Examinee No. E.A.

203 Organization and Management with Legal Bases of Education

1. Explain briefly and concisely the following: 1.1. Child Prostitution and Sexual Abuse Prostitution is said to be the worlds oldest profession but it is actually the sale of persons, most often women and children, for profit and sexual gratification of others. Child prostitution is defined as any person under the age of 18 that engage in prostitution acts. It is when the child under the age of 18 offers or coerce to have sex to others and gets paid for it. In most cases, it is not the child who makes money from the prostitution, but another person, any adult or syndicate group. There is an attempt to commit child prostitution (a) when any person who, not being a relative of a child, is found alone with the said child inside the room of a house, motel, or secluded area under circumstances which would lead a reasonable person to believe that the child is about to be exploited in prostitution and other sexual abuse; and (b) when any person is receiving services from a child in a sauna parlor or massage clinic and other similar establishments. In Philippine law, the penalty for those who engage/promote/induce child prostitution is reclusion temporal in its medium period, it means 14 years, 8 months and one day to 17 years and 4 months, to reclusion perpetua at 20 years and 1 day to 40 years.

1.2. Child Trafficking Child trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of children for the purpose of exploitation. It is simply an act of buying and selling of a child for money. The following are deemed as attempt to commit child trafficking: (a) when a child travels alone to a foreign country without valid reason and without clearance issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Development or written permit the child's parents or legal guardian; (b) when a person, agency, establishment recruits women or couples to bear children for the purpose of child trafficking; (c) when a doctor, hospital or clinic official or employee, local civil registrar or any other person simulates birth for the purpose of child trafficking; and (d) when a person engages in the act of finding children among low-income families, hospitals, clinics, nurseries, day-care centers, or other child-during institutions who can be offered for the purpose of child trafficking.

1.3. Acts of Neglect, Abuse, Cruelty or Exploitation and Other Conditions Prejudicial to the Child's Development Every child has its own rights that are protected by the State, by our laws. If a child is being abused or neglected, the person afflicting these acts is accountable to the state. Abuse is not only physical, shaking, hitting, beating, but also emotional, constantly blaming or putting down a child, excessive yelling, shaming. Also, a child must not be abuse sexually or forced to any sexual activity. Furthermore, a child should not be neglected. Neglect is a pattern of failure to provide for the child's basic needs. Neglect may be physical or medical, failure to provide necessary food, clothing, shelter, and medical care. Also, failure to provide for the child's emotional needs, such as affection,

attention, and supervision. It could also be educational neglect if the parents failed to educate or attend the educational needs of the child.

1.4. Children in Situations of Armed Conflict Children are hereby declared as Zones of Peace. It means that children are 'conflict-free zone- that children should be protected from harm and provided with the essential services to ensure their survival and well-being. This means that children shall not be the object of attack and shall be protected from any form of threat, assault, torture or other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment; they shall not recruited to become members of AFP civilian units nor to take part in fighting, or to be used as guides, spies or courier. Moreover, the children shall be given priority during evacuation as a result of armed conflict.

1.5. Remedial Procedures If there will be a violation of this law, or reports of child abuse or exploitation, then complaints should be filed by the offended party or by parents/guardians, social worker, or responsible citizens, and this offended party shall be immediately placed under the protective custody of the Department of Social Welfare and Development. His/her name may be withheld from public for confidentiality purposes until the court acquires jurisdiction over the case. Sensationalized publicity of the media that will result into moral degradation and suffering of the offended party is considered unlawful by the court. Cases involving violations of this Act shall be heard in the chambers of the judge of the Regional Trial Court duly designated as Juvenile and Domestic Court.

2. Elucidate the following: 2.1. Child abuse Child abuse is the physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of child. This includes neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse and sexual abuse. In school setting, physical abuse of a student may include hitting any parts of the body of the child like hitting his/her head, pinching his/her arms. Emotional abuse when a teacher use derogatory or degrading words to hurt and to shame the child, by yelling or screaming, in front of the whole class.

2.2. Discrimination against Children Discrimination involves treating an individual unfairly in comparison to others because of who they are, or their circumstances. Based on experience, I had 2 students who were Mamanwas. They were usually excluded by their classmates in any classroom activities. They were always alone and did not mingle with others as they were ostracized because they were IPs. Thus, we teachers must create an environment wherein all should be involved, and equality and respect should be prevalent.

2.3. Child Exploitation The very word exploit means to use unfairly for one's own advantage often resulting in harmful treatment. Child exploitation may be sexual or child labour. In school, a child is exploited if he/she is manipulated, misuse or victimized to do harmful acts such as stealing others things.

2.4. Violence against Children in schools It refers to a single act or series of acts committed by school administrators, academic or non-academic personnel against a child which result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering. For example, harassment, coercion, or even deprivation of liberty could be considered as violence against them.

2.5. Bullying School bullying refers to all types of bullying done on school property, whether it is peer-to-peer bullying, bullying of younger children by older children, or bullying through the net or social networking site like facebook. Physical bullying takes the form of physical abuse, such as pushing, shoving, hitting, fighting, spitting, and tripping. On the other hand, emotional bullying involves insults, derogatory remarks, name calling, and teasing. Also included are attempts to ostracize the victim, such as being left out or ignored, which is sometimes referred to as social bullying. Emotional bullying could also take the form of purposely misplacing or hiding someone's belongings. Emotional bullying can be done in person or through cyberbullying. Cyber bullying is bullying that takes place online, through either email, chat rooms, social networking services, text messages, instant messages, website postings, blogs, or a combination of means. The content of cyberbullying includes posting insulting and derogatory comments about someone or sending such comments to someone; sending mean or threatening messages; gossiping about someone online including posting sensitive or private information.

2.6. Corporal Punishment It refers to a kind of punishment or penalty imposed for an alleged or actual offense, which is carried out or inflicted, for the purpose of discipline, training or control, by a teacher, school administrator, an adult, or any other child who has been given or has assumed authority or responsibility for punishment or discipline. It could be physical such as hitting, kicking, slapping, pulling the hair, piercing the skin or using cane or stick to discipline a child.

Examinee No. EA 201 Ecology of Education

2. How do school heads motivate their teachers? There are many theories of motivation: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Vrooms expectancy theory, use of goals for motivation by Locke and many more, but the question is how school heads motivate their teachers to do well in their performance in school. Does a school head need to be a transformational or transactional leader to motivate his/her teachers? To motivate our teachers, school heads, in my own opinion, should be more transformational and less transactional. Transformational leadership is the process in which the leader and employee support each other to reach a high level of moral and supportive spirit. Transformational school heads have the ability to develop the vision of their

teachers, encourage them, and raise their moral spirit. They inspire trust in those they are leading, encouraging them to think critically and seek new ways to approach their jobs. They motivate by making teachers more aware of the importance of task outcomes As a result, there will be a rise in the efficiency and productivity of the organization because of its flexibility and how it gives the followers the chance to be creative. Meanwhile, transactional leadership involves an exchange process between leader and follower. The leader focuses on results and performing; moreover, he or she motivates employees by bonuses/rewards in order to make them work. Giving little incentives could also motivate the teachers to do well in their job.

3. Briefly explain the Opening and Closure of School Setting up a new public school is an extraordinary opportunity and a major challenge. New public schools shall be established in municipalities or cities upon the approval of the DepEd secretary provided that the requirements are met. The requirement are the following: a. an expressed, real and urgent need in the area b. Sangguniang Resolution requesting the establishment of a new school c. A project feasibility study conducted by the school head and recommended by the SDS and RD to the secretary d. Dead of Acquisition of Site e. Certification of availability of funds for its operation f. Certification of availability of classroom and other facilities g. Certification of availability of equipment necessary for the type of school h. Approved budget for the initial operation of school i. Approved plantilla of personnel The above requirements are necessary for the establishment of new school particularly the project feasibility study. The feasibility study will analyse and evaluate the potential project that will give full idea to the decision makers. It will uncover the purpose, the possible resources for operations, and strengths and weaknesses of the proposed project. The outcome of the feasibility study will indicate whether or not to proceed with the proposed venture, the establishment of a new school. Meanwhile, the closure of a public school lies on the hand of the Regional Director (RD) upon the recommendation of the Schools Division Superintendent (SDS) after a thorough investigation. The RD may declare a public school temporary closed when: (a) no students are enrolled; (b) the school buildings are destroyed or have been declared dangerous to life; (c) the entire school building and site houses refugees from calamities; and (d) there is no peace and order in the community.