2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies India

An Improved System Operation for Better Voltage Stability and Reduced Losses
G. Vamsi Krishna Kartheek, M.Tech,
Engineer, PSS dept., PRDC, Bangalore e-mail: gvamsikrishnak@gmail.com
AbstractThis paper presents a new technique named Phasor Relativity based Mathematical Technique (PRM Tchnique) for coordinated automatic voltage control of the power system for enhanced voltage stability. The PRM control system is implemented on standard IEEE 14 bus system and an equivalent South Indian EHV system and results are presented for three different cases. The first case is the system with no control of reactive power. The second case is system with shunt reactors permanently connected while coordinated voltage control is present only at generators, tap changers and switched shunt capacitors. In the third case a new variable reactive power device called Controlled Shunt Reactor (CSR) is introduced in the place of fixed reactors and the same control strategy is implemented. All the cases are studied and compared to analyze the advantages of the CSR implementation in EHV systems. While CSR can provide variable reactive power support independently based on prevailing local voltages, the implementation of coordinated control provides additional system security and optimum operation. PRM control system with PMU technology can be proposed as a good smart grid technology. Keywords-CSR, EHV system, coordinated automatic control, voltage stability, PMU

I.

INTRODUCTION

Voltage stability problem is one of the challenging aspects of the present day power systems. Commonly followed practices involve maintaining surplus reactive power reserves and to install FACTS devices. In this process excess reactive power is circulated in the network to maintain the voltage stability. This in turn leads to increased losses and also affects the system security. For any system at an operating point there will be an optimum level and distribution of reactive power, without which the system may not respond positively for the injected reactive power. For the above reasons, reactive power management is more important than maintaining surplus reactive power reserves. With optimal reactive power management the following advantages can be seen 1) Improved voltage stability 2) Enhanced power transfer capacity of the transmission network 3) Reduced transmission losses 4) Improved controllability and system security A coordinated automatic voltage control is being achieved in Italy[1] by implementing the reactive power management. All the above mentioned advantages are achieved, with a capital return of the project in 4.5 years. The present paper

proposes a new method called Phasor relativity based mathematical technique (PRM technique) for coordinated control to achieve reactive power management with faster response. And the control system is called PRM control system. This suggests a few improvements over [1]. An equivalent South Indian EHV system is studied and analyzed. In the EHV system the usage of shunt reactor is a common practice. In India the EHV lines are compensated by 60% of surge impedance loading through shunt reactors. These shunt reactors are required to limit over voltages due to Ferranti effect, during line energization and reduce peak over voltages. With these shunt reactors the lines are getting over loaded. As a solution to this problem a Controlled Shunt Reactor (CSR) is being developed and implemented by BHEL. The CSR design and performance is discussed in the [2] and [3]. A good system planning will follow the following steps of utilizing and installing the equipment optimally with respect to cost and operational benefits. Optimally monitoring power plant reactive power reserve, tap settings to maintain system stability and security Replacing the fixed shunt reactors with switched reactor or CSR Installing shunt capacitor banks at load The installation of the equipment without proper planning would not only increase the cost of installation but also effects system stability, security and losses. In fact installing the shunt capacitors at the loads and replacing the shunt reactors with switched reactors both offers almost same benefits in terms of voltage stability, but the presence of the switched reactors in the transmission network will have special significance in a coordinated control scenario. In Indian network the shunt capacitors are installed at the load end as a solution to the voltage stability problem. This is referred in [4] The PRM technique is implemented on an equivalent South Indian Grid EHV system in a case. And for another case the PRM control system is implemented along with the CSR implementation in the system. All the studies, comparisons and results are presented in the paper. II. COORDINATED AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF

ITALIAN TRANSMISSION GRID: The PRM control system is compared with the control system that is implemented in Italian grid as given in the [1]. Italian Transmission Grid Voltage Control is a hierarchical

978-1-4673-0315-6/11/$26.002011 IEEE

2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies India control system, as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2. The various hierarchy levels and the controls in the system are PVR -- Primary Voltage Regulation RVR -- Regional Voltage Regulator AVR -- Automatic Voltage Regulator SVR -- Secondary Voltage Regulator TVR -- Tertiary Voltage Regulator REPORT -- Voltage and Reactive Power Regulator ORPF -- Optimal Reactive Power Flow LMC -- Loss Minimization Control PVR is the primary level voltage control. RVR and AVR come under this PVR. RVR is the control at pilot nodes (selected nodes having reactive power support) and the EHV line Voltage regulation. The RVR will be controlling a small area in the total grid. AVR is the generator control. SVR is the secondary level control. This SVR will control the RVRs present in that particular region where the total grid is having limited no. of SVRs according to requirement. REPORT will regulate the reactive power control at the power plant. The combination of RVR and REPORT implements the SVR. The ORPF computes the optimal reactive power dispatch for LMC using day ahead forecast and minutes ahead (15 min.) forecast. This control will be available at TVR. This TVR reduces the difference between actual field measurements and optimal forecasted references. response. In the PRM control system this time is reduced to about 305s(5min 5sec) which is almost half of the above. III. PRM TECHNIQUE:

The main idea of the PRM technique is in [5], a paper on A New Approach for Studying Power System Design and for Better Operation. This is a new method for ranking contingencies to the buses in the system. This doesnt give perfect compensation required but shows the directions to control. This is sufficient to generate the control pulse in real time as a proportionate control pulse like a PI control. This technique is used for the coordinated operation of the system for improved voltage stability. Two factors are proposed in [5]. These computed factors will be useful in identifying the most predominant bus with bus preferences and the proportion of reactive power to be injected at each bus for improving the voltage stability. In small signal stability analysis this technique is found to be good at improving the system dynamic stability also. A. The Factors Computed for Contingency Evaluation: The computational formula for the factors as in [5] is given below

P Q = Cot ( )

(1) (2)

Figure 1. Hierarchical structure for transmission network voltage control.

Where is the violation factor and / is the partial differentiation of the violation factor with respect to the voltage phase angle. These factors can be computed without any computational complexity in a short span of time. The only time taking factor would be the state estimation to be run after getting raw data of the system state. Then further reactive power compensation can be added at the whole grid level as directed in [5]. The reactive power injected ( Qadj ) is computed approximately proportionate to the voltage magnitude rise/fall from the reference value to be maintained. This Qadj is injected in the system buses proportionate with the factor computed in the last instant of time. The formula for reactive power injection computation at each bus for every instant of time is (3) Qn +1 (i ) = Qn (i ) + f act (i ) Qadj where i is the bus number,

P Q = Co sec 2 ( )

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of the Italian Hierarchical Voltage Control System.

Qn (i) is the reactive power injection at bus numbered i

at the instant n

AVR control is a conventional voltage control with time constant of 0.5s. REPORT gives control to the AVR with a dominant time constant of 5s which is SVR. EHV bus-bar voltage regulator has a time constant of 50s, this is also SVR. The pilot node voltage control RVR acts with a computation of sensitivity matrix. This takes up to 5 min and this is also SVR. The TVR can in principle accept longer delay up to 5min as the TVR control will be start after the state estimation is over. So in this Italian control system the highest level control will up to 600s (10 min) of time to give complete

f act is the computation factor for each bus

Qadj is the total reactive power adjustment computed to
be injected in the overall system B. Operational Algorithm of the PRM Control System: The time to time online operational algorithm of automatic voltage control is presented below. The contingency factor is computed after the state estimation is run by the system operator. This state estimation would be run for every 5 minutes of time. In this period of time for the load changes in

2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies India the system the voltages will change accordingly. So to maintain the voltage magnitude constant for those disturbances the reactive power is to be updated from time to time. The controller to respond doesnt need the state estimation to be run before. The algorithm for the reactive power updating is as below. Acquisition of the data of the voltage magnitudes of the buses where the reactive power control is present. Comparing the voltage magnitudes with the voltage set points or the voltage limits. Computing the Qadj and

Qn at those buses with the

formula mentioned in equation (3). Set the reactive power injection values as computed at the buses where the control is present. The algorithm can take two different ways according to the dynamics of response required. If the disturbance is small then the algorithm opts to switch off/on least preferred reactor so that every time less amount of reactor will be connected. And in the case when the disturbance is larger then the algorithm opts to switch off/on the most preferred reactor so that the response will be fast and dynamic to support the system stability. C. Tests Performed on IEEE 14 Bus System: This PRM technique is first tested on IEEE 14 bus system test to chuck the performance. The time step of control is taken as 5s as the transmission delay of the signals will be up to 2s. The load is varied from base load to 160% of the base load in a time span of 300s. The load change is taken as a function of time. The simulation is run for two cases. First is without control and the other is with coordinated control. The simulation is run by using time domain simulation in PSAT software, [6], [7], in MATLAB domain. The PV buses are considered as PQ buses as the reactive power is to be controlled. Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 shows the voltage profile without and with coordinated control. In the Table. 1 the comparison of various control time constants of the PRM control system with that of the Italian control system (as in [1]) is shown. For the complete control in the Italian system the time required is upto 10-12 mins. In the PRM control system this is reduced to 5-6 minutes. With the application of PMU technology this time can be further reduced to 10-15s, which can be seen in

Figure 4. Voltage profile of case with control of IEEE 14 Bus system of increasing load from base load to 160% of base load in 5 mins of time. COMPARISON OF TIME CONSTANTS OF ITALIAN SYSTEM AND PRM CONTROL SYSTEM: Type of control Time constant
Italian System PRM control system

TABLE I.

AVR Control Unit Reactive Power Control within REPORT EHV Bus Voltage Regulation Pilot Node Voltage Regulation and pilot node voltage set-point optimization

0.5s 5s 50s 300s (=5mins)

0.5s 5s 5s 5s

TABLE II. TIME CONSTANTS OF DIFFERENT CONTROL SYSTEMS: Type of control Time taken to respond Italian Grid System Upto 12 mins (720s) PRM Control System Upto 5 mins (300s) PRM control system implemented along 10-15s with PMU technology

Table. 2. This reduction of time is in the online operation where every minute is crucial and counted. So the reduction of 5mins of time will be a good achievement. IV. EQUIVALENT SOUTH INDIAN GRID MODEL ANALYSIS:

Figure 3. Voltage profile of case without control of IEEE 14 Bus system of increasing load from base load to 160% of base load in 5 mins of time.

An equivalent south Indian grid EHV bus system of 24 buses is taken from the South Indian Grid. In the actual South Indian Grid there are almost 74 buses of 400kV. An equivalent 24 bus EHV model is taken from that practical system. The Fig. 5 shows the outline view of the network. The network details are as below. No. of generators: 4 No. of transformers: 11 No. of transmission lines: 16 No of loads: 8 No. of shunt capacitors: 5 No. of shunt reactors: 17 Total load = 2,620MW, 980MVAR Total generation capacity = 2,850MW, 390MVAR (reactive) and 2,070MVAR(capacitive) Total shunt reactors = 1,226.3MVAR (not a load but acts as load) Total Shunt Capacitance = 115MVAR Total inductive MVAR burden that can be present on the system at a time, i.e. inductive load MVAR + shunt reactor MVAR + generator max. inductive reactive power =

2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies India 2,596.3MVAR Total capacitive MVAR burden that can be applied on the system at a time, i.e. capacitive load MVAR + generator max capacitive MVAR+ shunt capacitors MVAR = 2,185 MVAR change a snapshot is taken. For the case(1) the max loading is 100% of the base load. For the case(2) this limit is 115% of the base load. And for the case(3) this limit is 145% of the base load. And the tests are performed manually by performing load flows for each snapshot using MATPOWER software, [8], [9], in MATLAB domain for three cases. The voltage profiles plots of the three cases are shown in the Fig. 6-Fig. 8 for comparison. The plot of voltage stability margins computed from the eigen value analysis performed for each snapshot in the three cases is shown in Fig. 9. In the Fig. 10 the losses drawn are plotted. As the system is loaded above the rated capacity the excess real power demand is supported by the slack bus. So the powers drawn from slack bus are beyond limit. This can be avoided by distributed slack bus method. For the system operation at full load we dont need to keep all the reactors as switched reactors. The location of fixed reactors, switched reactors and switched bank of reactors are shown in Table-3. None of the reactors is chosen to be continuously variable CSR. These classifications of the types of CSRs and where they can be used is given in the reference [3]. In the case(1) the voltages at 40% of load are quite higher (0.98 - 1.1p.u.) and at the full load these voltages are low (0.816 1.0p.u.) as shown in Fig. 6. In case(2) the generator settings are adjusted to improve the voltage profile, so with improved voltage profile, the loadability limit is improved to 115% of the full load. This can be observed in Fig. 7. The Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 shows the improved voltage profile and voltage stability margins with the implementation
TABLE III. THE KINDS OF REACTORS THAT ARE TO BE CHOOSEN AT DIFFERENT BUSES FOR CONTROL UPTO FULL LOAD Reactor Fixed Switched Switched Rating Reactor Reactor Bank Reactor Bus 11 60 MVAR Yes No No Bus 12 50MVAR No Yes No Bus 14 50MVAR No Yes No Bus 15 100MVAR No Yes No Bus 16 50MVAR No Yes No Bus 17 50MVAR Yes No No Bus 18 120MVAR No Yes No Bus 19 200MVAR 1 Fixed 1 Switched No Bus 20 180MVAR No No Yes(60*3) Bus 22 120MVAR 1 Fixed 1 Switched No Bus 23 100MVAR No Yes No Bus 24 300MVAR No No Yes(100*3) TABLE IV. THE OBSERVATIONS THAT ARE MADE ARE: No Control Control without Control with CSR Case CSR 100% 115% 145% Power Transmission Capacity Voltage Limits 0.82-1.10 0.84-1.10 0.91-1.05 in p.u. (0.95-1.05 upto 140%) AVG, Onload Types of No Controls AVG, Onload Tapchanger, Shunt Controls Tapchanger, Capacitors, CSR. Shunt Capacitors Real power loss 70MW 60MW 55MW at rated full load

Figure 5. Equivalent Sount Indian EHV Grid Model.

When the system is at peak load the total reactive power demanded by the load is only 980MVAR. But the reactive power thats needed to be supplied by the source is up to 2,206.3MVAR. To meet this total demand the reactive power thats to be injected into the system is above 2000MVAR which is a must to maintain the system synchronism otherwise the system will collapse completely (blackout). Means we are using these reactors at the cost of the system security at peak load. If the reactors can be operated by switching on/off, we can improve the system security and voltage stability at peak load. V. STUDIES PERFORMED ON SOUTH INDIAN GRID MODEL:

The PRM control system is applied on this grid model. The studies are performed for three cases. Case(1):- In this case is with shunt reactors as fixed and no control in the system. Case(2):- In this case is with shunt reactors as fixed and coordinated control is implemented with controllers at generators, tap change transformer and switched shunt capacitors. Case(3):- In this case along with all the controllers as in case(2) the fixed shunt reactors are replaced with switched reactors. In each case the load is varied from 40% of the base load to the maximum permissible limit. For every 10% of load

2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies India

Figure 6. Voltage profile of case(1).

Figure 7. Voltage profile of case(2).

Figure 8. Voltage profile of case(3).

Figure 9. Voltage stability margin plot for all the three cases.

Figure 10. Losses drawn in three cases.

2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies India of complete control using CSR for case(3). Even at 145% of loading system voltage stability margins are good. So by the installation of additional capacitor banks at the load buses, still the system loadability can be improved by another 30%, i.e. 175% of the base load, and the same voltage profile can be maintained. VI. SIGNIFICANCE OF COORDINATED CONTROL AND CSR: The coordinated operation of the system can avoid the system collapse when the system operates at marginal reactive power limits, which in turn avoids blackouts.

VII. CONCLUSION: A new method called PRM control system for coordinated control is implemented on IEEE 14 bus system and an Equivalent South Indian Grid EHV system model. The merits and demerits of a CSR application are studied. For a long widespread network like that of an Indian Grid requires this sort of control devices with coordinated automatic control. This will enhance the system stability, efficiency with security. This method is economically beneficial with good capital returns. Moreover the application of PMU technology to PRM control system can make it a good smart grid technology, which can be a part of intelligent grid. REFERENCES
[1] Sandro Corsi, Massimo Pozzi, Carlo Sabelli and Antonio Serrani, The Coordinated Automatic Voltage Control of the Italian Transmission Grid-Part 1: Reasons of the Choice and Overview of the Consolidated Hierarchical System, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, vol. 19, pp. 1723-1732, Nov 2004. S.V.N.Jithin Sundar, S.C. Bhareria, C.D. Khoday, Amitabh Singhal, M.M. Goswami, A.R.C. Rao, J.S. Kutia, Dr. M. Arunachalam, M.I. Khan, M. Arunachalam, G.N.Alexandrov, Design, Testing and Commissioning of First 420kV, 50MVAR Controlled Shunt Reactor in India, CIGRE Session 2002, Paris. S.V.N. Jithin Sundar, G. Vaishnavi, Performance study of a Continuously Controlled Shunt Reactor for Bus Voltage Management in EHV Systems, IIPST07, lyon, France, June 2007. Annual Report 2009-2010, CEA Southern Regional Power Committee, Bangalore. G. Vamsi Krishna Kartheek, A New Method for Studying Power System Design and for Better Operation, IEEE Joint Conference on PEDES-2010-POWER INDIA, New Delhi, India, December 2010. L. Vanfretti and F. Milano, Application of PSAT, on Open Source Software for Educational and Reaearch Purposes, Invited Paper, OSS panel session, PAS GM 2007. F. Milano, An Open Source Power System Analysis Toolbox, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 20, pp. 1199-1206, Aug.2005. MATPOWER: [Online]. Available: http://www.pserc.cornell.edu/matpower/ R.D. Zimmerman, C.E. Murillo-Sanchez and R.J. Thomas, MATPOWER Steady State Operations Planning and Analysis Tools for Power System Research and Education, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 26, pp. 12-19, Feb. 2011.

From the case studies the significance of the reactive power management for optimal utilization of the system reserves is clearly observed. Table. 5 shows the reactive power generated at different buses for different cases. The reactive power reserves that are maintained at the generators could not be utilized fully because of the system constraints. And so this excess reactive power reserve installed is an unnecessary investment. Reactive power management can reduce the investment on the installation of the system reserves. This can also improve the system stability and security.
TABLE V. THE REACTIVE POWER SUPPLIED AT DIFFERENT GENERATORS IN DIFFERENT CASES: Case Qg at Qg at Qg at Qg at Net Voltage Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Qg Profile Qmax 950 320 400 400 2070.0 (MVAR) Qmin -150 -50 -100 -90 -390.0 (MVAR) Case(1) 573.65 62.66 249.66 379.21 1265.2 0.816 at BL 1.00 Case(2) 520.23 40.42 197.30 302.59 1060.5 0.873 at BL 1.00 Case(3) 208.61 -49.35 -70.00 -1.03 88.23 0.970 at BL 1.04 778.10 102.26 355.50 400.00 1635.9 0.855 Case(2) 1.05 at 115% of BL 1084.2 53.45 279.66 234.97 1652.3 0.908 Case(3) 1.05 at 145% of BL

[2]

[3]

[4] [5]

[6]

The installed CSR with PRM control has the following advantages: The voltage profile is maintained in a narrow band of 0.95-1.05p.u. up to 140% of full load with a fine control. Enhanced power transmission capacity by 45%. This can be extended to 80%. This will avoid the installation cost to greater extent for the expansion and up gradation of the transmission network for increasing system capacity. As we are first removing the reactors than injecting the reactive power required the system security will be improved with increased reactive power reserve. The losses will be reduced to some extent (15MW). Reduction in dynamic over voltage limit as the reactive compensation need not be limited to 60%. The faster response of the CSR (10ms) will act as primary control where as the coordinated control will control in 5s will improve the system dynamic performance.

[7] [8] [9]

BIOGRAPHY
G. Vamsi Krishna Kaetheek was born in 1988. His B.Tech was in Electrical and Electronics Engg.. completed and his M.Tech in Power Systems from National Institute of Technology, Warangal in India. Presently he is working as Engineer in PRDC, Bangalore. He has presented a paper in a National Conference at BHEL R&D and another paper at an IEEE conference. He successfully completed a project at BHEL R&D as a part of his M.Tech course work. His fields of interests are in Power System Computational Mathematics, Voltage Stability, Reactive Power Management, Power Quality and Smart Grids.