LOAD FLOW STUDIES

A. Gauss Seidel and Gauss Iterative

1. For PQ Bus, directly find V
i
and carry on iterations.
V
i
=
1
Y
ii

P
i
-jQ
i
V
i
*
- _ Y
ik
V
k
n
k=1
ki

2. V
i
= V
i
0
+ V, is the convergence factor.(if given)
3. In Gauss Seidel, after an element has been iterated, the new value is used wherever that element is to
be used. In Gauss Iterative, in a given i
th
iteration, the value of element in its (i-1)
th
iteration will be used
4. For PV Bus:
i. Find Q
i
= - Img (
k=1

n
V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
), updating V
i
& V
k
as soon as it is changed in Gauss Seidel.
ii. Then find V
i
and use it to find , |V| is as given.
iii. If limits are given, then re-compute Q
i
and check if it lies in given range. If not, then fix the value
of Q
i
on the upper or lower limit and convert the bus to a PQ Bus

B. Newton Raphson (NR) Method
1. S
i
*
=
k=1

n
V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
P
i
= Re (S
i
*
) Q
i
= - Img (S
i
*

)
2. Calculation of P
i
and Q
i
and formation of PQ-Matrix
3. Calculation of Jacobian Matrix:
a. H Matrix (
o

oo
k
, )
H
ik
= - | V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| sin (
ik
+
k

i
) = - Img ( S
ik
*

) = - Img (V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
)
H
ii
=
k=1, ki

n
|V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| sin (
ik
+
k

i
) = - Q
i
- |V
i
|
2
B
ii

b. J Matrix (
o

oo
k
, )
J
ik
= - | V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| cos (
ik
+
k

i
) = - Re ( S
ik
*

) = - Re (V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
)
J
ii
=
k=1, ki

n
|V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| cos (
ik
+
k

i
) = P
i
- |V
i
|
2
G
ii

c. N Matrix ( |V
k
|
o

o|v|
k
, )
N
ik
= | V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| cos (
ik
+
k

i
) = Re ( S
ik
*

) = - Re (V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
) = -J
ik
N
ii
= 2 |V
i
|
2
G
ii
+
k=1, ki

n
|V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| cos (
ik
+
k

i
) = 2 |V
i
|
2
G
ii
+ J
ii

d. L Matrix ( |V
k
|
o

o|v|
k
, )
L
ik
= - | V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| sin (
ik
+
k

i
) = - Img ( S
ik
*

) = - Img (V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
) = H
ik
L
ii
= -2 |V
i
|
2
B
ii
-
k=1, ki

n
|V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| sin (
ik
+
k

i
) = -2 |V
i
|
2
B
ii
- H
ii

4. [Jac] = _
[H] [N]
[J] [L]
_
5. Take inverse of Jacobian Matrix
6. [Jac]
-1
[PQ] = [
A||
||
, ]
7. obtained is in radians. Convert it to degrees.
8. Find
new
=
old
+ & |V|
new
=|V|
old
+ |V|
LOAD FLOW STUDIES
C. Newton Decoupled Load Flow (NDLF) Method
1. S
i
*
=
k=1

n
V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
P
i
= Re (S
i
*
) Q
i
= - Img (S
i
*

)
2. Calculation of P
i
and Q
i
and formation of PQ-Matrix
3. Calculation of Jacobian Matrix:
a. H Matrix (
o

oo
k
, )
H
ik
= - | V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| sin (
ik
+
k

i
) = - Img ( S
ik
*

) = - Img (V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
)
H
ii
=
k=1, ki

n
|V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| sin (
ik
+
k

i
) = - Q
i
- |V
i
|
2
B
ii

b. L Matrix ( |V
k
|
o

o|v|
k
, )
L
ik
= - | V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| sin (
ik
+
k

i
) = - Img ( S
ik
*

) = - Img (V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
) = H
ik
L
ii
= -2 |V
i
|
2
B
ii
-
k=1, ki

n
|V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
| sin (
ik
+
k

i
) = -2 |V
i
|
2
B
ii
- H
ii

c. J & N Matrices are = 0 because of assumption that G<<B and |
i
-
k
|<15
o

4. [Jac] = _
[H] 0
0 [L]
_
5. Take inverse of Jacobian Matrix
6. [Jac]
-1
[PQ] = [
A||
||
, ]
OR
4. [H]
-1
[P] = [ ]
5. [L]
-1
[Q] = [
A||
||
, ]
6. |V| =
A||
||
, x |V|
7. obtained is in radians. Convert it to degrees.
8. Find
new
=
old
+ & |V|
new
=|V|
old
+ |V|

D. Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) Method
1. S
i
*
=
k=1

n
V
i
*
Y
ik
V
k
P
i
= Re (S
i
*
) Q
i
= - Img (S
i
*

)
2. Calculation of
A

||

, and
Q
I
||

, and formation of PQ-Matrix

3. Calculation of Jacobian Matrix: [Jac]= [-B
ik
]
{Assuming: Decoupled Conditions plus (i) lossless system (G=0 cos
ik
1 & sin
ik
0) and (ii) |V
k
|1pu}
4. [-B
ik
]
-1

A

||

, = [
k
]
5. [-B
ik
]
-1

Q
I
||

, = [ |V|
k
]
6. obtained is in radians. Convert it to degrees.
7. Find
new
=
old
+ & |V|
new
=|V|
old
+ |V|