Proceedings of the ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE2013 June 9-14,

2013, Nantes, France

OMAE2013-10851
PIPELINE SHORE APPROACH INSTALLATION BY HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
Danilo Machado L. da Silva
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Rafael F. Solano
PETROBRAS

Antonio Roberto de Medeiros

SUBSEA 7

Marcos V. Rodrigues
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Fabio B. de Azevedo
PETROBRAS

ABSTRACT Whenever an export pipeline coming from offshore fields to onshore facilities is designed, a shore approach solution needs to be provided, once it can become a very complex project in terms of offshore pipeline installation. At this phase the pipeline on-bottom stability is analyzed for surf zone, the possibility of using concrete coating is verified as well as the necessary burial depth. In addition, the pipeline installation stress analysis is performed, the potential for local scour is verified, among other things. In this context, horizontal directional drilling (HDD) emerges as an alternative method in which, in addition to overcome the technical aspects mentioned above, the environmental issues can also be minimized. Many factors determine the success of an HDD project. Failure to complete the borehole is often the main concern, as the project would not be attempted if the pipeline could not be installed. However, the successful design and construction of an HDD is measured in more than a successful pullback. The achievements, as in any project, include the completion of the project for a reasonable cost with minimal environmental impact and according to the schedule. And of course, the pipeline integrity shall be ensured. That is the focus here in this work. This paper presents discussions regarding to the proper design of the export pipeline section installed by HDD in the shore approach area. To ensure a proper design and pipeline integrity are important parts in the success of a shore approach HDD crossing. It must be noted that there are no methods for in situ repair of damaged pipelines installed by HDD. The point is a proper design, construction and installation, which includes, for instance, do not overstress the pipeline during installation, mainly pullback operation, as well as the proper selection of the drill path in order to place the pipeline within stable ground and isolated from obstacles active conditions, to properly consider

the corrosion protection, etc., for the design life of the product pipe. INTRODUCTION The advantages that HDD could bring to pipeline shore approaches, compared with the conventional shore pull, opencut methods, are now accepted and several pipelines shore approaches were installed worldwide. The main reasons are that HDD can mitigate environmental impact and provide greater burial depths [1]. It should be noted however, that the risks associated with typical crossings also apply to shore approaches where they are combined with specific risks related to working in the marine environment. In fact, shore approaches using horizontal directional drilling are much more complex and challenging to complete than typical surface to surface installations. The increased challenges and complexity arise from an inability to readily access the exit location, less geotechnical information associated with seabed sediments, elevation differences between entry and exit locations, complexity of coordinating diving operations, tidal and storm influences, bore stability and drilling fluid management, casing and product pipe installation strategies, and buoyancy control [2, 3]. The added complexity and challenges that come with construction of shore approach HDD crossings demand that the designer and the constructor use appropriate solutions: Planning and coordination procedures are paramount in the success of shore approach HDD work, co-ordination of drilling and marine operations (diving, vessel movements, supply logistics, etc.) must be carefully undertaken and reviewed. The HDD design is not the focus of this work, recommendations and guidelines can be found in [4-8]. The design considerations that apply to more conventional land based HDD crossings also apply to shore approach crossings.

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However, there are some areas of design that need to be emphasized when adopting a shore approach crossing. Geotechnical considerations remain a key component of an HDD crossing in any environment. Together with geotechnical and survey work undertaken to assist with design tasks, studies and data collections relating to tides, currents and sea-states may be required. These will not only ensure the permanent works are suitably designed but also provide information that will allow selection of adequate vessels to be used in crossing construction, preparation of suitable construction procedures (anchor plans, handling of pipeline strings etc.) and estimation of cost and schedule. Of course, the stresses imposed on the pipeline before, during and after installation shall be considered and maintained within allowable limits. Although some general rules of thumb are commonly used to prepare preliminary designs, more thorough stress analyses are required to verify final design. Initial design parameters based on rules of thumb may include using radius of curvature of at least 1200 times the pipeline diameter and, for large diameter steel pipe for instance, sizing the pipeline wall thickness to provide a diameter to thickness ratio of 50 at most. Many companies specialized in HDD works have their own programs to analyze the loadings and stresses imposed on the pipeline and that can be used to assist in refining and verifying designs [9]. Corrosion protection is also part of the design considerations. In many cases, the pipeline coating system is defined to provide not only adequate corrosion protection but also to incorporate additional abrasion resistance to keep the anticorrosive coating system during the pipeline installation into the HDD crossing. It should be highlighted that there are no methods for in situ repair of damaged pipelines installed by HDD. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the quality of pipeline design, construction and installation. The objective of this work is to present relevant issues related to the proper design of the export pipeline section installed by HDD in the shore approach crossing. HDD DESIGN The preliminary characteristics of crossings are related to crossing location and nature of the obstacle, as well as the pipeline to be installed. Obstacle to Be Crossed The geotechnical conditions have an important effect on works. Geotechnical conditions affect the feasibility of using HDD as the method of construction, the selection of the crossings trajectory, the pipeline design, the HDD construction techniques (including the choice of tooling), and the rate of progress for the construction. Hence, the geotechnical conditions not only dictate the suitability of HDD as the chosen method, but also they have a large influence on the construction cost.

Therefore, the first step in designing a HDD drill path consists of defining the obstacle to be crossed: the natural or manmade feature to be negotiated shall be characterized in terms of its existent physical dimensions as well as the possibility for such parameters to change with the passage of time. Adjacent property and use restrictions, as well as future developments in the area must also be assessed. Pipeline to Be Installed The primary criterion governing the specification of pipe to be installed by HDD is its service and the fluid to be transported: the wall thickness and specified minimum yield strength will be determined by applicable codes and regulations. However, stresses and loads imposed by the installation method shall be reviewed and analyzed in combination with operating stresses to assure that acceptable limits are not exceeded. In addition to site features, i.e., geotechnical and topographical conditions, the geometry of the bore hole must be matched to the pipe being installed, as during HDD installation the pipeline is subjected to tension required to pull the pipe into the bore hole and around curved sections. The tension comes from the drag due to the friction between pipe and bore hole and the fluid drag caused by pulling the pipe through the viscous drilling mud trapped in the annulus. In addition, tension results from the unbalanced gravity effects of pulling the pipe into and out of the bore hole at different elevations. The bending loads are caused as the pipe is forced through the curves in the bore hole, and the external loads result from the pressure exerted by the drilling mud in the annulus around the pipe. Prior to the installation of a horizontal directional drilled pipe it is important to estimate the pipe pullback force during installation so that: (1) the pipe is not overstresses during HDD installation; (2) a drill rig with sufficient pullback capacity is used; (3) an economical design is implemented. There are several approaches for calculation of pullback forces during the pipeline installation by HDD [10-12], one of the most used method was proposed by the PRCI [8]. Drill Path Design The added complexity of the construction process for a shore approach crossing should be kept in mind during its design. To maximize the likelihood of a successful installation, designs should be as simple as possible (Figures 1 and 2). For instance, unnecessary additional lengths and horizontal curves should be avoided. As with any crossing, the continuation of the pipeline on either side of a crossing must be designed too. It is generally preferable to avoid fabricated bends at the offshore termination of the crossing. Rather than using a fabricated bend, the exit (or entry) angle of the HDD crossing is usually shallower than typically used on land crossings and, if necessary, the HDD is terminated in an excavated (pre- (or post) dredged, jetted or trenched) pit that allows the pipeline to transition from its exit out of the HDD bore (see Figure 5).

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Figure 1 Typical Drill Path (onshore crossing) [8].

Figure 2 Typical Drill Path (shore approach crossing). Pipe-Soil Interaction The pipeline soil interaction is the combined behavior of the pipeline and the surrounding soil in terms of stresses and deformations. During the pullback operation the moving pipeline contacts the wall of the borehole and pushes with a certain force perpendicular to the wall of borehole. These forces determine the magnitude of the shear force in axial direction during the pullback operation and lead to a deformation of the soil. The distribution and the magnitude of these forces on the borehole wall are of major importance in the pipeline soil interaction. The pipeline-soil interaction is mainly determined by the following aspects: pipeline stiffness, stiffness and soil strength, shape of the borehole, effective weight of the pipeline and borehole stability [13]. The borehole stability, cleaning and geometry are the most important factors for the success of the pullback operation. Borehole stability requires a proper balance among various soil parameters including: soil stress and strength, pore pressure, drilling fluid pressure and drilling mud chemical composition. Borehole instability is influenced by chemical effects (formation of a filter cake) and mechanical effects (soil sloughing and hydraulic fracturing) [14]. In case of instability of the borehole, the pipeline-soil interaction changes rigorously. In case of a collapsed borehole, a huge soil load exerts on the pipeline. Whereas local borehole instability leads to higher pulling forces, which can be overcome, borehole instability over a larger distance will certainly lead to a stuck pipeline and thus an incomplete pulling operation. The proper definition of the relation between reamed borehole and pipeline diameter has important consequences for the proper progress during the pipeline pullback phase. Other Issues One of the most important considerations in shore approach crossings is the handling of the product pipeline before and during its installation in the HDD crossing. Control of the pipeline string offshore must be given due regard. If the pipeline is to be stored offshore prior to being installed in the HDD crossing its on-bottom stability may need to be considered. As with conventional HDD crossings, ideally the pipeline will be near neutral buoyancy in the drilled hole and its effective weight out of the hole will be minimal (on conventional land based crossings pipeline rollers are used to reduce the pull load needed to pull the pipeline to the HDD crossing). Although some of the methods that are used on conventional crossings to control buoyancy, such as using internal ballast pipes and progressive flooding, may be more

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difficult to implement offshore, there are several methods that can be used to provide suitably weighted pipeline strings. In some cases, it can be technically feasible to increase the pipelines wall thickness to provided added weight that, when the pipeline is empty, will give near ideal effective weight downhole and reasonable stability on the seabed. Although that added wall thickness may not be necessary with respect to pipeline stresses, it may be an effective, and economical, method of aiding and enabling installation by increasing the submerged weight of the pipeline. Similarly, although less common and not recommended, the use of concrete coating on pipe that is to be installed into HDD bores is a method of increasing the effective weight of an otherwise buoyant pipeline. If a concrete weight coat is used to this objective it is important to ensure that it is a high quality application that will not spall during handling and installation. A concrete weight coat will obviously increase the outside diameter of the pipeline being installed. In order to minimize the coatings thickness, and hence minimize the size of the reamed HDD bore, a dense concrete should be used. PIPELINE DESIGN The design and installation of pipelines must comply with established standards, ensuring safety and specifying the minimum requirements to be satisfied by the designer. DNV-OS-F101 [15] considers a design practice based on so-called limit states for the pipeline design. In the limit state design, all relevant failure modes for a pipe are formulated as limit states, which are classified into one of the four categories: 1. Serviceability Limit State (SLS), 2. Ultimate Limit State (ULS), 3. Fatigue Limit State (FLS), 4. Accidental Limit State (ALS). The limit state is the limit between an acceptable and unacceptable condition expressed in mathematical terms derived through design formulas for a given failure mode. The limit state design identifies the different failure modes and provides specific design checks to ensure structural integrity. The pipeline capacity is then characterized by the actual capacity of each individual failure mode. The structural analysis of an offshore pipeline regarding construction and installation phases deals with the computation of deformations, internal forces, and stresses as a result of external loads and the structural properties of the pipe. Structural deformation of the pipe during construction depends on the method and equipment used for installation, the structural properties of the pipe and the environmental loads. The same design philosophy as for the offshore part of the pipeline system applies for the shore approach and onshore sections (Figure 3). This implies that the consequences of failure (economical, environmental and human) shall be quantified by the concept of safety class. The safety class should be determined by fluid category, location class and phase (construction, operation) of the pipeline.

The presence of people and facilities necessitates a further refinement of the location classes used offshore. In highly populated areas the consequences may be more severe than for offshore, requiring a higher safety class, Very High (where failure during operating conditions implies very high risk of human injury). Requirements for shore approach and onshore sections of offshore pipelines are presented in Appendix F of DNV-OSF101.

Figure 3 Application extent of DNV-OS-F101. The same requirements as for the offshore part of the pipeline system should be applied to the onshore part, if applicable. Where this is not applicable, the requirements of ISO 13623 [16] should be complied with. Design Parameters The basis for design for the shore approach section should be as given in Section 3 and the loads should be established as described in Section 4 of DNV-OS-F101. Some parameters have a direct impact on the calculations to be performed in the loads and stresses analysis in the pipeline during installation. Geotechnical Conditions The geotechnical conditions are an important part of establishing the pipe/soil interaction, the soil stiffness and friction can generally describe the interaction between pipeline and borehole wall. The geotechnical parameters are essential for determination of loads and stresses experienced by the pipeline as well as efforts on the external coating during pullback. The geotechnical parameters are defined based on the geotechnical investigation and the friction factors should be defined according to design rules; Environmental Effects The combination of environmental factors producing the most unfavorable effects on the pipeline should be used in design. The combination and severity of environmental conditions (current, wave and tide) for use in design are to be appropriate to the project and consistent with the probability of simultaneous occurrence of the environmental phenomena. Long term shore profile must be considered. All foreseeable environmental phenomena, such as soil subsidence, soil instability, seismic activity, scour, etc., that may influence

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the pipeline integrity must be described in terms of their characteristic parameters relevant to operational and strength evaluations. Definition of Design Loads It must be verified that the pipeline, as designed, is capable of withstanding all loads that may be reasonably anticipated for the installation by HDD as well as testing and operation. The following loads should be considered: Installation Loads: tension/compression, bending and external pressure; Operating Loads: internal pressure, bending, thermal expansion, external pressure. The analysis should consider the load combination that yields the most unfavorable conditions in terms of overall stress utilization. Stresses associated with each load as well as the combined stresses shall be evaluated in accordance with the allowable limits. Installation Stress: tensile and compressive stresses, bending stress, external hoop stress, combined installation stresses. Operating Stresses: internal hoop stress, bending stress, thermal stress, combined stresses. The methods used in definition of the design loads should be selected in accordance with good engineering practice. Methods of analysis may be based on analytical, numerical or empirical models, or a combination of these methods. The definition of the design loads for the HDD pipeline design verification should be performed considering the radius of curvature for the designed drill path and reassessed, prior pullback operation, using the actual (as built) drilled path. Design Criteria Design and acceptance criteria for the possible modes of failure are presented in Section 5 of DNV-OS-F101, together with complementary requirements given in Appendix F. All relevant failure modes must be considered in design for all relevant phases and conditions listed in Section 4 of DNVOS-F101. CORROSION PROTECTION Pipeline coating and cathodic protection will not directly influence the feasibility of a crossing. However, an operational risk that should be addressed is external corrosion due to damaged pipeline coatings. Protective coatings are susceptible to damaging during pullback operation by the forces involved, and by contact with soils, rocks, and other debris in the bore hole. The consequences of coating damage are intensified by the nature of the HDD method. A pipeline installed by HDD will not be readily accessible to future pipeline or coating repairs. The mitigation of such effects is related to good design and execution of borehole as well as correct specification and use of the external coating.

External Coating External coating refers to factory applied external coating systems with a corrosion protection function. Coating systems may further include an outer layer for mechanical protection. Coatings used for HDD drag sections shall be flexible and have sufficient abrasion resistance to limit damage during installation. External coatings should possess suitable mechanical and electrical properties in relation to the pipe size, environment and operating conditions. External coatings should be factoryapplied, except for field joints and other special regions or components, which may be coated on site. Parameters that should be taken into account when evaluating the effectiveness of external coatings include: Design/service conditions; Resistance to abrasion; Electrical resistivity of the coating; Required adhesion between the coating and the pipeline base material; Required resistance to shear forces; Susceptibility to cathodic disbondment; Resistance to ageing, brittleness and cracking; Resistance to chemical attack; Resistance to damage during handling, shipping, storage, installation and service. Consideration should be given to the use of coatings with enhanced abrasion-resistant properties or with additional abrasion resistant outer layers on sections where coated pipe is to be installed by HDD [17]. Field Joint Coating Field joint coating (FJC) refers to single or multiple layers of coating applied to protect girth welds and the associated cutback of the linepipe coating, irrespective of whether such coating is actually applied in the field or in a factory. The welded joints must be coated using a system compatible with the factory coating provided on the rest of the pipe. The FJC shall be designed to have its integrity guaranteed during and after the pullback operation. If necessary, qualification tests should be performed. The preparation of the pipe surface and the application of the field joint coating must be performed in accordance with a procedure that meets the coating manufacturers recommendations. The design and quality control during manufacture of field joint coatings is essential to the integrity of pipelines. As for external coatings, integrity of field joint coatings must be ensured during the pullback operation. Cathodic Protection External coating system defects enable the pipeline steel to come into contact with the electrolyte in its surroundings,

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resulting in pipeline corrosion. Cathodic protection system must be designed and installed to mitigate this corrosion. The design of cathodic protection system should be in accordance with ISO 15589-2 [18] or DNV-RP-F103 [19]. Even though, these rules do not have specific requirements for the HDD section. Cathodic protection may be applied by the sacrificial anode or impressed current method. A combination of both systems could also be considered, but the need for insulation between both systems should be evaluated. The current density must be appropriate to the pipeline temperature, the selected coating type and to the environment to which the pipeline is exposed, considering coating degradation and coating damage during pullback. In all cases, points for testing should be defined as close to the HDD ends as possible; Simulations through cathodic protection modeling should be performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the cathodic protection design along the HDD length. The formation characteristics (electrical resistivity) along borehole and coating breakdown factor (related to the HDD section) should be taken into account for the project design life. The galvanic anodes should be installed on the submerged side, preferably in sled structures with a reliable electrical connection to the pipeline. The installation of anodes directly on the pipeline is also an alternative. In both cases, it shall be considered the effects of anodes located too close to each other, i.e., less than 0.5 meters from each other. The impressed current system, installed on the onshore side of the pipeline, can be used for cathodic protection of the HDD section if the cathodic protection potential measured at the entry point is deficient. However, the consequences over the sacrificial anodes at the offshore side should be evaluated. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Other considerations are presented as follows. In general, the same requirements as for the offshore part of the pipeline system should be applied to the shore approach part, whenever applicable. Pipeline Installation The pipeline laying of the HDD section shall be performed according to the same requirements applied to the offshore part of the pipeline. For marine crossings where the pipeline construction will be continued away from the crossing after the HDD installation

has been completed, it is usual that the pipeline segment that is pulled into the HDD crossing will have a tail length of pipeline attached. Generally, such a tail will be left on the seabed at the conclusion of the HDD pullback and be of such a length that, at a later date, a laybarge will be able to bring the pipe into its welding stalls and conventionally lay-away. The length of these tail sections is usually determined based on the depth of water and the vessel(s) being considered (Figure 4). The designer must be mindful that the tail section will add to the forces required during pullback. Buoyancy comes into play again with the tail section since, in order to provide a tail that is stable, or easily controlled, and that does not prohibitively add weight to pullback string, the effective weight of the pipe when submerged must be considered. The tail section may have different stability issues compared with those associated with the pipe being installed in the HDD bore. Since the tail section is not being installed in the HDD bore it will not only require control prior to and during the pullback operation but it will also need to be stable and secure during operational conditions (via, for instance, pre-trenching, post-burial, and protection measures) [9]. To ensure that the exit point (product pipe entry point) will not be affected by the pipeline recovery and tie-in operations, a proper pipeline length to remain outside borehole shall be considered, in addition to the catenary length required for lifting and tie-in operations. This pipeline length shall guarantee that vessel movements will not be transferred to the exit point. Product pipe position before pullback It is recommended to place the pipeline section to be installed into borehole as close to the exit point as possible, considering the laying corridor and installation route; The minimum distance from the pull head to exit point must allow all necessary corrections due to misalignment between product pipe and drill path. Therefore, this procedure ensures that the product pipe will have the correct alignment at exit point during pullback. The pipeline section to be pulled through the borehole must be positioned as aligned as possible with the drill path (alignment with the drill path exit point). If such alignment is not possible, the mechanical loads to be experienced by the product pipe (tension, friction and possible damage to external coating, increase in pulling force, etc.) should be considered. Furthermore, aspects related to the integrity of borehole exit point should also be considered (widening, collapse of borehole exit point).

Figure 4 Total Pipeline Length of HDD Section.

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Pipeline Hydrotest Gauging and hydrostatic test should be performed prior and after pullback operation. Hydrostatic test procedures should be in accordance with requirement in DNV-OS-F101, but, a reduced hold period could be accepted provided that the HDD section will be precommissioned after connection the to the remain sections of the pipeline system. On-Bottom Stability Considerations The pipeline (HDD section) must be designed to be stable during installation, hydrotest and operation, in accordance with the applied design standards. On-bottom stability may be an issue for the length of the HDD pipeline section that remains outside borehole after pullback. Pipeline on-bottom stability analysis must be performed in order to evaluate if the pipeline may experience movements that could adversely affect its integrity. Note that actions should be taken to ensure that the pipeline will be prevented from movements before pullback. Such actions include flooding and/or anchor the pipeline prior pullback. Free-Span Depending on the exit angle, the pipeline configuration may results in free-spans at the exit point. Exit angles for shore approach should be set as close as possible to the seabed slope at the exit point. Furthermore, the exit point should be prepared (exit pit, trench, etc.) in order to make the curvature (catenary) as smooth as possible during pullback and prevent the occurrence of free-spans, Figure 5.

of soil due to current and waves caused either by natural geological processes or by external elements (the pipeline in this case) interrupting the flow regime near the seafloor. When applicable, the magnitude and time scale of scour erosion is to be estimated based on geologic studies and its impact on design appropriately accounted for. Considering proper geotechnical and oceanographic data, the potential for local scour can be predicted and therefore, certain areas can be avoided when defining the HDD exit point. A proper survey program and routines for evaluating seafloor changes should be established. The potential for occurrence of local scour at the HDD exit point should be evaluated and proper actions taken. The extent of such actions should be based on the predicted consequences and may vary from an immediate intervention to a monitoring plan over the project lifetime. Thermal Expansion Pipeline thermal expansion is to be taken into account. Thermal and pressure expansion or contraction can cause displacements at termination points. The expansion calculations should be carried out on pipelines where significant temperature changes are expected between the specified operating temperature and the temperature during installation. There is a likelihood of repeated thermal stress changes giving rise to fatigue conditions, the stress range and fatigue damage should be calculated in accordance with applicable rules and standards. Analysis is to be performed to model and predict the effect of combined internal pressure and thermal variation on the longitudinal expansion as well as any other transversal displacement of the pipeline (snaking or upheaval buckling). Expansion analysis is to consider the most onerous load combinations to determine the greatest potential linear strain of the pipeline. The design must evaluate the susceptibility of the pipeline to experience global buckling in the HDD exit point. The assessment should be performed in accordance with DNV-RPF110 [20]. FINAL REMARKS Shore approach HDD crossings are designed in accordance with the general parameters that govern the design of more common land-to-land crossings, but must take into account the added complexities of their constructability. Designers must not only have a comprehensive understanding of standard HDD design but also have knowledge of the construction techniques that will be employed and how the design will impact constructability. Generally, onshore HDD work is able to continue in all but extreme weather conditions. However, for shore approach crossings, the weather conditions, tides and currents can have significant effects on HDD operations. Typical weather and sea

Figure 5 Catenary without and with a smoothed exit point. If it is not possible to eliminate the free-spans at the exit point, analyzes should be performed to evaluate necessary interventions in accordance with the design standards. Local Scour The seafloor contours in installation areas may change considerably over time due to scour erosion, which is removal

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conditions can affect the selection of equipment and methods of construction. Two crucial points in the HDD crossing design consist of defining the obstacle to be crossed and the pipeline to be installed. It should be noted that, in general, drilling companies main concern is to keep the borehole integrity and control loads and stresses on drilling equipment. On the order hand, the determination of loads and efforts to be experienced by the product pipe as result of the HDD is a primary concern for owners and pipeline designers. The proper design and integrity assurance of the installed pipeline is an important part in the success of a HDD crossing. Taking into account the pipeline issues is essential for the success of the project. It is necessary to keep in mind that not only a finished product is important, but a finished product that is in good working condition, considering its design life. This means that the pipeline shall withstand the expected operational conditions and design loads, maintain its integrity, and have a proper corrosion protection system. The best way to achieve this is to make sure that the prefabricated pipeline fulfills these requirements before starting the pulling operation. The pipeline design must verify adequate strength during all installation phases in the HDD process. All loads that the pipeline will experience over the project lifetime should be considered, which includes installation (construction, pipelay and pullback), tests and operation. NOMENCLATURE ALS: Accidental Limit State DNV: Det Norske Veritas FJC: Field Joint Coating FLS: Fatigue Limit State HDD: Horizontal Directional Drilling ISO: International Organization for Standardization PRCI: Pipeline Research Council International SLS: Serviceability Limit State ULS: Ultimate Limit State ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their special gratitude to company managements for allowing this paper to be published. REFERENCES [1] Medeiros, A. R., Silva, D. M. L., Solano, R. F., Siqueira, J., HDD as an Alternative Solution for Shore Approach of Offshore Pipelines in Brazilian Scenarios, Rio Pipeline Conference & Exposition 2011, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2011. [2] Duyvestyn, G., Design and Construction Challenges for HDD Shore Crossings. Proc. of No-Dig Conference, North American Society for Trenchless Technology NASTT, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2005.

[3] Smith, N., Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) for Shore Approach Applications. Rio Pipeline Conference & Exposition 2003, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2003. [4] CAPP, Planning Horizontal Directional Drilling for Pipeline Construction, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, 2004. [5] DCA, Information and Recommendations for the Planning, Construction and Documentation of HDD Projects, Drilling Contractors Association (DCAEurope), 3rd edition, 2009. [6] DCCA, Guidelines for a Successful Directional Crossing Bid Package, Directional Crossing Contractors Association, 1995. [7] HDD Consortium, Horizontal Directional Drilling Good Practices Guidelines, 3rd edition, 2008. [8] PRCI, Installation of Pipeline by Horizontal Directional Drilling - An Engineering Design Guide, Pipeline Research Council International, Catalog No. L52290, 2008. [9] Smith, N., "Aspects of Design and Construction Relating to Marine HDD Installations", 3rd International Indonesia Pipeline Conference & Exhibition, Jakarta - Indonesia, 2010. [10] Huey, D. P., Hair, J. D., Mcleod, K. B., Installation loading and stress analysis involved with pipeline installed by horizontal directional drilling. Proc. of No-Dig Conference, New Orleans, LA, 1996. [11] Puckett, J. S., Analysis of Theoretical Versus Actual HDD Pulling Loads, ASCE "Pipelines 2003" Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, 2003. [12] Cheng, E., Polak, M. A., Theoretical Model for Calculating Pulling Loads for Pipes in Horizontal Directional Drilling, Tunnelling and Underground Space technology, n.22, p. 633-643, 2007. [13] Kruse, H. M. G., Brink, H. J, Risks During the Pull Back Operation of Horizontal Directional Drilling, Mediterranean NO DIG 2007 XXVth International Conference & Exhibition, Roma, 2007. [14] Wang, X., Sterling, R. L., Stability Analysis of a Borehole wall During Horizontal Directional Drilling, Tunnelling and Underground Space technology, n.22, p. 620-632, 2007. [15] DNV-OS-F101, Submarine Pipeline Systems, Det Norske Veritas, August 2012. [16] ISO 13623, "Petroleum and natural gas industries Pipeline transportation systems", 2nd edition, International Organization for Standardization, 2009. [17] PRCI, "Coating Requirements for Pipelines Installed By Horizontal Directional Drilling and Slip Boring", Pipeline Research Council International, 2000. [18] ISO 15589-2:2004(E), Petroleum and natural gas industries - Cathodic protection of pipeline transportation systems Part 2: Offshore pipelines, 1st edition, International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

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[19] DNV-RP-F103, Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes, Det Norske Veritas, October 2010. [20] DNV-RP-F110, Global Buckling of Submarine Pipelines - Structural Design due to High Temperature/High Pressure, Det Norske Veritas, October 2007.

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