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T_CONNECT.response

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T_EXPEDITED_DATA.indication

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b)

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A

S_DATA
request

T_DATA
request

T_DISCONNECT.
request

S_RELEASE.
request

S_RELEASE.
indication

S_DATA
indication

S_RELEASE.
response

T_DISCONNECT.
indication

S_RELEASE.
confirm

a)
b)

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applications

processus
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ex : ping

processus
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ex : FTP

processus
utilisateur

processus
utilisateur
ex : BOOTP

logiciels
hors du SE

logiciels
dans le SE

transport

rseau

TCP

UDP

ICMP

IP

ARP

interface
matrielle

IGMP

adressage IP
suniquement

adressage

2
1

liens

RARP

couches OSI
correspondantes
support matriel

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ordinateur A

ordinateur B

client FTP

serveur FTP
protocole FTP

TCP

TCP
protocole TCP

IP

IP
protocole IP

driver
Ethernet

driver
Ethernet
protocole Ethernet

bus Ethernet

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physique

ordinateur A

ordinateur B

client FTP

serveur FTP
message identique

TCP

paquet identique

TCP

routeur
IP

IP

datagramme
identique

driver
Ethernet

trame
identique

driver
Ethernet

IP

datagramme
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driver
Token Ring

trame
identique

driver
Token Ring

Token Ring
bus Ethernet

(&)*&+ m . o 1  <{B7@>RW<{<7W58W<K9L729L7;/c@v7W;/

donnes
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application
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donnes applicatives
segment TCP

en-tete IP

en-tete TCP

IP

donnes applicatives
datagramme IP

en-tete
Ethernet

en-tete IP

14 octets

20 octets

en-tete TCP
20 octets

donnes applicatives

driver
Ethernet
remorque
Ethernet

Ethernet

trame Ethernet

46 1500 octets

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classe A

classe B

classe C

classe D

24 bits

id. de rseau

id. de machine
14 bits

16 bits

id. de rseau

id. de machine
21 bits

8 bits

id. de rseau

id. de machine
28 bits

adresse multidestinataire (muticast)


27 bits

classe E

rserv pour usage ultrieur

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140.252.13.33

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en-tete IP
en-tete IP
20 octets

type

code

1 octet 1 octet

checksum

contenu variable suivant le type de message

2 octets

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port UDP source

port UDP destination

longueur

checksum

donnes

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adresse IP source
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port UDP source

port UDP destination

longueur

checksum

donnes
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