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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 34, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1998

217

PWM Inverter and Motor Applications: A Quick Reference of Bibliographies and Abstracts
Austin H. Bonnett,
Fellow, IEEE

, and Duncan J. Rhodes,

Associate Member, IEEE

Index TermsInvertermotor systems, motorinverter systems, PWM inverters.

2) The Application Considerations of Pulsewidth Modulated Inverters and AC Induction Motors to a Total System1996. 3) Noise and Vibration from Induction Machines Fed from Harmonic Sources1994. 4) Induction MotorsConstant Frequency/Constant VoltageVariable Frequency/Variable Voltage1995. 5) Audible Noise and Losses in Variable-Speed Induction Motor Drives with IGBT Inverters1993. 6) Considerations for the Use of AC Induction Motors on Variable-Frequency Controllers in High-Performance Applications1993. 7) Variable-Frequency Drive and Motor System Selection 1993. 8) Application Considerations for PWM Inverter-Fed LowVoltage Induction Motors1992. 9) Power ElectronicsA Technology Review1992. 10) Systems Engineering for Large Induction Motor Adjustable-Frequency Drives1991. 11) Interactions Between PWM Inverters and Motors 1991. 12) Adjustable-Speed Drive: Applications Guidebook 1990. 13) Harmonics and Technical Barriers in Adjustable-Speed Drives1989. 14) Guidelines in Selecting Variable-Speed Drives From a Users Viewpoint1987. 15) Torsional Vibration Resulting From AdjustableFrequency AC Drives1987. T ITLE S ECTION 2 Reected Wave, and Lead Length Issues 1) Cable Characteristics and Their Inuence on Motor Overvoltages1997. 2) PWM Modulators and Their Inuence on Motor Overvoltages1997. 3) Riding the Reected WaveIGBT Drive Technology Demands New Motor and Cable Considerations1996. 4) Evaluation of Motor Power Cables for Drives1996. 5) Interaction of Drive Modulation and Cable Parameters on AC Motor Transients1996. 6) Design Methodology of a Cable Terminator to Reduce Reected Voltage on AC Motors1996. 7) Analysis of the Impact of PWM Inverter Voltage Waveforms on AC Induction Motors1995.
1998 IEEE

I NTRODUCTION HE purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a quick reference to some of the more recently published technical papers dealing with the application of pulsewidth modulated (PWM) invertermotor systems. It should be pointed out that the system includes all components between the incoming 60-Hz power supply and the driven equipment. There are literally hundreds of technical papers to choose

from in preparing such a reference. The authors have selected the more recent publications. The technology associated with the newer PWM drives is changing so fast that many of the papers published from ve to ten years ago may be effectively obsolete. No attempt has been made to evaluate the technical merits of each work, nor do we claim that the reference is even close to being all-inclusive. However, it is a start, and should help the reader in addressing some of the key issues that must be dealt with to assure a successful implementation. These papers are categorized as follows: 1) motor/drive system application issues; reected wave, and lead length issues; 2) 3) motor issues. If enough interest exists, the authors are willing to post and maintain a semipermanent category on the IEEE home Web page. We would invite all reader comments and copies of any articles proposed to be included, as well as suggestions for pertinent categories. This would create a semipermanent compendium of articles on this subject.

T ITLE S ECTION 1 Motor/Drive System Application Issues 1) Power Electronics and Variable-Frequency Drives 1997.
Paper PID 9721, presented at the 1997 IEEE Pulp and Paper Industry Conference, Cincinnati, OH, June 1620, and approved for publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by the Pulp and Paper Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. M anuscript released for publication September 2, 1997. A. Bonnett is with U.S. Electrical M otors, Division of Emerson Electric Company, St. Louis, M O 63136 USA. D. J. Rhodes is with Rockwell Automation, Duluth, M N 55802 USA (email: djrhodes@ra.rockwell.com). Publisher Item Identier S 0093-9994(98)00872-X. 00939994/98$10.00

PWM

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 34, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1998

8) Voltage Distribution in the Windings of an AC Motor Subjected to High PWM Voltages1995. 9) Motor Lead Length Issues for IGBT Drives1995. 10) Simulation of Cable and Winding Response to SteepFronted Voltage Waves1995. 11) Transient Effects in Application of PWM Inverters to Induction Motors1991. T ITLE S ECTION Motor Issues 3

PWM

AbstractA book with 11 chapters, each by a different author. Edited by B. Bose, Univ. of Tennessee IEEE Press. 2) The Application Considerations of PWM Inverters and A.C. Induction Motors to a Total System1996 considerations for applying AbstractApplication PWM drives, cabling, motor, couplings, and driven equipment. A. Bonnett, U.S. Electrical Motors (EASA Convention, Phoenix, AZ, Feb. 1996).

1) Motor Insulation System Quality for Drives1997. 2) Medium-Voltage Motor Harmonic Heating, Torques, and Voltage Stress When Applied on VFDs1996. 3) Analysis of Inverter-Fed High-Speed Induction Motor Considering Skew Factor and Crosspath Resistance Between Adjacent Rotor Bars for Wide Speed Range1996. 4) Circulating-Type Motor Bearing Current in Inverter Drives1996. 5) Experimental Comparison of Motor Bearing Currents with PWM Hard- and Soft-Switched Voltage-Source Inverters1996. 6) Assessing AC Motor Dielectric Withstand Capability to Reected Voltage Stress Using Corona Testing1996. 7) Dielectric Integrity of Magnet Wire Insulations Under Multistresses1996. 8) A Comparison Between Insulation Systems Available for PWM Inverter-Fed Motors1996. 9) Progress in Filled Insulation Materials to Improve Motor Performance and Reliability1996. 10) Will Your Motor Insulation Survive a New AdjustableFrequency Drive?1996. 11) Aging of Magnetic Wire in the Presence of Vari-

IGBT

3) Noise and Vibration from Induction Machines Fed from Harmonic Sources 1994 AbstractExamination of how the noise and vibration level of motors is affected by harmonics and load. R. Yacamini and S. C. Chang, University of Aberdeen, U.K. (IEEE 0885-8969/95). 4) Induction Motors - Constant Frequency/Constant Voltage - Variable Frequency/Variable Voltage 1995 AbstractMotor application considerations, sinewave versus inverter-fed. M. Mel, Reliance Electric Reliance Electric Technical Paper B-7097-1. 5) Audible Noise and Losses in Variable Speed Induction Motor Drives with IGBT Inverters 1993 AbstractInuence of squirrel-cage design and switching frequency. A. Malfait, R. Reekmans, R. Belmans, EE Dept., K.U.L. Leuven (IEEE 0-7803-1993-1/94). 6) Considerations for the Use of AC Induction Motors on Variable-Frequency Controllers in HighPerformance Applications 1993 AbstractNeed for motors designed specically for inverter-fed operation. M. Mel, R. Hart, Reliance Electric Reliance Electric Technical Paper B-7093. 7) Variable-Frequency Drive and Motor System Selection1993 AbstractAC drive and motor selection. E. Edwards, Brown & Root (IEEE CH3331-6/93/0000-0175). 8) Application Considerations for PWM Inverter-Fed Low-Voltage Induction Motors 1992 AbstractEffects of PWM drives on motors. T. Lowery and D. Petro, Reliance Electric (IEEE 92-CH3186-4/1/92/0000-0225). 9) Power ElectronicsA Technology Review1992 AbstractTechnology review of power electronics, technology trends.

able Frequency, High Rise Time, and High-Voltage Pulses1994. 12) Aging in Wire Insulation Under Multifactor Stress1993. 13) Considerations for Derating Induction Motors for Applications on Variable-Frequency Drives1992. 14) Rating Considerations for Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors Operated with Variable-Frequency Drives1991. 15) Need for Industry Standards for AC Induction Motors Intended for Use with Adjustable-Frequency Drives1990. 16) Motor Design Features For Adjustable-Frequency Drives1987. 17) Voltage Distribution Among the Coils and Turns of a Form-Wound AC Rotating Machine Exposed to Impulse Voltage1986. B IBLIOGRAPHY AND A BSTRACT S ECTION 1 Motor/Drive System Application Issues 1) Power Electronics Drives 1997 and Variable Frequency

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B. Bose, EE Dept., Univ. of Tennessee (IEEE 0018-9219/92). 10) Systems Engineering for Large Induction Motor Adjustable-Frequency Drives 1991 AbstractLarge drive system engineering considerations. F. DeWinter, Allen-Bradley, and L. Denke, Colt Engineering (IEEE 91-CH30577/1/91/0000-0029. 11) Interactions Between PWM Inverters and Motors 1991 T. Salzmann, Siemens AG, Drives and Standard Products Group Stromrichterwerk, Erlangen, Germany. 12) Adjustable-Speed Drive: Applications Guide-

R. Kerkman, D. Leggate, and G. Skibinski, AllenBradley [1997 IEEE Applied Electronics Conference (APEC)]. 3) Riding the Reected WaveIGBT Drive Technology Demands New Motor and Cable Considerations 1996 AbstractIGBT drive transient effects on motors and cables. L. Saunders and G. Skibinski, Allen-Bradley; S. Evon, Reliance Electric; D. Kempkes, Chevron (IEEE 96-CH35988-6/96/0000-0075). 4) Evaluation of Motor Power Cables for PWM AC Drives 1996 AbstractEvaluation of cabling for IGBT drives, with test results and recommendations. J. Bentley and P. Link, ABB (IEEE 0-7803-3148-6-5/96 and IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol.33, pp. 342358, Mar./Apr. 1997. 5) Interaction of Drive Modulation and Cable Parameters on AC Motor Transients 1996 AbstractCalculation and experimental results on IGBT drive, cable, and motor interactions. R. Kerkman, D. Leggate, and G. Skibinski, AllenBradley (IEEE 0-7803-3544-9/96). 6) Design Methodology of a Cable Terminator to Re-

book 1990 AbstractGuidebook to applications and processes that can be made more efcient by application of adjustable-speed drives. Bonneville Power Administration. 13) Harmonics and Technical Barriers in AdjustableSpeed Drives 1989 AbstractDrive harmonics and plant power systems. R. Hanna, Petro-Canada Products (IEEE 0093-9994/89/0900-0894). 14) Guidelines in Selecting Variable-Speed Drives From a Users Viewpoint1987 AbstractGeneral guidelines for selection of different drive types. D. Dey, E. I. du Pont (IEEE 87CH2495-0/87/0000-0001). 15) Torsional Vibration Resulting From AdjustableFrequency AC Drives 1987 AbstractTechniques for analysis of system torsional vibration and effects. D. Sheppard, Reliance Electric (IEEE 87CH2495-0/87/0000-0029).

duce Reected Voltage on AC Motors 1996 AbstractTheory and design of a line termination network for IGBT drives. G. Skibinski, Allen-Bradley (IEEE 0-7803-3544-9/96). 7) Analysis of the Impact of PWM Inverter Voltage Waveforms on AC Induction Motors 1995 AbstractEffects of PWM waveforms on motor performance and life. A. Bonnett, U.S. Electrical Motors (IEEE 0093-9994/96). 8) Voltage Distribution in the Windings of an AC Motor Subjected to High PWM Voltages 1995 AbstractSimulation and test results on a motor powered by an IGBT drive. V. Gubbala, A. van Jouanne, P. Enjeti, C. Singh, and H. Toliyat, Texas A&M (IEEE 0-7803-2730-6/95). 9) Motor Lead Length Issues for IGBT PWM of

B IBLIOGRAPHY AND A BSTRACT S ECTION 2 Reected Wave, and Lead Length Issues 1) Cable Characteristics and Their Inuence on Motor Overvoltages 1997 AbstractNot available. R. Kerkman, D. Leggate, and G. Skibinski, AllenBradley [1997 IEEE Applied Electronics Conference (APEC)]. 2) PWM Modulators and Their Inuence on Motor Overvoltages 1997 AbstractNot available.

Drives 1995 and experimental AbstractTheoretical IGBT drive below 10 hp. T. Takahashi, M. Tetmeyer, H. Tsai, and T. Lowery, Reliance Electric Reliance Electric Technical Paper D-7172-1.

testing

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10) Simulation of Cable and Winding Response to Steep-Fronted Voltage Waves 1995 AbstractSimulation of IGBT waveforms. D. Hyypio, Marathon Electric (IEEE IAS 1995 0-7803-3008-9/95). 11) Transient Effects in Application of PWM Inverters to Induction Motors 1991 AbstractPWM waveform, rise time, and reection effects upon motor insulation. E. Persson, H. A. Simons (IEEE 0093-9994/92).

6) Assessing AC Motor Dielectric Withstand Capability to Reected Voltage Stress Using Corona Testing 1996 AbstractCorona test to assess IGBT withstand capability of motors. G. Skibinski, J. Erdman, J. Pankau, and J. Campbell, Allen-Bradley (IEEE 0-7803-3544-9/96). 7) Dielectric Integrity of Magnet Wire Insulations under Multistresses 1996 AbstractPerformance of different motor wire insulations in PWM applications. W. Yin, K. Bultemeier, D. Barta, and D. Floryan, Phelps Dodge Magnet Wire Co. (1995 EIC Conf. Proc., p. 257). 8) A Comparison Between Insulation Systems Available

B IBLIOGRAPHY AND A BSTRACT Motor Issues

S ECTION 3

1) Motor

Insulation

System

Quality

for

IGBT

Drives 1997 AbstractThe effect of fast IGBT rise rate on motor insulation. L. Manz, GE Motors (IEEE 1077-2618/97). 2) Medium-Voltage Motor Harmonic Heating, Torques, and Voltage Stress When Applied on VFDs 1996 AbstractMotor effects from various 2307200 VAC drives. F. DeWinter, Allen-Bradley; B. Wu, Ryerson Polytechnic Univ. (IEEE 96-CH35988-6/96/0000-0131). 3) Analysis of Inverter-Fed High-Speed Induction Motor Considering Skew Factor and Crosspath Resistance between Adjacent Rotor Bars for Wide Speed Range 1996 AbstractRotor design for inverter-fed motors. K. Matsuse and N. Kaneko, Meiji Univ.; T. Yoshida, Yaskawa Electric (IEEE 0-7803-3544-9/96). 4) Circulating-Type Motor Bearing Current in Inverter Drives 1996 AbstractNew type of bearing currents on inverter-fed motors. S. Chen, GM R&D Center; T. Lipo and D. Novotny, Univ. of Wisc.-Madison (IEEE 0-7803-3544-9/96). 5) Experimental Comparison of Motor Bearing Currents with PWM Hard- and Soft-Switched VoltageSource Inverters 1996 AbstractMotor bearing currents. S. Bhattacharya, D. Divan, D. Novotny, and T. Lipo, Univ. of Wisc.-Madison; L. Resta, SIEI Peterlougo (IEEE 0-7803-3500-7/96).

for PWM Inverter-Fed Motors 1996 AbstractDiscussion of the need for two insulation systems needed for general purpose and inverter-fed motors. A. Bonnett, U.S. Electrical Motors (IEEE 96-CH35988-6/96/0000-0049). 9) Progress in Filled Insulation Materials to Improve Motor Performance and Reliability1996 AbstractAdvances in motor insulation systems to improve performance, reliability, and efciency in large motors used with variable-frequency drives. R. Rehder and R. Draper, GE Canada (IEEE 96-CH35988-6/96/0000-0101). 10) Will Your Motor Insulation Survive a New

Adjustable-Frequency Drive? 1996 AbstractApplication of IGBT drives to existing motors. S. Bell and J. Sung, Reliance Electric (IEEE 96-CH35988-6/96/0000-0125). 11) Aging of Magnetic Wire in the Presence of Variable Frequency, High Rise Time, and High-Voltage Pulses 1994 V. Divljakovic, J. Kline, D. Barta, and D. Floryan 1994 Annual Report, Conf. On Elect. Insul. And Dielectric Phenomena, pp. 391399 (CEIDP 1994 #94CH3456-1). 12) Aging in Wire Insulation under Multifactor Stress 1993 A. Bruning and F. Campbell IEEE Trans. Dielect. Elect. Insulation , vol. 28, pp. 729754, 1993. 13) Considerations for Derating Induction Motors for Applications on Variable-Frequency Drives 1992 AbstractImpact of VFDs on motor insulation and cooling system.

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S. Mecker, Siemens (IEEE CH3142-7/92/0000-0191). 14) Rating Considerations for Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors Operated with Variable-Frequency Drives 1991 AbstractPerformance of inverter-fed motors. P. Link, Allen-Bradley (IEEE CH2973-6-91/0000). 15) Need for Industry Standards for AC Induction Motors Intended for Use with Adjustable-Frequency Drives 1990 AbstractProposed industry standards for inverter-fed motor selection. R. Daugherty and C. Wennerstrom, Reliance Electric (IEEE 0093-9994/91). 16) Motor Design Features For Adjustable-Frequency Drives 1987 AbstractNeed for motors designed for use with inverters. C. Erickson, E. I. du Pont (IEEE 0093-9994/88/0300-0192). 17) Voltage Distribution Among the Coils and Turns of a Form-Wound AC Rotating Machine Exposed to Impulse Voltage 1986 AbstractMethod of calculation voltage distribution in a stator winding exposed to impulse voltage. R. Rhudy and E. Owen, GE; D. Sharma, EPRI (IEEE 0885-8969/86/0006-0050).

Austin H. Bonnett (M 68SM 90F92) was born in Los Angeles, CA, in 1936. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from California State University, Los Angeles, and the M asters degree in business from the University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1955 to 1958 as an Electrician aboard the icebreaker Burton Island. He joined U.S. Electrical M otors, a division of Emerson Electric Company, in 1963 and has held positions in the Service, M anufacturing, Quality Control, and Engineering Departments. He was the Plant M anager of the Prescott, AZ, facility for ve years prior to holding the position of Vice President of Engineering, directing all U.S. Electrical M otors engineering functions for ten years. Presently, he holds the position of Vice PresidentTechnology at the Emerson M otor Technology Center in St. Louis, M O, where he focuses on acquiring new technology and has industry representation responsibilities. He has published numerous technical papers on rotating machinery. M r. Bonnett serves on NEM A, IEEE, EPRI, and DOE Committees and received the 1994 IEEE M eritorious Award. In 1996, he was selected for the IEEE Industry Applications Society Outstanding Achievement Award.

Duncan J. Rhodes (A91) received the B.S. degree in biochemistry from M assachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, in 1966. He joined Reliance Electric as a Salesman in 1981, opening an ofce in North Dakota. In 1988, he moved to the Duluth, M N, Sales Ofce, where he is currently a Senior Sales Engineer for Rockwell Automation Drives Systems, specializing in the pulp and paper industry. M r. Rhodes serves on the IEEE Industry Applications Society Drives and Controls Subcommittee of the Pulp and Paper Industry Committee.

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