Respiratory II:

Gas Exchange;Transport of Respiratory Gases in the Blood; Regulation of Respiration

Gas Exchange in Alveoli and Tissues Basic Properties of Gases Gases diffuse within liquid (or gas) according to partial pressure gradient Partial pressures depend on dissolved gases

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures In a mixture of gases, the pressure each gas exerts is independent of the pressure the others exert. Total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the individual gas pressures.

Henrys Law: A gas dissolves into (and out of) liquid in proportion to its partial pressure Volume of gas dissolving is also dependent upon: Solubility: CO2 is much more soluble in water than is O2 Temperature

Partial Pressures of CO2 and O2 in inspired air at sea level and in the body: Fig 13.21 V values!) External Respiration Internal Respiration Alveolar-Blood Gas Exchange (External Respiration) Movement of gases across respiratory membrane affected by: Partial pressure gradients

(know these

Gas solubilities (which gas is more soluble?) Thickness of respiratory membrane normal = 1 micron Surface area for exchange normal = 140 m2 Biconcave disk shape of rbc facilitates transport

Exchange is rapid and complete (to equilibrium) Diseases such as emphysema impede gas exchange Emphysema affects: Thickness of respiratory membrane increased Surface area for exchange decreased Pulmonary edema also impedes gas exchange 1

Ventilation Perfusion Coupling Close match between: Amount of gas reaching specific alveoli (ventilation) AND

Blood flow in pulmonary capillaries (perfusion) This diagram (slide 12) shows two examples of a mismatch

How do we ensure the two bad situations dont occur? MATCH (couple) Perfusion (pulmonary capillary blood flow) and

Ventilation (amount of gas reaching specific alveoli)

How? LOCAL CONTROLS of pulmonary arteriolar diameter which are exactly OPPOSITE those you learned for control of systemic arterioles WHY?

Gas Exchange in Tissues - Internal Respiration Partial pressure and diffusion gradients are reversed

PO2 values for systemic arterial blood (~ 100 mm Hg) and tissues (40 mm Hg) PCO2 values: Systemic arterial blood (40 mm Hg) and tissues (46 mm Hg)

Exchange is rapid and complete (to equilibrium) Transport of Respiratory Gases by Blood Oxygen Transport Small amount dissolved in plasma (giving our PO2) 98.5% carried on Hb

Hemoglobin Oxygen Dissociation Curve (Fig. 13.26V) PO2 determines whether oxygen binds to Hb or is released from Hb 2

Cooperative binding Affinity of Hb for O2 varies with oxygen saturation

Hemoglobin greatly increases the total amount of O2 that can be carried by the blood See Fig. 13.27 V Oxygen Movement in Lungs and Tissues See Fig 13.28V

Factors shifting HbO2 curve: Fig. 13.29 V Understand what right and left shifts do to % saturation!

Memory device:

CO2 Transport Dissolved in plasma Gives us our PCO2 Bound to Hb carbaminohemoglobin As HCO3 bicarbonate ions

Summary of CO2 movement Fig. 13.30V

Transport of H+ ions between tissues + lungs Fig. 13.31V Deoxyhemoglobin buffers most of the H+ ions generated by the carbonic acid reaction in blood draining tissues In lungs, Hb picks up O2 and releases H+ ions, which are used to regenerate CO2

Influence of CO2 upon blood pH HCO3- ions = alkaline reserve

Carbonic acid HCO3- buffer system

Changes in respiratory rate can produce changes in blood pH Hyperventilation: pH Slow, shallow breathing (hypoventilation): pH

Respiratory Acidosis Most common challenge to acid-base equilibrium

Control of Respiration Basic breathing pattern set by neurons in reticular formation of medulla (DRG and VRG) and pons (Pontine Respiratory Center - PRC)

Medulla sets respiratory rhythm Pons is less well-understood! Types of neurons Inspiratory (I) Expiratory (E)

Medullary Respiratory Centers: DRG Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) Formerly thought to be the inspiratory center Now known that the spontaneously-depolarizing neurons driving inspiration are in VRG PreBtzinger Complex

DRG receives input from Chemoreceptors Lung stretch receptors Baroreceptors thought to contribute to ventilation perfusion coupling Output: Inspiratory neurons to VRG and PRC

Medullary Respiratory Centers: VRG Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) produces inspiration Formerly called expiratory center; contains rhythm-generating Pre-Btzinger Complex and both I and E neurons

Pacemakers send excitatory output to other I neurons to produce inspiratory drive and inhibitory output to E neurons

Therefore respiratory rhythm is due to both spontaneous burst properties of pacemakers AND reciprocal innervation Pontine Respiratory Centers Functions controversial Apneustic Center - ???

Pneumotaxic Center Assume following: 5

Pneumotaxic Center fine tunes breathing rhythm and smoothes out transitions from inspiration expiration inspiration. Summary: Brainstem Respiratory Control Centers Responsible For: (fig. 13.32V) Respiratory rhythm generation Activation of inspiratory and expiratory nerves and muscles Alveolar ventilation via changes in arterial blood gas partial pressures

How do we regulate breathing? Increase ventilation by increasing rate and depth of breathing. Regulated by chemical factors in the blood: CO2 pH (H+ levels) O2 CO2 (and pH) are by far the most important regulatory chemicals! Note Vander definitions of hypo- and hyper-ventilation

How do we detect changes in chemical factors? Peripheral Chemoreceptors Carotid and Aortic bodies Sensitive to PO2; PCO2 and pH

Control by PO2 Peripheral chemoreceptors STIMULATED by O2 (though it must be a large decrease)** pH CO2 (of systemic arterial blood -note their location!)

EFFECT: Stimulation (chemoreceptors project to DRG, which then projects to VRG) increased ventilation

Control by PCO2 (and pH) Peripheral chemoreceptors sense CO2 and pH Central chemoreceptors sense pH Effect: increased ventilation

Summary of major chemical inputs that stimulation ventilation (Fig. 13.40 V)

Effect of Exercise Is the increased ventilation that occurs during exercise due to changes in blood chemicals? Refer to Figure 13.41V Factors that stimulate ventilation during exercise Refer to Figures 13.42, 13.43V Abrupt increase of ventilation at onset of exercise Factors stimulating this increase include: Reflex input from proprioceptors Input from motor cortex