A SUSPENSION BRIDGE

History
A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck (the load-bearing portion) is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. Outside Tibet and Bhutan, where the first examples of this type of bridge were built in the 15th century, this type of bridge dates from the early 19th century. Bridges without vertical suspenders have a long history in many mountainous parts of the world. This type of bridge has cables suspended between towers, plus vertical suspender cables that carry the weight of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance. Early precursor The Tibetan saint and bridge-builder Thangtong Gyalpo originated the use of iron chains in his version of early suspension bridges. In 1433, Gyalpo built eight bridges in eastern Bhutan. The only surviving chain-linked bridge of Gyalpo's was the Thangtong Gyalpo Bridge in Duksum enroute to Trashi Yangtse, which was finally washed away in 2004. Gyalpo's iron chain bridges did not include a suspended deck bridge which is the standard on all modern suspension bridges today. Instead, both the railing and the walking layer of Gyalpo's bridges used wires. The stress points that carried the screed were reinforced by the iron chains. Before the use of iron chains it is thought that Gyalpo used ropes from twisted willows or yak skins.

First suspension bridges The first design for a bridge resembling the modern suspension bridge is attributed to Fausto Veranzio, whose 1595 book Machinae Novae included drawings both for a timber and rope suspension bridge, and a hybrid suspension and cable-stayed bridge using iron chains . However, the first suspension bridge actually built was by American engineer and inventor James Finley at Jacob's Creek, in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, in 1801. [5] Finley's bridge was the first to incorporate all of the necessary components of a suspension bridge, including a suspended deck bridge which hung by trusses. In 1808, Finley had patented the suspension bridge and by 1810, he published his design in a New York journal entitled The Port Folio. Early British chain bridges included the Dryburgh Abbey Bridge (1817) and 137 m Union Bridge (1820), with spans rapidly increasing to 176 m with the Menai Suspension Bridge (1826). The Clifton Suspension Bridge shown above (designed in 1831, completed in 1864 with a 214 m central span) is one of the longest of the parabolic arc chain type.

Detail of "View of the Chain Bridge invented by James Finley Esq." (1810), wood engraving, William Strickland, delineator. Although not specifically identified, this is likely the Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill (1808).

Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon in Bristol, England. The bridge was designed by the great Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

In the United States, the first major wire-cable suspension bridge was the Wire Bridge at Fairmount in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed by Charles Ellet, Jr. and completed in 1842, it had a span of 109 m. Ellet's Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge (184748)

Spring Garden Street Bridge is a bridge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, that crosses the Schuylkill River below Fairmount Dam.

Suspension bridges are typically ranked by the length of their main span. These are the ten bridges with the longest spans, followed by the length of the span and the year the bridge opened for traffic: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Akashi Kaiky Bridge (Japan), 1991 m 1998 Xihoumen Bridge (China), 1650 m 2009 Great Belt Bridge (Denmark), 1624 m 1998 Yi Sun-sin bridge (South Korea), 1545 m 2012 Runyang Bridge (China), 1490 m 2005 Humber Bridge (England, United Kingdom), 1410 m 1981. (The longest span from 1981 until 1998.) 7. Jiangyin Suspension Bridge (China), 1385 m 1997 8. Tsing Ma Bridge (Hong Kong, China), 1377 m 1997 (longest span with both road and metro) 9. Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (USA), 1298 m 1964. (The longest span from 1964 until 1981.) 10. Golden Gate Bridge (USA), 1280 m 1937. (The longest span from 1937 until 1964.) 11. Yangpu Bridge (China), 1280 m 2007

The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan

New York's Brooklyn Bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco

Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minnesota

PART I (Suspension bridge that can be found in our country) Pulau Langkawi's Suspended Bridge (Malaysia)

This sky bridge spans around the gorge on Palau Langkawi, which is the largest island in the Langkawi archipelago, Malaysia. Its suspended at 687 m above sea level, offering magnificent views of the Andaman Sea and Thailands Tarutao Island. The view from the bridge is really breathtaking its curves provide different perspectives of the landscapes. The Sky Bridge is one of the most spectacular bridges in the world that delivers quite a pump of adrenaline.

This unique cable-stayed bridge is suspended by only one support column. This 95-yard column held up by 8 load-balancing cables. The curved pedestrian bridge spans 125 m across a spectacular chasm. The bridge is 136 yards long and 2 yards wide. The 1.8 m-wide Sky Bridge had two 3.6 m-wide triangular platforms that provided a spectacular viewing area for visitors and remember when in the front of the bridge, you are standing 687 m above sea level.

Monorail Suspension Bridge At Putra Jaya Malaysia

Monorail Suspension Bridge is one of the many bridges in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It was built to link several important landmarks in the Putrajaya area like the Putrajaya Convention Centre, Putra Mosque and the Government Administrative Complex in Parcel E. The bridge's main span has a length of approximately 240m and width of 10m. It is owned by Putrajaya Holding Sdn. Bhd. and was designed by PJS International Sdn. Bhd. The project halted in 2004 because the government had not approved further funding. The stalled project has often been described as the missing link of the public transport system designed for the federal administrative capital. The Ministry of the Federal Territories instructed the Putrajaya Corporation to appoint an independent consultant to conduct a study on the projects viability.

Part II
a) State at least two different functions to represent the curved suspender cables which are parabolic.

METHOD 1

f(x) 50 5 - 300 Fromthe graphthe valueof 0 300 x

2 1 2

The function

METHOD 2 Completing the square

f(x) 50 5 0 300 600 x

b) The distance between the two vertical suspender cables is d metre. 2Find the number of vertical suspender cable is used on both sides of the bridge as shown in the table below. METHOD 1

Distance between the two vertical suspender cables (d metre) 10 15 20 25 30

Number of Number of vertical vertical suspender cable suspender cable ( 2 side ) ( 1 side ) 59 39 29 23 19 118 78 58 46 38

METHOD 2 Using Arithmetic Progression method

600 2 1 d

Number of vertical suspender cable =

Part III
(c) (i)

Distance between the two vertical suspender cables (d metres) 10 15 20 25 30

Types of cables

Number of vertical suspender cable (2 sides) 118 78 58 46 38

Cost per meter

Total cost per meter

A B C D E

RM500 RM750 RM1000 RM1200 RM1500

118 RM500 =RM59000 78RM750 = RM58500 58RM1000 =RM58000 46RM1200 =RM55200 38RM1500 =RM57000

From the table,the minimum cost of the vertical suspender cables is RM55 200, to construct the bridge.
(c) (ii)

Minimum total cost for the cables = 2(RM1.1million) +RM55 200 = RM2 200 000+RM55 200 = RM2 255 200

(d) The maximum length of each slanting suspender cable : Cost for 2 slanting cable = RM4 000 000 RM2 255 200 = RM 1 744 800 =
RM 1 744 800 = RM 872 400 2 RM 872 400 RM 1200

Cost for each slanting cable

The maximum length of each slanting cable =

= 727m

FURTHER EXPLORATION
Suspension Bridge 3D Skecth with AUTOCAD 2010 From Right View

From Left View

Entrance View

From Far View