The University of Lahore

DESIGN OF LAHORE BRANCH CANAL

By

Arslan Jamil

AN INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted to the Faculty of The University of Lahore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BS Civil

Lahore July, 2012

Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge the following people for their support and assistance with this internship. From the Punjab Power Management Unit (PPMU), I would like to thank my immediate supervisor Mr. Farook Azam, for allowing me to take on the additional job duties of this monitoring project. At the same time I am very thankful to the Project Director (P.D) Mr. Liaqat Ali who allows and appreciate me very much to work in this department. The person I most wish to thank is Dr. Nazir Hawari who really has credit for my successful internship. Because he referrers me as intern to this department. My summer internship was not possible without his interest and help.

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Preface
The purpose of this report is to explain what I did and learned during my internship period with the Punjab Power Management Unit (PPMU) at Shadman. The report focuses primarily on the assignments handled, working environment, successes and shortcomings that the intern encountered when handling various tasks assigned to him by the supervisor. Because the various parts of the report reflect the interns shortcomings, successes, observations and comments, it would be imperative that the recommendations are also given. Therefore the report gives a number of comments and recommendations on the internship program. It is hoped that this report would serve as a cardinal vehicle to the improvement of the internship program.

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Design of Lahore Branch Canal

The earthen Channel efficiency suffers from silting and scouring of channel due to faulty design necessitating heavy maintenance and sometime remolding is also required. The other worse design problems are weed growth and heavy seepage losses causing water logging. So, heavy attention is required for the design of an earthen channel. There are many ways to design an earthen channel (canal). Usually irrigation canals are constructed in alluvial soils and supplies are normally from rivers carrying silts with it. So in design silting and scouring phenomena should be considered. Pakistan has the world largest irrigation system and most of the soil is alluvial. So in design of canal special consideration is given to silting and scouring. In Pakistan theories used to design canals due to soils conditions, are: 1. Kennedy Regime theory 2. Lacey Regime theory Kennedy was executive engineer of UDBC (Upper Bari Doab Canals). He did great research work to get none silting and scouring canal irrigation system. But due to some technical drawbacks in research his theory is not applicable everywhere. Lacey Regime theory is more suitable than Kennedys theory due to his consideration for silting factor. Here we design our canal with Lacey Regime theory.

1. Lacey Regime theory:

Lacey developed more reliable method of canal design. Lacey defined a regime channel as a stable channel transporting a minimum bed load consistent with fully active bed. According to him a channel will be in regime if it carries a constant discharge and it flows uniformly in unlined incoherent alluvium of same character.

a) Laceys Fundamental Equation:

(1) (2) (3)

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Where, = velocity of flow f = silt factor R = hydraulic radius A = area of channel section S = longitudinal slope of channel

b) Design of Canal (Lacey Regime theory):

Required Design Inputs:
Q, f (mr for the value of f)

c) Design Problem:
Design Lahore canal through Lacey Regime theory having discharge of 402.53 cusecs using silt factor, f as 0.97 for standard silt.

Solution:

Assuming side slope 1V:2H

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Again check the value of R through another mehod

Both R are nearly same hence checked.

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2. Manning Formula:
One of the best as well as one of the most widely used formulas for open-channel flow is that of Robert Manning, who published his work in 1890. This formula is used for uniform flow. Normally this design is used for lined canals. In metric units, the Manning formula is

The selection of an approximate value for the Manning roughness factor n is very critical to accuracy of results of a problem. It is normally possible to select a reasonable n value when the canal surface is of concrete or any other structural material. But for the case of natural channel everyone has to rely on previous experience or personal judgments, and in many instances the selected value may be inaccurate. Some already calculated values of n are mentioned below.

MANNING'S N FOR CHANNELS (CHOW, 1959).

Type of Channel and Description Minimum Normal Maximum

Natural streams - minor streams (top width at flood stage < 100 ft) 1. Main Channels a. clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools 0.025 0.030 0.033 b. same as above, but more stones and weeds 0.030 0.035 0.040 c. clean, winding, some pools and shoals 0.033 0.040 0.045 d. same as above, but some weeds and stones 0.035 0.045 0.050 e. same as above, lower stages, more ineffective 0.040 0.048 0.055 slopes and sections f. same as "d" with more stones 0.045 0.050 0.060 g. sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools 0.050 0.070 0.080 h. very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways 0.075 0.100 0.150 with heavy stand of timber and underbrush 2. Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks usually steep, trees and brush along banks submerged at high stages a. bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders 0.030 0.040 0.050 b. bottom: cobbles with large boulders 0.040 0.050 0.070 3. Floodplains a. Pasture, no brush 1.short grass 0.025 0.030 0.035 2. high grass 0.030 0.035 0.050

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b. Cultivated areas 1. no crop 2. mature row crops 3. mature field crops c. Brush 1. scattered brush, heavy weeds 2. light brush and trees, in winter 3. light brush and trees, in summer 4. medium to dense brush, in winter 5. medium to dense brush, in summer d. Trees 1. dense willows, summer, straight 2. cleared land with tree stumps, no sprouts 3. same as above, but with heavy growth of sprouts 4. heavy stand of timber, a few down trees, little undergrowth, flood stage below branches 5. same as 4. with flood stage reaching branches 4. Excavated or Dredged Channels a. Earth, straight, and uniform 1. clean, recently completed 2. clean, after weathering 3. gravel, uniform section, clean 4. with short grass, few weeds b. Earth winding and sluggish 1. no vegetation 2. grass, some weeds 3. dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep channels 4. earth bottom and rubble sides 5. stony bottom and weedy banks 6. cobble bottom and clean sides c. Dragline-excavated or dredged 1. no vegetation 2. light brush on banks d. Rock cuts

0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.070 0.110 0.030 0.050 0.080 0.100

0.030 0.035 0.040 0.050 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.100 0.150 0.040 0.060 0.100 0.120

0.040 0.045 0.050 0.070 0.060 0.080 0.110 0.160 0.200 0.050 0.080 0.120 0.160

0.016 0.018 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.025 0.030 0.028 0.025 0.030 0.025 0.035

0.018 0.022 0.025 0.027 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.028 0.050

0.020 0.025 0.030 0.033 0.030 0.033 0.040 0.035 0.040 0.050 0.033 0.060

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1. smooth and uniform 2. jagged and irregular e. Channels not maintained, weeds and brush uncut 1. dense weeds, high as flow depth 2. clean bottom, brush on sides 3. same as above, highest stage of flow 4. dense brush, high stage 5. Lined or Constructed Channels a. Cement 1. neat surface 2. mortar b. Wood 1. planed, untreated 2. planed, creosoted 3. unplaned 4. plank with battens 5. lined with roofing paper c. Concrete 1. trowel finish 2. float finish 3. finished, with gravel on bottom 4. unfinished 5. gunite, good section 6. gunite, wavy section 7. on good excavated rock 8. on irregular excavated rock d. Concrete bottom float finish with sides of: 1. dressed stone in mortar 2. random stone in mortar 3. cement rubble masonry, plastered 4. cement rubble masonry 5. dry rubble or riprap e. Gravel bottom with sides of: 1. formed concrete 2. random stone mortar 3. dry rubble or riprap f. Brick

0.025 0.035 0.050 0.040 0.045 0.080

0.035 0.040 0.080 0.050 0.070 0.100

0.040 0.050 0.120 0.080 0.110 0.140

0.010 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.017 0.022 0.015 0.017 0.016 0.020 0.020 0.017 0.020 0.023

0.011 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.015 0.017 0.017 0.019 0.022 0.020 0.027 0.017 0.020 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.020 0.023 0.033

0.013 0.015 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.018 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.020 0.020 0.023 0.025

0.020 0.024 0.024 0.030 0.035 0.025 0.026 0.036

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1. glazed 2. in cement mortar g. Masonry 1. cemented rubble 2. dry rubble h. Dressed ashlar/stone paving i. Asphalt 1. smooth 2. rough j. Vegetal lining

0.011 0.012 0.017 0.023 0.013 0.013 0.016 0.030

0.013 0.015 0.025 0.032 0.015 0.013 0.016

0.015 0.018 0.030 0.035 0.017

0.500

Manning's n for Closed Conduits Flowing Partly Full (Chow, 1959). Type of Conduit and Description 1. Brass, smooth: 2. Steel: Lockbar and welded Riveted and spiral 3. Cast Iron: Coated Uncoated 4. Wrought Iron: Black Galvanized 5. Corrugated Metal: Subdrain Stormdrain 6. Cement: Neat Surface Mortar 7. Concrete: Culvert, straight and free of debris Culvert with bends, connections, and some debris Finished Sewer with manholes, inlet, etc., straight Unfinished, steel form Unfinished, smooth wood form Unfinished, rough wood form Minimum 0.009 0.010 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.017 0.021 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.015 Normal 0.010 0.012 0.016 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.024 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.013 0.012 0.015 0.013 0.014 0.017 Maximum 0.013 0.014 0.017 0.014 0.016 0.015 0.017 0.021 0.030 0.013 0.015 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.017 0.014 0.016 0.020

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8. Wood: Stave Laminated, treated 9. Clay: Common drainage tile Vitrified sewer Vitrified sewer with manholes, inlet, etc. Vitrified Subdrain with open joint 10. Brickwork: Glazed Lined with cement mortar Sanitary sewers coated with sewage slime with bends and connections Paved invert, sewer, smooth bottom Rubble masonry, cemented

0.010 0.015 0.011 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.016 0.018

0.012 0.017 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.013 0.015 0.013 0.019 0.025

0.014 0.020 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.015 0.017 0.016 0.020 0.030

Manning's n for Corrugated Metal Pipe (AISI, 1980) Type of Pipe, Diameter and Corrugation Dimension 1. Annular 2.67 x 1/2 inch (all diameters) 2. Helical 1.50 x 1/4 inch 8" diameter 10" diameter 3. Helical 2.67 x 1/2 inch 12" diameter 18" diameter 24" diameter 36" diameter 48" diameter 60" diameter 4. Annular 3x1 inch (all diameters) 5. Helical 3x1 inch 48" diameter 54" diameter 60" diameter 66" diameter 72" diameter 78" diameter and larger 6. Corrugations 6x2 inches n 0.024 0.012 0.014 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.027 0.023 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.027

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60" diameter 72" diameter 120" diameter 180" diameter

0.033 0.032 0.030 0.028

a) Composite Mannings n:
Flow in the main channel is not subdivided except when the roughness coefficient is changed within the channel area. If the main channel portion of the cross-section is subdivided into parts having different roughness coefficient then a certain composite value of nc should be computed. The formula to evaluate nc is given below.

Pside2

Pside1

Pbottom

b) Design of Canal (Manning Formula):

Required Design Inputs:
B, S and n or nc (nbottom and nside)

c) Design Problem:
Design a canal through Manning formula having side slope 1V:2H, Longitudinal slope, S = 0.000175, Discharge, Q = 402.53 cusecs, bottom width, B = 45 m. The trapezoidal cross-section have nbottom = .045 and nside = .015.

Solution:

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According to question nside = 0.015 and nbottom = 0.045

As we know that B = 95m, So

For side slope 1V:2H and B = 45m, the P and A values will be respectively

and

Use trial and error method to calculate D

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Now calculate the value of composite n,

3. Comparison between Values of Manning and Lacey Design:

Design Parameters
Breadth, B (ft) Depth, D (ft) Velocity, V (fts-1 ) Perimeter, P (ft) Area, A (ft2 ) Hydraulic Radius, R (ft) Silt Factor, f Manning Roughness Factor, n Side Slope, (V:H) Longitudnal Slope, S

Lacey Design Values Maning Design Values

86.61 3.88 1.18 95.29 341.13 3.61 0.97 No 1V:2H 0.000101 45 2.75 2.89 57.298 138.86 2.42 No 0.0396 1V:2H 0.000175

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Learning
After I have completed my internship with PPMU, it is my hope that I will be more confident in myself and the work that I complete for the company. I have noticed that since the first day on the job I have been very critical of myself and the writing that I do. Even after receiving several comments from my superiors that I have been a great asset already, I still find myself degrading the work I produce. However, through time and experience I hope to become more confident as a professional. Though the current work that I am doing for PPMU is not what I specifically want to be doing in the future, I understand that I need to gain a bottom-to-top understanding of the workings of a government department. Much of the work is assisting. I would like to continue to explore the career paths of other professionals in the department and other professionals that we contract to assist us. I enjoy networking with these individuals and will continue to grow and learn with their advice.

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Recommendations for Future Interns

Internships are a great way to learn more about a company or industry and help identify what you want to do as a career. Just like shoe shopping, its all about the right fit, and internships are a valuable way to find your fit. I want to suggest few tips to the future interns. Which are 1. Dont be afraid to ask questions. Peoples dont expect you to know it all, but make sure after those questions have been answered, youre clear about what you need to do. 2. Manage up and ask smart questions. Know when to ask and when to find out the information on your own 3. Take the initiative!!! I have found that colleagues really appreciate someone who is constantly looking for new opportunities to help, get involved, make suggestions, or improve their personal performance. 4. Be proactive. The perfect opportunity is not going to fall into your lap. In order to get to where you want to be you need to be persistent. Whether this means following-up with a recruiter, or calling until someone looks at your resume. A big part of what may make you standout is showing how badly you want the position you are applying for. 5. Never underestimate the value of becoming expert in a subject. Depth of knowledge, rather than breadth, can make you an invaluable asset.

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References
I. II. III. IV. Irrigation and Water Power Engineering, 12th Edition by Dr. B.C Punmia Chap#14, Irrigation Channels: Silt Theories Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications, SI Metric Edition by Robert L. Daugherty Chap#11, Steady Flow in Open Channels Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines by K. C. Patra ChapOpen Channel Hydraulics Manning n values, http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Mannings_n_Tables. htm

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