Lecture 01 Introduction - 2011

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures CE-5115

By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali Civil Engineering Department UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk mumarbsc@yahoo.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
CE 5115
Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Fall 2011
Course Content
Lecture No. Topic
1 2 3 4 5 6
Introduction Materials Design of RC Members for Flexure and Axial Loads Design of RC Members for Shear and Torsion Serviceability Requirements & Development Length Concrete Structural Systems
CE 5115
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Course Content
Lecture No. Topic
7 8
Analysis and Design of Slab Systems: One Way Slabs, One Way Joist Systems Analysis and Design of Two-way Slab System without Beams (Flat Plate and Flat Slabs), Two Way Joist Slabs & Two-way Slabs with Beams Idealized Structural Modeling of RC Structures Gravity Load Analysis of RC Structures Case Studies on Gravity Load Analysis of RC Structures
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9 10 11
Course Content
Lecture No. Topic
12 13 14 15 16
Earthquake Resistant Design of RC Structures Design of Beam-Column Connections in Monolithic RC Structures Slenderness Effects in RC Structures Design of Foundations Special Topics: Shear Walls, Shear Friction, Corbels, Ledge Beams, Strut and Tie Models: Deep Beams
CE 5115
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Grading Policy
Mid Term Final Term Assignment Term Project

= 30 % = 60 % = 05 % = 05 %
Attendance = 75 % is must to pass the course Final term exam also includes the course taught before mid term exam.
CE 5115
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Lecture-01
Introduction
CE 5115
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Topics Addressed
Historical Development of Cement and Reinforced Concrete Building Codes and the ACI Code Objectives of Design Design Process
CE 5115
Fall 2011
Topics Addressed
Limit States and the Design of Reinforced Concrete Basic Design Relationship: Structural Safety Probabilistic Calculation of Safety Factors Design Procedure Specified in the ACI Code
CE 5115
Fall 2011
Topics Addressed
Load Combinations used in the ACI code Strength Reduction Factors used in the ACI code Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures Customary Dimensions and Construction Tolerances
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Historical Development of Cement and Reinforced Concrete

Cement
In 1824 Joseph Aspdin mixed limestone and clay and heated them in a kiln to produce cement.
The commercial production started around 1880.
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Historical Development of Cement and Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced Concrete
Joseph Monier, owner of a French nursery garden began experimenting (in around 1850) on reinforced concrete tubs with iron for planting trees.
The first RC building in the US was a house built in 1875 by
W. E. Ward, a mechanical engineer.
Working Stress Design Method, developed by Coignet in around 1894 was universally used till 1950.
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Building Codes and the ACI Code

General Building Codes
Cover all aspects of building design and construction from architecture to structural to mechanical and electrical---.
UBC, IBC and Euro-code are general building codes.
Seismic Codes
Cover only seismic provisions of buildings such as SEAOC and NEHRP of USA, BCP-SP 07 of Pakistan.
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Material Specific Codes
Cover design and construction of structures using a specific material or type of structure such as ACI, AISC, AASHTO etc.
Others such as ASCE
Cover minimum design load requirement, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures (ASCE7-02).
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General Building Codes in USA
The National Building Code (NBC),
Published
by
the
Building
Officials
and
Code
Administrators
International is used primarily in the northeastern states.
The Standard Building Code (SBC),
Published by the Southern Building Code Congress International is used primarily in the southeastern states.
The Uniform Building Code (UBC),
Published by the International Conference of Building Officials, is used mainly in the central and western United States.
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General Building Codes in USA
The International Building Code IBC,
Published by International Code Council ICC for the first time in 2000, revised every three years.
The IBC has been developed to form a consensus single code for USA. Currently IBC 2009 is available. UBC 97 is the last UBC code and is still existing but will not be updated. Similarly NBC, SBC will also be not updated.
In future only IBC will exist.
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Seismic Codes in USA
NEHRP
(National
Earthquake
Hazards
Reduction
Program)
Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for New Buildings Agency).
developed
by FEMA (Federal Emergency Management
The NBC, SBC and IBC have adopted NEHRP for seismic design.
SEAOC Blue Book Structural Engineers Association of California

(SEAOC), has its seismic provisions based on the Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary (the SEAOC Blue Book) published by the Seismology Committee of SEAOC.
The UBC has adopted SEAOC for seismic design.
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Building Code of Pakistan
Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provision BCP SP-07 has adopted the seismic provisions of UBC 97 for seismic design of buildings.
IBC 2000 could not be adopted because some basic input

data required by IBC for seismic design does not exist in Pakistan.
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The ACI MCP
ACI MCP (American Concrete Institute Manual of Concrete Practice) contains 150 ACI committee reports; revised every
three years.

ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. ACI 315: The ACI Detailing Manual. ACI 349: Code Requirement for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete Structures.
Many others.
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The ACI 318 Code
The
American
Concrete for
Institute
Building (ACI
Code 318),
Requirements
Structural
Concrete
referred to as the ACI code, provides minimum requirements for structural concrete design or construction.
The term structural concrete is used to refer to all plain or reinforced concrete used for structural purposes.
Prestressed concrete is included under the definition of reinforced concrete.
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The ACI 318 Code

7 parts, 22 chapters and 6 Appendices. Brief visit of the code
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Legal Status of The ACI 318 Code
The ACI 318 code has no legal status unless adopted by a state or local jurisdiction.
It is also recognized that when the ACI code is made part of a legally adopted general building code, that general building code may modify some provisions of ACI 318 to reflect local conditions and requirements.
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The Compatibility Issue in BCP SP-2007
Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provision BCP SP-07 has adopted the seismic provisions of UBC 97 for seismic design of buildings.
As the UBC 97 has reproduced ACI 318-95 in Chapter 19 on concrete, the load combinations and strength reduction factors of ACI 318-02 and later codes are not compatible with UBC 97 and hence BCP SP-07. Therefore ACI 318-02 and later codes cannot
be used directly for design of a system analyzed according to the

seismic provisions of UBC 97.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 22
11

The Compatibility Issue in BCP SP-2007
To resolve this issue, BCP SP-2007 recommends using ACI 318-05 code for design except that load combinations and strength reduction factors are to be used as per UBC 97.
The IBC adopts the latest ACI code by reference whenever it is revised and hence are fully compatible.
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The Design & Design Team

General:
The design covers all aspects of structure, not only the structural design.
The structural engineer is a member of a team whose members work together to design a building, bridge, or other structure.
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Objectives of Design
Four Major Objectives of Design
1.
Appropriateness: This include,

Functionality, to suit the requirements. Aesthetics, to suit the environment.
2.
Economy
The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the clients budget.
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Objectives of Design
Four Major Objectives of Design
3.
Structural Adequacy (safety)

Strength. Serviceability.
4.
Maintainability
The structure should be simple so that it is maintained easily.
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The Design Process

Three Major Phases of Design
1. 2. 3.
The clients needs and priorities. Development of project concept. Design of Individual systems.
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Limit State and the Design of Reinforced Concrete

Limit State
When a structure or structural element becomes unfit for its intended use, it is said to have reached a limit state.
The three limit states

1. 2. 3.
Ultimate Limit States Serviceability Limit States
Special Limit States
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The Ultimate Limit States
These involve a structural collapse of part or all of the structure.
Such a limit state should have a very low probability of occurrence, since it may lead to loss of life and major financial losses
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The Major UL States are

Loss of equilibrium Rupture Formation of plastic mechanism Instability Progressive collapse Fatigue
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Serviceability Limit States
These involve disruption of the functional use of the structure, but not collapse.
Since there is less danger of loss of life, a higher probability of occurrences can generally be tolerated than in the case of an ultimate limit state.
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The SL States are

Excessive deflections Excessive crack widths Undesirable vibrations
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Special Limit States
This class of limit state involves damage or failure due to abnormal conditions or abnormal loadings.
The SpL States include

Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes. Structural effects of fire, explosions, or vehicular collisions.
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Limit State Design of RC Buildings

RC buildings are designed for ULS Subsequently checked for SLS Under special condition also checked for SpLS
Note: SLS and not ULS may be governing LS for structures such as water retaining structures and other structures where deflection and crack control are important.
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Basic Design Relationship

The Capacity and Demand

Capacity must be Demand (in same units) Demand: An imposed action on structure Capacity: The overall resistance of structure Load Effects: Bending, torsion, shear, axial forces,
deflection, vibration
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The Capacity and Demand

Capacity < Demand is failure Capacity > Demand is success with FOS Capacity = Demand is success without FOS
Working Stress Design approach

Capacity is reduced by half Demand is kept the same
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Limit State Design approach
Capacity is reduced and demand is increased based on scientific rationale. In LSD approach, we have

f Mn Mu ( Ms ) f Vn Vu ( Vs ) f Pn Pu ( Ps ) f Tn Tu ( Ts )

f = strength reduction factor = load amplification factor
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Structural Safety
Variability in Resistance
The actual strengths (resistances) of beams, column, or other structural members will almost always differ from the values calculated by the designer (nominal strength). The main reasons for this are as follows:

variability of the strength of the concrete and reinforcement, differences between the as-built dimensions and those shown on the structural drawings,
effects of simplifying assumptions made in deriving the equations for member resistance.
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Structural Safety
Variability in Resistance
Effects of simplifying
assumptions
The fig shows Comparison of measured computed beams (Mtest) (Mn) and failure
moments for 112 similar RC
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Structural Safety
Variability in Loads
All loadings are variables, especially live loads and environmental loads due to snow, wind, or earthquakes.
In addition to actual variations in the loads themselves, the assumptions and approximations made in carrying out structural analysis lead to differences between the actual forces and moments and those computed by the designer.
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Structural Safety
Variability in Loads
Fig shows variation of Live loads in a family of 151sft offices.
The average (for 50 % buildings) sustained live load was around 13 psf in this sample.
1% of measured loads exceeded 44 psf.
Building code specify 50 psf for
such buildings (ASCE 7-02)
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Structural Safety
Conclusion
Due to the variability of resistances and load effects, there is definite chance that a weaker-than-average structure will be subjected to a higher- than-average load.
In extreme cases, failure may occur. The load factors and resistance factors are selected to
reduce the probability of failure to a very small level.
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Probabilistic Calculation of Safety Factors

Resistance vs. Load Effects
R = The distribution of a population of resistance structure. of a group of similar
S = Distribution of the maximum load effects, S, expected to occur on those structure during their life times
The 45 line in this figure corresponds to a load effect equal to the resistance (S = R).
S > R is failure i.e., load effects greater than resistance & S < R is Safety.
S vs. R
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Resistance vs. Load Effects
Safety margin can be represented as Y=RS
Graph shows plot between safety margin (Y) and frequency of occurrence (success or failure)
If Y is greater than 0, then safety margin exists and failure is avoided.
Failure will occur if Y is negative, represented by the shaded area in figure. Safety margin vs. frequency (success or failure)
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The Probability of Failure
The probability of failure, Pf, is the chance that a particular combination of R and S will give a negative value of Y.
In normal distribution curve, Pf is equal to the ratio of the shaded area to the total area under the curve in figure.
From the figure, mean value of Y is given as Y = 0 + Y
Safety margin vs. frequency (success or failure)
Where, Y = Standard Deviation; = 1,2,3
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The Safety Index
Now larger the distance Y, the lesser will be the negative part and more will be the positive part in the curve, which means less chance of failure and more safety. The factor is called the safety index.
More positive part on the curve means increasing economy. R. But increase in resistance will require compromise on
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Calculation of Pf:
The probability of failure (Pf) which is Probability that (Y = R S) < 0, can be calculated by converting the normal distribution (which is function of Y) to standard normal distribution (which is a function of Z ) and then using standard normal distribution tables to find the area under the curve
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Calculation of Pf:
For = 3.5, the probability of failure P (Z) = 0.0001 = 0.01 % = 1/9091. (from standard statistics tables)
It means that roughly 1 in every 10,000 structural members designed on the basis that = 3.5 may fail due to excessive load or under strength sometime during its life time.
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Selection of Pf and
The appropriate values of Pf and hence of are chosen by bearing in mind the consequences of failure. Based on current design practice, is taken between 3 and 3.5 for ductile failure with average consequences of failure and between 3.5 and 4 for sudden failure or failures having serious consequences.
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Selection of Pf and
In strength design method, we know that:

Ms = Mn, therefore, Safety factor Mn/ Ms = / For Mn = 1.2MD + 1.6ML Let ML = MD ; then Mn = 2.8MD Therefore, Safety factor (Mn/MD) = 2.8/ For = 0.65 Mn/ MD = 4.3 For = 0.90 Mn/ MD = 3.11
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Design Procedures Specified in the ACI Code

The Design Philosophy of the ACI Code
9.1.1- structures and structural members shall be designed to have design strengths at all sections at least equal to the
required strength calculated for the factored loads and forces

in such combinations as are stipulated in this code.
9.1.2- members also shall meet all other requirements of this code to ensure adequate performance at service load levels.
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Design Procedures Specified in the ACI Code

The Design Philosophy of the ACI Code
This process is called strength design in the ACI code.

In the AISC Specifications for steel design, the same design process is known as LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design).
Strength design and LRFD are methods of limit-state design, except that primary attention is always placed on the ultimate limit states, with the serviceability limit states being checked after the original design is completed.
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Load Combinations
LOAD COMBINATIONS in Section 9.2 of ACI 318-02 code

U = 1.4(D + F) U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R) U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) +(1.0L or 0.8W) U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
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Load Combinations
Load Types

Dead (D) Live (L) Roof live (Lr) Snow (S) Rain (R)
Wind (W) Seismic (E) Soil (H) Fluid (F) Temperature, creep, shrinkage (T)
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Strength Reduction Factors

Strength Reduction Factors in the ACI 318-02 Code, Section 9.3
Tension-controlled Compression-controlled (spiral) Compression-controlled (other) Shear and torsion Bearing
f
0.90 0.70 0.65 0.75 0.65
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Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

ACI 318-02, Section 8.2-LOADING:
8.2.2: Service loads shall be in accordance with the general building code of which this code forms a part, with such live load reductions as are permitted in the general building code.
Section R8.2 :The provisions in the code are for live, wind, and earthquake loads such as those recommended in Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,(ASCE 7).
If the service loads specified by the general building code (of which ACI 318 forms a part) differ from those of ASCE 7, the general building code governs. However, if the nature of the loads contained in a general building code differs considerably from ASCE 7 loads, some provisions of this code may need modification to reflect the difference.
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ASCE Recommendations on Loads:
ASCE 7-02 sections 1 to 10 are related to design loads for buildings and other structures.
The sections are named as: general, load combinations, dead, live, soil, wind, snow, rain, earthquake and ice loads.
Brief visit of ASCE 7-02, Section 1 to 10
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Loads on Structure During Construction
During the construction of concrete buildings, the weight of the fresh concrete is supported by formwork, which frequently rests on floors lower down in the structure.
ACI section 6.2.2 states the following:
No construction loads exceeding the combination of superimposed dead load plus specified live load (un-factored) shall be supported on any unshored portion of the structure under construction, unless analysis indicates adequate strength to support such additional loads
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Customary Dimensions and Construction Tolerance

Difference in Working and As-Built Drawings Dimensions
The actual as-built dimensions will differ slightly from those shown on the drawings, due to construction inaccuracies.
ACI Committee 117 has published a comprehensive list of tolerance for concrete construction and materials.
As an example, tolerances for footings are +2 inches and inch on plan dimensions and 5 percent of the specified thickness.
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References
Reinforced Concrete - Mechanics and Design (4th Ed.) by James MacGregor. ACI 318-02 PCA 2002
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The End
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Lecture 01 Introduction - 2011

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures CE-5115

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Historical Development of Cement and Reinforced Concrete

The commercial production started around 1880.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Historical Development of Cement and Reinforced Concrete

The first RC building in the US was a house built in 1875 by

W. E. Ward, a mechanical engineer.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Building Codes and the ACI Code

UBC, IBC and Euro-code are general building codes.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Building Codes and the ACI Code

Others such as ASCE

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Building Codes and the ACI Code

The National Building Code (NBC),

International is used primarily in the northeastern states.

The Standard Building Code (SBC),

The Uniform Building Code (UBC),

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Building Codes and the ACI Code

The International Building Code IBC,

In future only IBC will exist.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar