Blackout places Northeast blackout of 1965

2003 Italy blackout

Northeast blackout of 2003

2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout

1999 Southern Brazil blackout

Causes 1. Maintenance personnel incorrectly set a protective relay on one of the transmission lines between the Niagara generating station Sir Adam Beck Station No. 2 in Queenston, Ontario. The safety relay, which was to trip if the current exceeded the capacity of the transmission line, was set too low. The power that was flowing on the tripped line transferred to the other lines, causing them to become overloaded 1. Failure of Lukmanier line following flash-over between conductor cable and a tree (line to ground fault without contact of cable and tree);- due to storm 1. voltage instability-did not operate its system with appropriate voltage criteria 2. did not recognize or understand the deteriorating condition of its system(did not have additional or backup monitoring tools to understand or visualize the status of their transmission system to facilitate its operators understanding of transmission system conditions after the failure of their primary monitoring/alarming systems.) 3. failed to manage adequately tree growth in its transmission rights-ofway 4. Failure of the interconnected grids reliability organizations to provide effective real-time diagnostic support. Source: https://reports.energy.gov/ 1. Heavy rains and strong winds caused three transformers on a key highvoltage transmission line to short circuit, cutting the line and automatically causing the complete loss of 14 GW of power and the shutdown of the Itaipu Dam for the first time in its 25-year history. 1. Brazil was undergoing a severe investment crisis during 1999, which limited spending on maintenance and expansion of the power grid. With few

2005 JavaBali blackout

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2012 India blackouts

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routes for the power to flow from the generating stations via the 440kV system (a very important system to So Paulo state, carrying electricity generated by the Paran river) a lot of generators automatically shut down because they did not have any load. The world's biggest power plant at the time, Itaipu, tried to support the load that was no longer being supplied by the 440kV power plants, but the 750kV AC lines and the 600kV DC lines that connected the plant to the rest of the system could not take the load and tripped too. The construction of the south transmission line, planned since 1996, has been hampered by land acquisition problems. a few states(Uttar Pradesh, Punjab & Haryana) did not stick to Power Grid Corporation of India Guidelines monsoon failure and hydro power generation drop Grid has to be upgraded equipment failure corruption, bureaucracy etc.