English Level 4 I UNACH

BUILDINGS
The following documents, contains four parts, which one has the specific information about the construction of a building. Those are: materials, foundation, lifting slabs, and finishes of a building.

MATERIALS
Sand Sand is used as part of mortars and concretes Glass.- transparent material obtained from molten silica. Glass fibers.- used as thermal insulation or as a structural component Clay The clay is chemically similar to sand Brick, cuboid that makes up most walls.

Stone The stone can be used directly without being processed, or as raw material for other materials. Cobblestone Marble Limestone

Cement, a product of the calcination of limestone and other oxides. Metal The most commonly used are iron and aluminum. Steel. - used for structures Metal profiles Stainless steel

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Organic Fundamentally wood and its derivatives Synthetics Fundamentally petroleum-based plastics PVC Polyethylene.

FOUNDATIONS

When going to build a large building The first step is built their foundations, and foundations that will be the base of the building. Foundations is a structural element of all civil engineering construction, foundations have the function of transmitting the loads and actions on the superstructure to the ground where it builds. Foundations are generally built cyclopean concrete which consists of water, cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, iron and stone ball

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Ball stone has dimensions of 40 cm by 40 cm generally, all these elements will make the foundations are strong enough to withstand the load of the building

Factors that determine the type of foundation There are several factors that influence to determine the type of foundation of a structure, such as the economy, the construction process, materials-regions, etc., But from the point of view of soil mechanics can be focused on two basically, the first being the soil load because a failure should not occur by cutting the ground that supports the foundation and the second is that the settlement of soil caused by the load is within the allowable limits

LIFTING SLABS OF A BUILDING

The roof and floor slab are the most delicate and expose to failures elements, thats why we have to take care of when it is building. The charges of the building are transmitted by flexural efforts to the ground. Also something important is that the height mezzanines dont have to be more than 4 meters and the roof slab has to be thicker than the floor slab.

Formwork For the construction of the slab will be necessary place a formwork to support the weight of fresh concrete, the rods and the weight of workers during construction, while the concrete reaches its ultimate strength.

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Arm phase Once all the rods indicated in the plane are placed, they should be lift to give a coating of concrete and the concrete has to wait there until it becomes strong. Also the lighting blocks of the slabs have to be collocated. Casting and vibrated

Strain first is recommended in inaccessible parts, such corners, for which area must be sting thoroughly with rods or a mechanical or electrical vibrator to prevent voids in concrete form. It is very convenient to use a rod fixture wire with a brand tightened to control the thickness slab that should be always the same.

Stained The curing process is about pouring water or coat with paper or plastic the concrete so that the surface remains moist, for at least 7 days. In this way the concrete not suddenly lose its moisture content and it will reach the expected resistance. In this process the concrete has to be level by the constructor using a ruler of wood.

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FINISHES OF A BUILDING
The finishes of the building provide satisfaction, comfort and visual appeal. Include the finishes of the building floor, walls, bedroom, doors, windows, kitchens, bathrooms, and stairs. The materials used in the finishes of the building are: Ceramic, plaster, paint of different colors they are most used Ceramic coating are used in the floors and wall of bathroom, kitchens, and generally all surface of the building The type of ceramic used in the bathroom is different and the ceramic for kitchen, because their characteristics. The characteristics of ceramic are: The size, strength, hardness, brightness, color, hue, hardness Other finish of the building is the ceiling, the ceiling is the element that covers of the building, the most used are plaster, and paint different colors. Other are: Vinil. - used for painting surface interior and external of the building Enamels. - Use for painting doors and windows Varnishes. - Use for painting woods. The finish most important is paint because the paint is visual appeal of the buildings. The color of the building depend like to the people For example: The colors cream, orange, red are using in dinning room The colors pink and cream are using in bedroom, because the colors give wellbeing The color green and blue are using in bathroom and kitchen because the color are fresh.

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