sq.Km 59772.389Sq.Km.
FOREST AREAS PERCENTAGE

Undemarkate d P.F. 17% Reserved Forests 43%
Protected Forests 40%
Total Forests 59772.389Sq.Km.

FIG. 14. Indian State forest report 2011
TABLE 08: Forest Types of Chhattisgarh S.No. 1. 2. 3. Types of Forest Sal Teak Mixed Total Forest Area (in Sq.Km.) 24244.878 5633.131 6484.380 59772.389 Percentage (%) 40.56 9.42 50.02 100
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ANNEXURE II DISTRICT WISE FOREST COVER (CHHATTISGARH)
Table 09: District-wise Forest Cover (Sq.km.): Year 2011 Forest Cover S.No. District Geographic area 14974 8270 17634 8549 3852 5838 6506 4,223 6599 6604 4789 7086 16,468 8,068 15731 35191 Very Dense 1,349 338 1,082 44 4 111 215 70 203 79 4 126 189 29 320 4,163 Dense forest 4,333 1,623 6,167 521 26 1,485 2,044 1,126 2,306 2,605 534 1,697 3,837 1,771 4,836 34,911 Open Forest Total Percent of Difference G.A. 53.50 30.16 64.24 8.97 4.02 37.07 47.56 37.53 50.75 62.19 20.05 35.93 33.16 31.23 45.34 41.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -2 0 -1 0 -4 Scrub
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Bastar Bilaspur Dantewara Durg Janjgir -Champa Jashpur Kanker Kawardha Korba Korea Mahasamund Raigarh Raipur & Dhamtari Rajnandgaon Surguja Total
2,329 533 4,079 202 125 568 835 389 840 1,423 422 723 1,435 720 1,977 16,600
8,011 2,494 11,328 767 155 2,164 3,094 1,585 3,349 4,107 960 2,546 5,461 2,520 7,133 55,674
11 6 22 4 2 11 2 4 6 3 8 13 7 4 16 119
Source: Forest Survey of India Report (Year - 2011) *comparison of 2011 assessment with that of 2009 Annexure III QUESTIONNAIRES The identified and collected plant samples were arranged and documented according to the following questionnaires: LOCAL NAME - Local name of the identified species indifferent local tribal languages e.g. Halbi, Maria, Gondi OTHER COMMON NAMES - Other local names prevalent in the study area. STATUS IN BASTAR (AVALABILITY) - Information about the availability of plant species in the local forests. DEMAND (USE) - The level of demand of plant species / plant products among between the tribals of the study area. USEFUL PARTS - which parts are used for edible purposes. AVAILABILITY - when the plant species or the plant products are available in the forests. EDIBLE USES - the edible uses of the plant species. And also the way of edibility i.e. either used in raw or processed form. PROCESSING TECHNIQUES - The traditional techniques and the modern processing techniques of the edible plant species.
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ANNEXURE V TABLE 10: Nutritive values of some wild edible plants from forest per 100 gms. of edible portion
S No. Botanical Name Moisture Protien Fat Minerals Fibres Carbohydrat es 8 31.8 7.0 18.4 15.7 23.6 57.8 19.8 13.3 6.1 9.7 17.3 19.5 2.9 5.5 4.4 8.1 12.2 13.4 24.7 15.5 26.6 26.8 12.3 22.7 72.0 33.8 9.9 4.5 14.0 9.7 18.2 17.0 Calories
1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
2 Aegle marmelos Amaranthus spinosus Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Annona reticulata Annona squamosa Antidesma diandrum Artocarpus heterophyllus Artocarpus lakoocha Averrhoa carambola Bauhinia purpurea Bauhinia vahlii Buchanania lanzan Carissa carandas Cassia tora Celosia argentea Colocasia esculenta Cordia dichotoma Dillenia pentagyna Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscorea pentaphylla Diospyros malabarica Diospyros melanoxylon Euphorbia prostrata Flacourtia indica Madhuca indica Phoenix sylvestris Schleichera oleosa Spondias pinnata Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Tamarindus indica Zizyphus mauritiana
3 61.5 85.0 78.7 76.8 69.3 7.2 76.2 82.1 91.9 78.1 25.5 74.3 91.0 84.9 87.4 78.8 82.5 82.3 67.6 79.6 69.6 70.6 78.1 67.8 18.6 59.2 86.2 90.3 83.7 89.1 70.5 81.6
4 1.8 3.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 7.2 1.9 0.7 0.7 3.6 23.7 2.2 1.1 5.0 1.1 6.8 1.8 0.8 4.5 2.8 1.4 0.8 4.7 1.7 4.4 1.2 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 5.8 0.8
5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 4.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 28.2 0.8 2.9 0.8 0.8 2.0 1.0 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.7 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.8 3.0 0.3 0.2 2.1 0.3
6 1.7 3.6 0.8 0.7 1.1 9.5 0.9 0.8 0.4 2.1 3.0 1.7 0.6 1.7 2.6 2.5 2.2 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 3.2 1.3 2.7 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.3
7 2.9 1.1 0.8 5.2 3.7 13.5 1.1 2.0 0.8 5.5 2.3 1.5 1.5 2.1 3.7 1.8 0.3 2.5 1.1 0.9 1.5 0.8 4.7 1.7 3.7 0.6 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.9 -
9 137 43 79 70 107 303 88 66 28 62 418 94 42 49 29 77 65 59 124 43 113 112 83 114 311 144 53 48 62 43 115 74
Source - (Dwivedi 2007)
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Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

KEY WORD: Identification,Wild edible plants, Bastar region.

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

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Local name - Bhuinim (G); Kirata http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 33

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Demand (use) - Moderate

Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - October - December

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 15. Artocarpus lakoocha

ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) A deciduous tree.

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - March - June

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Local name - Keringila, Karmatta (G); Mici (M); Raayi

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Demand (use) - High Location - Aasna

Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - December - March

Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Demand (use) - High Location - Aasna

Status in Bastar (availability) - Moderate Availability - December to March

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Malvaceae A small shrub.

Edible uses - The leaves are cooked as vegetables by the tribals.

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 72. Leucas aspera

ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) An evergreen tree. Demand (use) - High Location - Kokapal

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 93. Sphaeranthus indicus

ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) An annual herb. Demand (use) - Low Location - Jagdalpur

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) Demand (use) - High Location - Kokapal

Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant Availability - October - April

Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant

ISSN 2277-4297(Print)09761098(Online) A tree. Demand (use) - Moderate

Status in Bastar (availability) - Abundant

Status in Bastar (availability) - Less

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012

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Chlorophytum borivilianum, Colocasia esculenta, Costus

speciosus, Curcuma amada, Curcuma

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 6. FLOWERS

(9 species out of 107 species of plants)

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Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012 3. LOW

(19 species out of 107 species of plants)

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Sq Km FAO ISFR NWFP INB

LANGUAGES D Dorli G Gondi H Halbi Hi Hindi M Maria T Telgu

Life Sciences Leaflets12:29-76,2012