Wind Tunnel

Testing of mini propellers and
drag measurement of bodies
Aim of experiments
To generate data for thrust of miniature
propellers at different rpm and forward speeds.
To generate data for drag of ellipsoids at
different forward speeds.
Data generated to be used for MAV project.
No scaling required.
Instrumentation setup 1
Using Lorenz torque sensor model
DR2208/M320/M220
Dual range torque sensor. Used in 2 N-m
range
Calibrated for load applied at the end of
vertical arm in mN vs. output voltage
580
254
Torque sensor setup
12
Torque
sensor
55
A ll dim ensions
are in m m
Best Fit Line

1.6
1.4
y = 0.0014x - 0.0799
torque meter output (in V)
1.2
Loading (reading 1)
Loading (reading 2)
Loading (reading 3)
Unloading (reading 1)
Average Reading
Linear (Average Reading)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
200
400
600
applied force (in mN)
800
1000
1200
Instrumentation setup 2
Using Precision Transducers load cell
PT1000
5 kgf load cell used
Calibrated for load applied in mN vs. load
cell output (in kgf)
Load cell setup
580
254
66
74
Load cell
All dimensions
are in mm
12
Best Fit Line

0.800
0.700
load cell output (in kgf)
0.600
Loading (Reading 1)
Loading (Reading 2)
Loading (reading 3)
Unloading (Reading 1)
Average Reading
Linear (Average Reading)
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0
20
40
60
weight added (in g)
80
100
120
Wind tunnel setup
E n g in e P ro p e lle r T e s t R ig
A s s e m b ly L a y o u t
(E le v a tio n )
0 .5 0
3 .7 5
2 .0 0
1 .2 5
0 .6 2 5
A = h o t w ire a n e m o m e te r p o s itio n
B = p ito t tu b e p o s itio n
A ll d im e n s io n s a re in m e tre s
1 .0 0
1 .5 0
1 .6 0
R 0 .1 2 5
0 .9
0.50
E ngine Propeller T est R ig

A ssem bly L ayout
(T op V iew )
3.75
2.00
1.25
1.00
2.40
R 0.125
B
holder
A =hot w ire anem om eter

B =pitot tube
A ll dim ensions are in m etres
0.9
V elocity p ro file from b otto m

14
12
60V
80V
100V
120V
140V
160V
180V
200V
220V
240V
V e lo c ity (in m /s)
10
0
0
10
20
30
D is ta n c e (in c m )
40
50
60
V elocity p ro file from sid e

14 .00
12 .00
60V
80V
100V
120V
140V
160V
180V
200V
220V
240V
V e lo c ity (in m /s)
10 .00
8.0 0
6.0 0
4.0 0
2.0 0
0.0 0
0
10
20
30
D is ta n c e (in c m )
40
50
60
Calibration of motor
Micro DC 5-2.4,1:11.8, 25X12(10X6 in
inches) motor-propeller combination
manufactured by WES-Technik GmbH,
Germany used
Calibrated for voltage across motor vs.
propeller rpm
Calibration done using hand held infrared
tachometer
E vs rp m
300 0
y = 367.83x
250 0
200 0
rpm
150 0
100 0
500
-1.000
0
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
-500
E (in V )
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
Static calibration of propeller

. Overall five parameters are measured while
taking readings:
1. Supply voltage at dc power supply
2. Voltage across motor
3. Current in the motor- supply circuit
4. Output of torque meter
5. Airspeed (not valid in this case)
V oltage across m otor vs T h ru st

9 0 0 .0
y = 8 .0 4 7 2 x 2 + 1 3 .4 9 1 x - 2 .4 6 5 7
8 0 0 .0
y = 8 .6 9 5 8 x 2 + 1 4 .8 8 1 x - 6 .0 9 3 6
7 0 0 .0
th ru s t (in m N )
6 0 0 .0
5 0 0 .0
m e asu re d va lue s
4 0 0 .0
m a nufac tu rers da ta
P o ly. (m ea sure d value s)
3 0 0 .0
P o ly. (m an ufactu rers da ta )

2 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
0 .0
0 .0 0
1 .0 0
2 .0 0
3 .0 0
4 .0 0
5 .0 0
6 .0 0
-1 0 0 .0
V o lta g e a c ro ss m o to r (in V )
7 .0 0
8 .0 0
9 .0 0
1 0 .0 0
rpm vs Thrust
800.0
y = 0.0001x2 - 0.0073x
700.0
600.0
Thrust (mN)
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
-500
500
1000
1500
-100.0
rpm
2000
2500
3000
P rop eller in p u t P ow er vs T h ru st
6.0 00
y = 5E -06x 2 + 0.00 35x - 0.042 2
5.0 00
P o w er in (W )
4.0 00
3.0 00
2.0 00
1.0 00
0.0 00
0.0
10 0.0
20 0.0
30 0.0
40 0.0
-1.00 0
T h ru st (m N )
50 0.0
60 0.0
70 0.0
80 0.0
Thrust measurement at different

forward speeds
Readings taken at forward speeds of 1.3 m/s,
2.1 m/s, 2.9 m/s and 4.5 m/s
It should be noted that this motor propeller
combination behaves as a windmill at 4.5
m/s forward speeds for motor input voltage
range (0-2.5 V ) (I.e 0-1000 rpm)
List of formulae:
Advance ratio J = V/nd
Power coefficient Cp = P/n3d5
Thrust coefficient Ct = T/n2d4
Speed coefficient Cs = J/(Cp)0.2
Propeller efficiency n = TV/P1
Motor efficiency n2 = P1/P2
Where, P1 = propeller input power in W
P2= motor input power in W
= density of air in kg/m3
n = no of revolutions per second
d = diameter of propeller in m
V = forward speed in m/s
rpm vs T hrust
8 0 0 .0
7 0 0 .0
6 0 0 .0
T h ru s t (in n M
5 0 0 .0
4 0 0 .0
0 m /s
1 .3 3 m /s
2 .1 5 m /s
2 .9 7 m /s
4 .6 0 m /s
3 0 0 .0
2 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
0 .0
0
500
1000
1500
-1 0 0 .0
-2 0 0 .0
rp m
2000
2500
3000
Th rust vs P rop eller inpu t P ow er

6 .0 0 0
5 .0 0 0
P ro p e lle r in p u t P o w e r (in W
4 .0 0 0
0 m /s
1 .3 3 m /s
2 .1 5 m /s
2 .9 7 m /s
4 .6 0 m /s
3 .0 0 0
2 .0 0 0
1 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0
-2 0 0 .0
-1 0 0 .0
0 .0
1 0 0 .0
2 0 0 .0
3 0 0 .0
-1 .0 0 0
rp m
4 0 0 .0
5 0 0 .0
6 0 0 .0
7 0 0 .0
8 0 0 .0
J vs C p
0 .6 0 0
0 .5 0 0
Cp
0 .4 0 0
1 .3 3
2 .1 5
2 .9 7
4 .6 0
0 .3 0 0
0 .2 0 0
0 .1 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .5 0 0
1 .0 0 0
1 .5 0 0
2 .0 0 0
2 .5 0 0
J
3 .0 0 0
3 .5 0 0
4 .0 0 0
4 .5 0 0
5 .0 0 0
m /s
m /s
m /s
m /s
J vs C p (for rpm < 1000)

0 .0 8 0
0 .0 7 0
Cp
0 .0 6 0
1 .3 3
2 .1 5
2 .9 7
4 .6 0
0 .0 5 0
0 .0 4 0
0 .0 3 0
0 .0 2 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .1 0 0
0 .2 0 0
0 .3 0 0
0 .4 0 0
0 .5 0 0
J
0 .6 0 0
0 .7 0 0
0 .8 0 0
0 .9 0 0
1 .0 0 0
m /s
m /s
m /s
m /s
J vs Ct
0 .2 0 0
0 .1 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .5 0 0
1 .0 0 0
1 .5 0 0
2 .0 0 0
2 .5 0 0
3 .0 0 0
3 .5 0 0
4 .0 0 0
4 .5 0 0
5 .0 0 0
-0 .1 0 0
1 .3 3
2 .1 4
2 .9 7
4 .6 0
Ct
-0 .2 0 0
-0 .3 0 0
-0 .4 0 0
-0 .5 0 0
-0 .6 0 0
-0 .7 0 0
J
m /s
m /s
m /s
m /s
J vs Ct (for rpm <1000)

0 .1 0 0
0 .0 8 0
0 .0 6 0
Ct
0 .0 4 0
1 .3 3
2 .1 4
2 .9 7
4 .6 0
0 .0 2 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .2 0 0
0 .4 0 0
0 .6 0 0
-0 .0 2 0
-0 .0 4 0
-0 .0 6 0
J
0 .8 0 0
1 .0 0 0
1 .2 0 0
m /s
m /s
m /s
m /s
J vs n
2 .0 0 0
1 .5 0 0
1 .3 3
2 .1 4
2 .9 7
4 .6 0
1 .0 0 0
0 .5 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .5 0 0
1 .0 0 0
1 .5 0 0
J
2 .0 0 0
2 .5 0 0
3 .0 0 0
m /s
m /s
m /s
m /s
J vs n (for rpm < 1000)

1 .0 0 0
0 .7 5 0
1 .3 3
2 .1 4
2 .9 7
4 .6 0
0 .5 0 0
0 .2 5 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .1 0 0
0 .2 0 0
0 .3 0 0
0 .4 0 0
0 .5 0 0
J
0 .6 0 0
0 .7 0 0
0 .8 0 0
0 .9 0 0
1 .0 0 0
m /s
m /s
m /s
m /s
J vs Cs
7 .0 0 0
6 .0 0 0
5 .0 0 0
4 .0 0 0
Cs
1 .3 3
2 .1 5
2 .9 7
4 .6 0
3 .0 0 0
2 .0 0 0
1 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .5 0 0
1 .0 0 0
1 .5 0 0
2 .0 0 0
2 .5 0 0
J
3 .0 0 0
3 .5 0 0
4 .0 0 0
4 .5 0 0
5 .0 0 0
m /s
m /s
m /s
m /s
J vs C s (for rpm <1000)

3 .0 0 0
2 .5 0 0
Cs
2 .0 0 0
1 .3 3
2 .1 5
2 .9 7
4 .6 0
1 .5 0 0
1 .0 0 0
0 .5 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .2 0 0
0 .4 0 0
0 .6 0 0
J
0 .8 0 0
1 .0 0 0
1 .2 0 0
m /s
m /s
m /s
m /s
Drag measurement of solid

bodies
Instrumentation setup used is the same

Readings taken for 2 solid bodies
Solid disc Dimensions: length 330mm
height 75mm
Ellipsoid Dimensions: length 490mm,
height 120mm
For solid disc

W ind sp eed vs D rag
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
-20.0
-40.0
1 .3 3 m /s
D rag (in m N )
2 .1 5 m /s
-60.0
2 .9 7 m /s
4 .6 m /s
-80.0
1 .3 3 m /s (set 2 )
-100.0
-120.0
-140.0
W in d S p eed (in m /s)
R e vs C d
1 .4 0 0
1 .2 0 0
1 .0 0 0
1.33 m /s
2.15 m /s
0 .8 0 0
Cd
2.97 m /s
4.60 m /s
`
0 .6 0 0
1.33 m /s (s et 2)
0 .4 0 0
0 .2 0 0
0 .0 0 0
0 .0
2 0 0 0 0 .0
4 0 0 0 0 .0
6 0 0 0 0 .0
8 0 0 0 0 .0
Re
1 0 0 0 0 0 .0
1 2 0 0 0 0 .0
1 4 0 0 0 0 .0
1 6 0 0 0 0 .0
For ellipsoid
W ind s pe e d v s D ra g
0 .0
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
4 .0
4 .5
5 .0
- 2 0 .0
- 4 0 .0
1.33 m /s
D rag (In m N
2.15 m /s
- 6 0 .0
2.97 m /s
3.78 m /s
- 8 0 .0
4.6 m /s
- 1 0 0 .0
- 1 2 0 .0
- 1 4 0 .0
W in d Sp eed (in m /s )
Re vs Cd
1.400
1.200
1.000
1.33 m /s
2.15 m /s
0.800
Cd
2.97 m /s
3.78 m /s
0.600
4.6 m /s
0.400
0.200
0.000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
Re
100000
120000
140000
160000

Wind Tunnel

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Wind Tunnel

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Copyright:

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Testing of mini propellers and

drag measurement of bodies

Torque sensor setup

Best Fit Line

torque meter output (in V)

Load cell setup

Best Fit Line

load cell output (in kgf)

Wind tunnel setup

E ngine Propeller T est R ig

A =hot w ire anem om eter

V elocity p ro file from b otto m

V e lo c ity (in m /s)

V elocity p ro file from sid e

V e lo c ity (in m /s)

Static calibration of propeller

V oltage across m otor vs T h ru st

P o ly. (m an ufactu rers da ta )

y = 5E -06x 2 + 0.00 35x - 0.042 2

Thrust measurement at different

Th rust vs P rop eller inpu t P ow er

J vs C p (for rpm < 1000)

J vs Ct (for rpm <1000)

J vs n (for rpm < 1000)

J vs C s (for rpm <1000)

Drag measurement of solid

Instrumentation setup used is the same

For solid disc

W in d S p eed (in m /s)

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