Olympic Rings Meaning

Not many of us are aware of the meaning of Olympic rings, i.e. what each of these five interlaced rings represent, to be precise; and that is surprising considering it has almost been a century since they were designed. Modern Olympic Games, the form in which we see the event today, started more than a century ago. The event was the brain child of Frenchmen, Pierre de Coubertin, who was inspired by the Olympic festivals and decided to revive the games. After several attempts, Coubertin's efforts finally bore fruit in the late 19th century. Eventually, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was formed in 1894, and the first modern Olympics were held two years later in Athens, Greece, in 1896. Along with the games, Coubertin also gave us one of the most popular Olympic symbols, the Olympic flag, with five interlaced rings on a white backgro Olympic Rings The five interlaced rings which are depicted on the Olympic flag are known as the 'Olympic rings'. These rings are arranged in 3-2 pattern on a white background, with the blue ring to the extreme left, followed by yellow, black, green and red, in the same order. An important symbol of the games today, the Olympic flag with five rings was designed by Pierre de Coubertin in August 1912. When this design was introduced in August 1912, the issue of Revue Olympique carried De Coubertin's following statement The emblem chosen to illustrate and represent the world Congress of 1914...: five intertwined rings in different colors - blue, yellow, black, green, red - are placed on the white field of the paper. These five rings represent the five parts of the world which now are won over to Olympism and willing to accept healthy competition. The five rings are believed to represent the five parts of the world, i.e. the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania. (Both the Americas are regarded as a single continent, while Antarctica is not taken into consideration.) Though no color is demarcated to a particular continent or region, various theories tend to associate these colored rings with various citations. Interestingly, Coubertin himself never specifically mentioned that the color of these rings had any association with the continents. Though he is believed to have stated that his design was 'truly an international symbol' with the six colors (white included) reproducing the colors of all nations; i.e. blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tricolours of France, England and America, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Hungary, the yellow and red of Spain next to the novelties of Brazil or Australia, with old Japan and new China. As you must have noticed, at least one of the five colors among the rings is present on the flag of each of the participating countries. The Olympic rings were officially adopted in 1914, and made their debut at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.

The meaning of the five Olympic rings, according to the International Olympic Committee, is reinforcement of the idea that the Olympic Movement is an international campaign, and all the countries of the world are welcome to join it. Even the Olympic charter acknowledges the significance of these rings stating that they represent the union of the five continents, and the meeting of athletes from around the world at the Olympic Games. With no specific rules regarding the alignment of these rings, they were arranged in odd patterns initially. Eventually, however, strict rules about the arrangement pattern and color were decided upon. Today, there is a strict code pertaining to the use of this symbol, which has to be adhered to under any circumstances. Even if the Olympic rings are depicted on a black background, the black ring shouldn't be substituted by a ring of any other color. As with other Olympic symbols, these rings are considered the property of the IOC, and cannot be used without their approval. The interlaced Olympic rings stand for unity among the five continents, which come together on a common platform, i.e. the Olympic Games. The games which have been organized for over a century now, have had some highs and lows of their own. Yet the very fact that they are still popular among all age groups across the world speaks volumes about their illustriousness.

List of Olympic Sports Olympic Games are an international sports event the world looks forward to. To know about the various sports that are a part of Summer and Winter Olympics, go through this list of Olympic sports. Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core www.Dell.Com/Business/Laptops Olympic Games - an international multi-sport event that hosts a variety of sports. It is one of the most important and immensely popular international events. Sports fans around the world wait for it. The Games are hosted in a different country every four years and every country awaits a chance to host them. Beijing hosted the event in 2008. In 2012, it's London. Today's Olympic Games trace their roots to ancient Greek Olympics. In Ancient Greece, sports competitions were held as a means to please God Zeus. Over time, these games took an all new shape. They changed from amateur to professional and invited wide participation from many countries across the globe. Changing times added glamor to the event and brought commercialization to a considerable extent. Olympic Games had started small. Today, they are a big event the world awaits to witness. Olympic sports include the ones contested during Summer Olympics as also those contested during Winter Olympics. Let's look at a list of those.

Summer Olympic Games include 26 sports with 39 disciplines. Winter Olympic Games comprise 7 sports with 15 disciplines. Each Olympic sport or discipline consists of a distinct number of events, which may vary. Summer Olympic Sports Archery: It was introduced in the Summer Olympic Games in 1900. The International Archery Federation regulates this Olympic sport. After the London Olympics in 1908, archery was dropped from the Olympic sports list. In 1920, it was back. This sport consists of four events, namely, men's individual, men's team, women's individual and women's team. Athletics: When the modern Olympic movement originated at the 1896 Summer Olympics, athletics became a part of the Summer Olympic Games. Several men's and women's athletic events have been a part of this Olympic sport. Athletics includes track and field events, racewalking events and road running events. 100 to 10,000 meter races, hurdle races, relay races, 20 and 50km walks, marathon races, long jump, high jump, triple jump, pole vault and shot put as also decathlon, discus throw, javelin throw and hammer throw come under athletics. Aquatics: This sport has been divided into four disciplines, namely, diving, swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo. The International Swimming Federation regulates these disciplines. Diving: It was first introduced in the 1904 Games of St. Louis and is a part of Summer Olympics since then. It was a male-dominated sport until 1912. Women divers participated for the first time in 1912. China was allowed to compete for the first time in 1984. Diving consists of Springboard, Platform, Synchronized Springboard and Synchronized Platform, for both men and women. Athletes dive from as high as 10m above water. Swimming: It has always been a part of the modern Summer Olympics and has been among the most popular sports. It is also one among sports with the largest number of events. 50m, 100m, 200m, 400m and 1500m Freestyle, Butterfly, Breaststroke and Backstroke (100m and 200m), 200m and 400m Individual Medley, 10km Marathon, 4x100m and 4x200m Freestyle Relay and 4x100m Medley Relay are among the men's events in swimming. Women's events comprise the same set, except for 800m Freestyle which is 1500m for men. Synchronized Swimming: Included in the Summer Olympics since 1984, synchronized swimming is contested as a duet and team event. It includes women's team and women's duet events. It is among the two sports only contested by women. As the name suggests, this sport needs great coordination skills. Water Polo: Since 1900, this sport has been a part of Summer Olympics. But, until 2000 it included only men. Women's Water Polo was introduced only in the 2000 Olympics at

Sydney. Of the first five water polo tournaments in Olympics, four were won by Great Britain. Badminton: It was introduced in the Summer Olympics during the 1992 Olympic Games at Barcelona where 4 badminton events comprising singles and doubles for men and women were held. The mixed doubles event was added in 1996. The Badminton World Federation is in charge of this Olympic sport. In badminton, China has won 30 Olympic medals since 1992. Basketball: Basketball was held as a demonstration sports event in 1904. Since 1936, it is a part of the Summer Olympic Games. The first tournament was held outdoors on a court made of sand. Men's basketball appeared in 1936, while women's event was introduced much later, which was in 1976. The United States' men's and women's teams have dominated the sport for long. Boxing: Since 1904, boxing has been a part of the Summer Olympics. It was excluded from the 1912 Games held in Stockholm, Sweden, because Swedish law banned this sport. Till 2008, only men's boxing events were included. For the first time in 2012, women are participating in the sport. Light Fly, Fly, Bantam, Light, Light Welter, Welter, Middle, Light Heavy, Heavy and Super Heavy are included in the men's boxing events while women's events include Fly, Light and Middle. Canoeing: Paddling a canoe is known as canoeing. It is classified into two disciplines, namely, flatwater canoeing and slalom canoeing. The two types of boats used in this sport are canoes with canoers or kayaks with 1, 2 or 4 kayakers. Men's events include Kayak Single (200m and 1000m), Kayak Double (200m and 1000m), Kayak Four (1000m), Canoe Single (200m and 1000m) and Canoe Double (1000m), while women's events include Kayak Single (200m and 500m), Kayak Double (500m) and Kayak Four (500m). The Canoe Sprint 200m race is being introduced for the very first time in the 2012 London Olympics. Cycling: This Olympic sport is contested as a group of four disciplines, namely, BMX, mountain biking, road cycling and track cycling. Cycling is a part of the Summer Olympic games since 1896. That year, it was in the form of an 87km race. Road cycling was not a part of the 1900, 1904 and 1908 Olympic Games. It has returned to the Olympic sports list in 1912. Women have been participating in the sport since 1984. There are men's and women's events for each discipline of cycling. Road cycling comprises Individual Time Trial and Road Race for both men and women. Similarly, mountain biking and BMX have both men's and women's events. Equestrian: It became a part of the Summer Olympic Games in 1900 and has been contested till date except for the 1912 Olympics when it was excluded. Dressage, Jumping and Eventing are the three disciplines of Equestrianism. It is one of the only two Olympic sports that involve animals. As a rule, the horses used for Dressage and Eventing should be at least 8 years of age and those used for Jumping should be at least 9 years old. The three disciplines are divided into two categories, namely, Individual and

Team. Fencing: Ever since the modern Olympic movement began, fencing is a part of Summer Olympics. It is done with the help of one of these three weapons: a foil, an epee or a sabre. Fencing is contested in the form of individual and team events for men and women. Field Hockey: It became a part of the Olympics in 1908 after which it was removed in 1924. However, it was brought back to Olympics in the very next Summer Olympic Games in 1928. India and Pakistan were Olympic champions in hockey. Women's hockey was held for the first time in 1980. Football: It has been a part of every Olympiad except for the years 1896 and 1932. It used to be a men's sport. In 1900, it was introduced as a medal sport. Women's football was introduced in 1996. Gymnastics: It is divided into three forms, which comprise the disciplines of this sport. Artistic, Rhythmic and Trampoline gymnastics are the three disciplines. Artistic gymnastics includes events like Floor Exercise, Vault, Parallel Bars, Horizontal Bar and Rings, among others, for men and women. Rhythmic gymnastics consists of individual and team events for women while trampoline includes individual events for men and women. For the first 32 years after its introduction, only men were allowed to participate. In 1928, women took part in artistic gymnastics for the very first time. Rhythmic gymnastics made a debut during the 1984 Summer Olympics. Trampolining was introduced in the Sydney Olympics in 2000. Handball: Handball is considered to be one of the oldest sports. It debuted in the 1936 Summer Olympics after which it was excluded. After a long gap of 36 years, it reappeared in 1972. Women's handball was introduced in 1976. Judo: It became a part of Summer Olympics as a medal sport in 1964. Till 1988, only men were included and women took part in the demonstration sport. Female judoka were recognized for the first time in 1992. Modern Pentathlon: Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Games introduced modern pentathlon to Summer Olympics. It is a blend of five disciplines, namely, epee fencing, pistol shooting, show jumping on horseback, 3km cross-country running and 200m freestyle swimming. It was introduced in the Stockholm Olympics held in 1912. Women participated for the first time in this sport during the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Rowing: Since the Summer Olympics of 1900, rowing is a part of Olympic events. Women's events were introduced in 1976 and lightweight-rowing events began in 1996. Interestingly, rowing is the only sport where the finish line is crossed backwards. Sailing: This sport debuted at the Summer Olympics of Paris in 1900. Except for 1904

when it was excluded, sailing has always appeared on the Olympic sports list. Before the 2000 Sydney Olympics, the sport was called yachting. Shooting: Since the origin of the modern Olympic movement, shooting has always been a part of Olympic games. It was excluded in 1904 and in 1928. Table Tennis: Dominated by the Chinese, table tennis became a part of Summer Olympics in 1988. Singles and doubles for men and women are the events included in this discipline. During the early 20th century, the Soviet Union had banned this sport considering that it was harmful to one's eyes. Taekwondo: After being a demonstration sport in 1988 and 1992, Taekwondo found a place in the list of Olympic sports in the Summer Olympics of 2000. Tennis: Tennis is a part of the Summer Olympics since 1896. After being excluded in 1924 and being played as a demonstration sport twice, it reappeared in 1988. Tennis comprises men's and women's singles and doubles as also mixed doubles. Triathlon: It was introduced during the Summer Olympics in 2000. The International Triathlon Union is in charge of the management and regulation of this sport. It includes men's and women's events. Brigitte McMahon from Switzerland and Simon Whitfield from Canada were the first Olympic Triathlon champions. Volleyball: This Olympic sport has two disciplines, namely, beach volleyball and indoor volleyball. Both have events for men and women. Indoor volleyball was introduced during the Summer Olympics of 1964 while beach volleyball debuted in the 1996 Games. United States has dominated this sport, winning five of the eight medals awarded till date. Weightlifting: It made its first appearance in the Summer Olympics in 1896 and reappeared in 1904. It is a part of the Olympic Games since the Summer Olympics of 1920. Since then, there has been a defined set of weight classes with weight limits for each. The classes and weight limits have changed over time. The one interesting rule that remains is, in case of a tie the lifter with lesser body weight wins. Wrestling: It is a part of Summer Olympic Games since the modern Olympic movement began. It consists of events for both men and women. It is one of the oldest sports and was first included in the Ancient Olympics held in 708 BC. The longest wrestling match in the Olympic history was the one between Martin Klein (Russia) and Alfred Asikainen (Finland) during the Stockholm Olympics of 1912. It had lasted for 11 long hours! Winter Olympic Sports Biathlon: The men's individual event of 20km first appeared in the 1960 Olympic Games. Men's relay was introduced in 1968 while the sprint event of Biathlon debuted in the Winter games of 1980. Women debuted in the 15km individual event and sprint in 1992. Military patrol, one of the events of Biathlon became a medal event in 1924.

Bobsleigh: It is an Olympic sport that consists of two disciplines, namely, bobsleigh and skeleton. Here's more about the two. Bobsleigh: It was introduced in the Winter Olympics in 1924. It comprises the four-man and two-man events as also the two-woman events. Skeleton: It was included in the Winter Olympics of 1928 and 1948, after which it was excluded from the Olympic Games. It reappeared in 2002. It includes events for both men and women. Curling: It debuted in the Winter Olympic games in 1924. It was contested as a demonstration sport in 1932 and was added to the official Olympic program in 1998. Ice Hockey: It was a part of the Summer Olympics since 1920 but was transferred to the Winter Olympic Games in 1924. Since 1998, women's ice hockey is also a part of the Olympic event. Luge: Included in the Winter Olympics since 1964, luge consists of events for both men and women as also mixed doubles. Luge is a racing sled for one or two people. It is also the name of an Olympic sport that belongs to the class of sliding sports. It is a very precisely timed sport as players are timed to one thousandth of a second. It's also considered as a dangerous sport. Skating: Skating that is enlisted as one of the popular Olympic sports is classified into three disciplines, namely, figure skating, short track speed skating and speed skating. Here's more on them. Figure Skating: In 1908, it was a part of the Summer Olympics. However, since 1924, this sport is a part of the Winter Olympic Games. Speed Skating: Governed by the International Skating Union, it is included in the list of Winter Olympic Games since 1924. Women's events were introduced in 1960. Short Track Speed Skating: After being a demonstration game in 1988, it earned an official entry into the list of Winter Olympic sports in 1992. It comprises both men's and women's events. Skiing: It is a group of sports including disciplines like alpine, cross-country and freestyle skiing as also snowboarding, ski jumping and Nordic combined. Alpine Skiing: It was introduced in the Winter Olympics in 1936. It consists of combined downhill and slalom events for both men and women. Cross-country Skiing: It is a part of Winter Olympics since 1924. Women's events were introduced only in 1952.

Freestyle Skiing: After being a demonstration game at the Winter Olympics of 1988, it is an official part of the Olympic Games since the 1992 Winter Games. Nordic Combined: These events are a part of the Winter Olympics since 1924. It has often been contested as a pair of two sports, namely cross-country skiing and ski jumping. Ski Jumping: Starting from 1924, till 1956 ski jumping involved jumping from a hill. The jump's length varied every time. It was only in 1960 that the height of the hill to jump from, was standardized to 80m. Snowboarding: It is being contested since the 1998 Winter Olympic Games. It consists of events for both men and women. It is the only sport which had not been a demonstration or medal event before its inclusion in the Olympic Games. It's been years since Olympics began. They have a long history and many interesting stories to tell; of successes and failures, inclusions and deletions, among many more. Their lasting popularity is a promise of their evolution into something grander. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/list-of-olympic-sports.html

Organic Foods
The advantages of organic food and their health benefits have made organic foods popular in recent years. Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core. Order www.Dell.com/Laptops New Lenovo Laptops w/ 3rd gen Intel Core processors & latest features. Know more now www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops Organic foods are a viable alternative to the unhealthy fare we are accustomed to in the 21st century. It is an unfortunate fact that the human body accumulates debris on the walk of metabolic life. Various contaminants find themselves into our systems via the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe and not least of all via our lifestyles. The symptoms of poisoning usually pass for stress, general sickliness and fatigue. However, they have organic origins. We can reverse such poisoning by switching from junk foods to organic foods. It is possible to rid the body of a large amount of contaminants by eating organic foods. We first learn to choose healthy foods when we learn how our present junk diets destroy our health. We have lost out in this respect because of our hurried lifestyles. Apart from the fact that they are instantly available, we choose fast foods because they zap our palates. Unfortunately, the tasty ingredients are often very harmful to our bodies. They are loaded with calories and often have very little nutrients.

To top it off, they contain hazardous additives. These additives include pesticides, artificial fertilizers or sewage sludge and food additives consisting of genetically modified organisms. Organic food must qualify as such by adhering to certain quality standards. Such standards differ from country to country. For example, in the United States, foods qualify as organic if they meet NOP Program Standards. In Australia, they must conform to NASAA Organic Standards and the UK has Organic Farmers and Growers Organic Standards. Those who choose organic foods have a high level of awareness of what our body requires, and of what harms it. Our diets must have nutritional balance so that we get our daily dose of vitamins, minerals, proteins and other necessary elements. Organic foods literally eliminate harmful hydrogenated fats, cholesterol, refined sugars, refined flours, milled grains, artificial sweeteners and artificial food colors/flavorings. They are prepared in a healthy way, using processes that do not affect us adversely. At one time, organic food consisted solely of fresh produce bought directly from organic farms. However, the definition has broadened in the current context and now includes both fresh and processed foods. Organic food is not limited to vegetables and includes organic meat, eggs and dairy products. Organic certification is applicable to any manufacturer or establishment that meets the required standards of growing, storage, processing, packaging and presentation. Therefore, concerned authorities award organic food certification not only to seed suppliers and farmers but also to food processors, retailers and restaurants. The basic criteria are that the food or processes involved should not involve synthetic chemical inputs such as fertilizer, pesticides, antibiotics and food additives. They should come from farmlands that have not used chemicals for a specified number of years, and there should be a verifiable record of production and sales records. An organic food producer or any establishment dealing with such products is required to maintain uncompromising physical separation of organic products from non-certified products and is subject to periodic on-site inspections. Additionally, the requirements on non-certified producers in terms of agricultural, food safety and other government regulations also apply in the case of organic food producers. By eating organic foods, we improve our chances of living longer, healthier and more productive lives. Health foods include green vegetables, fruits, whole grain wheat and seafood like salmon. We must allow a professional nutritionist to plan our health food regimen. Establishing a correct nutritional balance is very important for overall health.

Organic Fruits and Vegetables As people are becoming more aware of eating healthy food, there is a growing interest in

organic fruits and vegetables. To know what exactly is organic produce and the health benefits of eating organic food, read this article. Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core www.Dell.Com/Business/Laptops You must have seen certain fruits and vegetables in the supermarket being labeled as "organic" and must have wondered how it differs from conventional produce. So what is organic food? Organic foods are those foods that are grown without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and synthetic substances. In addition to this it also means, organic produce should not contain any genetically modified organisms. Organic food is not mass produced like conventional produce and hence its price is bit on the higher side. There are many health benefits of eating organic vegetables and fruits and many people believe that they taste a lot better than conventional produce. Organic food also contain more nutrients and minerals than conventional produce. The level of pesticides used in production of organic food is lower than that of conventional fruits and vegetables. Here we are going to discuss some of the benefits of eating organic food. Benefits of Having Organic Produce We all know that a healthy diet that includes fresh fruits and vegetables is necessary to have a fit body. But did you know that most fruits and vegetables that are not organically grown are likely to contain high levels of pesticides. Washing them thoroughly will help in getting rid of only a certain amount of pesticide residue in fresh produce. Organic fruits and vegetables on the other hand contain very low levels of pesticides and insecticides, since chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not used during the farming process. When pesticides build up in our body, over a period of time, it might lead to various health complications like weakened immune system, birth defects, headaches and development delays and behavioral disorders in children. Organic vegetables and fruits taste a lot better than conventional fruits and vegetables. The flavors and textures of organic vegetables and fruits is far superior to than that of conventional produce. This is one of the main reasons that high-end restaurants and hotels insist on using only organic produce for preparing their dishes, and attract more customers. While purchasing organic produce, make sure that the produce is seasonal and fresh. Just because the fruits look healthy and luscious does not mean that it is going to taste good or it is organically grown. Organic vegetables as well as fruits also contain more nutrients, minerals and vitamins than conventional fruits and vegetables. Organic vegetables as well as fruits contains higher amounts of antioxidants and micro nutrients that are required for proper functioning of the body. These produce contains more amounts of vitamins A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamins B and minerals such as zinc, potassium and magnesium that is essential for good health. Perhaps one of the most important benefit of consuming organic produce is the effect it has on the environment. Organic method of farming used for growing these produce is less harmful to the environment than conventional farming methods. Organic farming uses sustainable farming methods for growing produce. This is done by using organic

compost, avoiding use of chemical fertilizers and by the system of crop rotation that does not deplete the nutrients from soil. Unlike conventional farming methods that causes soil erosion, depletion of essential soil nutrients, increased pest resistance and increase in greenhouse gas emission, organic farming reduces greenhouse emission and keeps the nutrients locked in the soil. Most importantly, organic farming methods used for growing organic fruits and vegetables does not pose the hazard of contamination of water bodies and drinking water that is caused due to use of pesticides and chemical run-off. Choosing to eat organic vegetables and fruits have many benefits; from health related ones to environmental ones. That is why more and more people are switching to organic produce. So next time you pass the vegetable aisle of the supermarket, choose fresh organic vegetables. Although they are a bit pricier than conventional fruits and vegetables, the benefits are well worth the price. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/organic-fruits-and-vegetables.html

Ozone Layer and Global Warming Join us as we asses the relationship between the ozone layer and global warming, in order to find out whether the factors causing global warming, or the phenomenon in itself - for that matter, is responsible for the depletion of the ozone. Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Search Largest China Supplier Base. Verified Global Exporters-Join Free www.Alibaba.com Chlorofluorocarbon is one of the various greenhouse gases which are causing the temperature of the Earth to soar. Coincidentally, this is the same gas that was pulled up in the 90s for being a major contributor in the depletion of the ozone layer. Steps were taken to curb the concentration of this gas in the Earth's atmosphere, and they were successful to a significant extent as well. Even though the issue was managed, it did set a new question rolling in the scientific community - Is there any relationship between the ozone layer depletion and global warming causes? What is the Ozone Layer? The atmosphere of the Earth plays a crucial role in making it the only planet with life. Basically, the Earth's atmosphere is divided into five layers - stratosphere being one of them. Within the stratosphere, there lies a layer, made of a specialized form of oxygen, known as the ozone layer. The layer is made up of three oxygen atoms, contradictory to the usual two oxygen atoms. With no demarcated boundary, the ozone layer is found between 10 to 20 miles above the surface of the Earth. This layer traps the harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation emitted by the Sun, and hence plays a crucial role in supporting life on the Earth. Ozone Layer Depletion

The ozone layer is threatened by a range of chemicals which tend to destroy it through a series of chemical reactions. These chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons, methyl bromide, etc., are released in the atmosphere owing to various anthropogenic causes, including the use of refrigerants (which release CFCs), and the use of insecticides. As these chemicals reach the stratosphere, they tend to destroy the ozone layer. The molecules of these chemicals have the tendency of breaking the ozone molecules, thus hampering their ability to trap the ultraviolet-B radiation. The rate at which this layer depletes increases with the decrease in the temperature. The Relationship Between Ozone Depletion and Global Warming The fact that the fall in temperature increases the rate at which the ozone layer depletion occurs may make a person wonder as to how global 'warming' can cause the ozone layer to deplete, but it does. When we refer to the fact that the global temperatures have soared by 1.8 degree Celsius over the last 100 years, we actually refer to the near surface temperature of the planet. One of the major causes of global warming is the greenhouse effect, wherein a number of greenhouse gases which are released by natural as well as anthropogenic activities, form a layer in the atmosphere, and trap the Sun's radiation which in turn makes the planet warmer. This actually means that the heat which is supposed to be reflected back to the space is trapped within the troposphere. When this heat is trapped, it does cause the temperature in the troposphere to increase, but at the same time, it also causes the temperature of the stratosphere to decrease. As the temperature in the stratosphere falls, the ozone molecules in this layer become vulnerable to destruction by the harmful emissions. And therefore it is said that global warming, even though not directly, does play a significant role in the depletion of the ozone layer. Ozone layer depletion fueled by falling temperature in the stratosphere can be termed as yet another hazardous effect of global warming on the Earth. Even though the Montreal Protocol played a significant role in curbing the harmful emissions which caused the ozone layer to deplete, within two decades of signing this protocol we find ourselves on the doorstep of yet another ozone depletion crisis, this time fueled by one of the most hazardous environmental issues threatening the planet - global warming. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ozone-layer-and-globalwarming.html

Global Warming Causes and Effects Since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol in 1992, to curb the menace of global warming, the planet has witnessed a 35 percent rise in global carbon dioxide emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels. Taking into consideration the seriousness of the issue, it becomes all the more important to get well-versed with the causes and effects of the same. Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Search Largest China Supplier Base. Verified Global Exporters-Join Free www.Alibaba.com

Global warming is the process wherein the average temperature of the Earth's near surface air increases, owing largely to various anthropogenic activities. Though there are some natural causes for this rise in temperature, they stand to be insignificant when compared to the anthropogenic causes. Understanding global warming causes and effects can give us a brief idea of the dreadful phenomena our future generations may have to face. Natural and Anthropogenic Causes of Global Warming Natural Causes Natural causes of global warming include the release of methane gas from arctic tundra and wetlands, climate change, volcanoes etc. Methane, a greenhouse gas which traps the heat within the earth's atmosphere, is let out in large quantities in the arctic tundra and wetlands. In case of volcanoes, when a volcano erupts, tons of ash is let out into the atmosphere. Even though nature contributes to global warming, this contribution is very insignificant when compared to human contribution for this hazard. Anthropogenic Causes Anthropogenic causes for global warming are those which are caused due to human activities. The most prominent cause being man-made pollution. A large part of this pollution can be attributed to the burning of fossil fuels. This includes burning coal to produce electricity as well as burning gasoline to power internal combustion engine vehicles. When these fossil fuels are burnt, they let out carbon dioxide, which is yet another greenhouse gas which traps heat within the atmosphere of the Earth and contributes to global warming. Secondly when the Earth is dug to extract these fossil fuels in the process known as mining, the methane inside the Earth's crust escapes into the atmosphere and adds to other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. If we start investigating the anthropogenic causes, we zero in on one of the most important cause of global warming - population. More population means more requirements, which includes food, electricity and transport. In order to fulfill these requirements, more fossil fuels are consumed and this, eventually leads to global warming. Humans breathe out carbon dioxide, and with an increasing population, the amount of carbon dioxide we breathe out also increases. Even agriculture contributes to global warming, due to the extensive use of fertilizers, and the dung produced by cattle which is another prominent source of methane. Effects of Global Warming Changes in the Global Sea Level As the temperature will increase, the ice cover on the planet will start melting. The water from these melting glaciers will end up in the oceans, which will lead to a rise in the sea level. Over the last century, sea levels have increased by 4 to 8 inches, and by 2100, it's expected to increase to 35 inches. An additional 2 degree rise in global temperature will lead to the complete melting of the Greenland ice cap, which will cause the sea level to rise by 5 to 6 meters. Such a rise will cause many of the low lying areas, such as the US

Gulf Coast and Bangladesh, as well as islands, such as Lakswadweep, to submerge underwater. If the whole of the Antarctic ice sheet melts, the global sea level is expected to rise by 10.5 meters. Drastic Changes in Climate Patterns Global warming will alter the climatic patterns of the planet. As far as precipitation is concerned, it will increase in equatorial, polar and sub-polar reasons, and decrease in subtropics. This change in precipitation pattern will trigger a drought in some regions, while floods in other regions. Warming of the atmosphere will increase the temperature of ocean waters, which will continue being warm for a few centuries. Warm water will lead to frequent natural disasters like hurricanes. Overall, the planet will experience extreme weather conditions, characterized by flood and droughts, heat waves and cold waves, and extreme storms like cyclones and tornadoes. Widespread Extinction of Flora and Fauna A rise in global temperature will also hamper the rich biodiversity of various ecosystems. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on (IPCC), an increase in global temperature by 1.5 to 2.5 degrees will make 20 to 30 percent of species vulnerable to extinction, while a rise of about 3.5 degrees will make 40 to 70 percent species vulnerable to extinction. Climate change will result in loss of habitat for many animal species like polar bears and tropical frogs. More importantly, any change in the climate patterns will seriously affect the migration patterns of various bird species. Irregular patterns of precipitation will affect animals and humans alike. Effects on Us Humans In case of humans, global warming will affect our food and water supplies as well as our health conditions. Changes in precipitation will affect basic necessities such as agriculture, power production etc. Increase in the temperature of ocean waters will hamper fisheries. The sudden change in climate patterns will have a hazardous effect on the human body which won't be able to endure the extreme conditions, a hint of which can be seen in form of frequent heat waves and cold waves. Increase in natural calamities such as storms, will lead to heavy human casualties. Infectious diseases will rise to a great extent as disease transmitting insects will adapt to wet, hot conditions. Many people will die of malnutrition as food production will decrease due to frequent droughts and floods. Many people argue that global warming is a slow process, and will take centuries for all these devastating effects to take place. These people ignore the fact that the rate at which we are contributing to this hazard has also increased, and is expected to rise at a faster rate in the future. We have already done enough of damage, and hence it's high time we understand the global warming causes, effects and the future repercussions and work out some solutions at the earliest. We may not live to face its dreaded consequences, but our future generations surely will.... Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/global-warming-causes-andeffects.html

What Causes Global Warming? What are the causes of global warming? What is the green house effect? Is global warming really as destructive as it is believed to be? In the following article, we will try to answer all these, and other such FAQs, about the global warming causes. Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com Global warming has surfaced as a major environmental issue, especially with industrialization and progress by humankind fueling it over the past few decades. There has been a lot of hue and cry about global warming, and its impact on the climate, ever since the idea was first put forth. Even though there is no dearth of books or articles on the Internet, the layman still seems unaware of the basic causes of global warming. Global warming is basically a change in the climatic conditions of the Earth, brought about by a considerable rise in the near-surface temperature of the planet. A number of factors have been contributing to this rise in the average global temperature - either directly or indirectly, right from the time the planet came into existence. It is the alarming rate at which the temperature has been rising over the last few decades that has put the scientific fraternity on its toes, and the desperate measures to find out what is causing the global temperature to rise at this rate, hints at this very fact. Global warming, and the resulting climate change, can be caused by natural as well as man-made factors (anthropogenic factors to be precise). The natural factors causing this sudden warming of the planet include the greenhouse effect, solar activity, volcanic emissions, orbital forcing, etc. The anthropogenic causes, of the other hand, include various human activities - right from breathing (respiration) to the use of vehicles and various industrial processes, which add to the greenhouse effect and cause the Earth become warm. The greenhouse effect is said to be the most important factor contributing to global warming. It refers to the process wherein the radiations coming from the Sun are trapped by the greenhouse gases within the atmosphere of the Earth, and this - in turn, causes the temperature near the Earth's surface to soar. The greenhouse gases in question here, include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), water vapor, etc. It is believed that the greenhouse effect has increased the Earth's temperature by somewhere around 24 percent, with carbon dioxide contributing to about 12 percent of the greenhouse effect, water vapor contributing around 36 percent, methane 5 to 10 percent, and Ozone making around 3 to 7 percent to the same. The changes in the amount of radiant energy emitted by the Sun, i.e. Solar variation, is said to be yet another reason of global warming. This solar variation has been correlated with the changes in the Earth's climate and temperature. The solar variation theory states that the amount of solar radiation has been increasing with time. If the proponents of this theory are to be believed, the Sun has been gaining strength, and is at its strongest since

the last sixty odd years. And thus, it is believed that the Sun may now be acting as a cause of global warming. Sunspots are also said to be a cause or catalyst for global warming. Recent reports suggest that the number of sunspots in an area directly affects the amount of time taken by that region to cool down. The Sun is the main source of energy to the Earth. The Earth absorbs about 70 percent of the solar flux, which - in turn, increases the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, land and oceans. Similarly Orbital forcing is also said to be one of the natural causes of global warming, with reports showing the effect of the slow tilting of the Earth's axis on the climate of the Earth. It isn't quite a coincidence that global warming and industrialization seem to go hand in hand, and that becomes obvious as you compare the industrialization and temperature rise trends over the last few decades. Even scientists acknowledge that rapid industrialization, wherein we have opted for quite a few shortcuts, has contributed to the increase of global warming today. Humans had started contributing to global warming some 8000 years ago with the start of agriculture, wherein deforestation to clear land for farming resulted in a significant rise in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. A prominent greenhouse gas, methane is released in the atmosphere as a part of the digestive process in cattle and other ruminating animals. Scientists are of the opinion that bad practices in industries result in release of various greenhouse gases which eventually trap the Sun's radiations in the atmosphere, and contribute to global warming. Though the use of household appliances which release chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere has come down now, it was at its peak in the 90s and caused irreversible damage to the atmosphere. Other than cattle, methane also exists in plenty beneath the Earth's crust, and the release of methane during mining indirectly contributes to rising temperature on the planet. Other than deforestation, humankind has also contributed to global warming by using fossil fuels which emit carbon dioxide and other such harmful gases. While all the natural factors do come into play when it comes to global warming, one has to understand that they are necessary in maintaining the right balance on the Earth. Had it not been for all these natural occurrences, the entire planet would have had been a cold desert resembling the continent of Antarctica. In fact, some scientists are of the opinion that human life would have been impossible on the planet in the absence of greenhouse effect (human activities excluded), because the average temperature of the planet would be around 27C in that case. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-causes-global-warming.html Printable Periodic Table of Elements with Names If you are looking for printable periodic table of elements with names, you have visited the right page. This article provides a brief info about the modern periodic table of elements along with names, mass number, and charges. You can download free periodic tables for study purposes.

Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Search Largest China Supplier Base. Verified Global ExportersJoin Free www.Alibaba.com The modern periodic table is a foundation for understanding the properties of chemical elements. For every science student, the first thing that they learn about chemistry is none other than the periodic table. There are so many things that you can study from the general periodic table; the symbolic representation of the elements along with the atomic number and mass number is given. Also, you will be able to find out whether an element is a metal, nonmetal, lanthanide, or actinide by checking its position in the table. Likewise, analyze the various aspects of periodic table and you will come to know the extensive info provided by this simplified table of elements. With the option of printable periodic table of elements, you can have a colorful table for easy reference. Periodic Table of Elements with Names Every chemical matter is made up of one or more specific elements. An element is defined as a substance having only one type of atom. For example, the element iron is made up of only iron atoms. As you refer to the labeled periodic table of elements with names, you will find elements along with their symbols, atomic number (represented by Z), and mass number (represented by A). In the periodic table, you will find the atomic number on the upper left side of the symbol, while the mass number is assigned to the lower left side of the symbol. A specific element is differentiated from the remaining by its symbol (Fe for iron), unique atomic number (26 in case of iron), and mass number (55.8 for iron). Atomic number is equal to the number of protons (positive charged particles) present in the nucleus of the atom. On the other hand, mass number is the total of neutrons (represented by N) and protons, which are present in the nucleus of the atom. You can find the link for free printable periodic table of elements with names below. Periodic Table of Elements with Mass Taken at a glance, it won't be wrong to say that the periodic table is the backbone for chemistry subject. With reference to periodic table trends, you can determine the basic information of elements along with their atomic radius, conductivity, reactivity, ionization energy, electronegativity, charges, etc. As far as periodic table with atomic mass is concerned, we already discussed that the symbols of the elements are accompanied by both atomic number (on the top left of the symbol) and mass number (lower left of the symbol). The mass number of an element is the sum total of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus. Since the atomic number is similar to the number of protons, the formula for finding mass number is given as, A = Z + N. Periodic Table of Elements with Charges The periodic table with charges gives a simplified view, wherein the elements are arranged in the regular manner along with their charges. Truly speaking, the charge of an

element is applicable to the ionic form of the particular element. Otherwise, a nonreacting, neutral element has zero charge. This is because, charge is the number difference between the negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons. As a metal element loses electrons to achieve a complete outer shell, it has a positive charge. The number of electrons lost in the process is its charge. On the contrary, a nonmetal gains electrons for completing its outer shell, and attains negative charge. The number of electrons gained by the nonmetal is its charge. You can take a printout with charges that provides a colored table with element symbols, along with the corresponding atomic number and charges. To be thorough with how to find out the charge of an element, you can try finding the charges of some elements without seeing the actual table. After you are ready with your answers, see if your results match with that of your reference periodic table. Likewise, download the printable periodic table of elements for solving basic chemistry problems. Download Free Printable Periodic Tables * Printable Periodic Table with Names * Printable Periodic Table with Charges * Printable Blank Periodic Table of Elements This is how you can make full use of printable periodic table of elements for reference or as handout. If you are familiar with the periodic table, try remembering the names of the elements with their symbols, atomic numbers, and mass numbers. What you can do is download blank periodic table of elements for using as a worksheet. Fill the element symbols along with the atomic numbers, and see how far you have understood this table of elements. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/printable-periodic-table-ofelements-with-names.html

Periodic Table with Atomic Mass The periodic table with atomic mass gives a comprehensive view of the various elements. Periodic table with atomic mass and number helps to understand the various properties, abbreviation and names of all the elements present in nature. The following article will

help you learn more on the properties of periodic table. Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com The periodic table with atomic mass and number is one of the most important point of reference in the branch of chemistry. It is the Bible of chemistry without which, scientist and chemist will be lost. The chemical elements arranged in the periodic table help scientists, chemists, scholars, researchers and even students in understanding the various properties and characteristics of the elements in a glance. These elements are arranged in rows and columns, left to right and top to bottom. The elements are not placed haphazardly and follow a pattern, that is, in an increasing order of the atomic number. Periodic Table with Atomic Mass and Atomic Number There is a very long history of the periodic table. Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist is credited as the first person to invent the periodic table in 1869. There were many periodic tables introduced before Mendeleev's table, but he was the one who illustrated the recurring periodic trends in the element properties. Mendeleev found that 65 elements that were known in his time, could be arranged in a grid. He arranged the elements in his periodic table on the basis of the following points: * He arranged an element with a higher atomic weight element on its left. * Elements with similar properties were kept in the same column. In the end, he got a periodic table with gaps and spaces, that meant there were further elements yet to be discovered. It was Mendeleev, who predicted elements not yet discovered like eka-silicon (as he found a gap between silicon and tin), today known as germanium, gallium today called aluminum and eka-boron, known as scandium. With his breakthrough, Mendeleev could not move further as the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom was yet to be discovered. After about 4 decades, Henry Moseley in 1913 showed the atomic number (charge) and not the atomic weight as proposed by Mendeleev as the fundamental chemical property of any element. With this knowledge, he was able to predict the presence of new elements. Thus, even today elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic number (Z) left to right across the table. The vertical rows are known as groups and the horizontal rows as periods. The alkali earth metals are found in group one and the group 2 contains alkaline earth metals. Both 1A and 2A contain the s-block elements. They contain the same number of outer electrons and thus show similar chemical properties. The groups in the following order 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 1B and 2B contain transition metals or the d-block elements. These transition elements have similar chemical properties like production of colored compounds, variable valency and often act as catalysts. The groups 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A and 7A consist of p-block elements. The 8A group contains noble gases. The inner transition element or f-block elements are placed under the transition elements in a

separate table. These rare earth elements are divided into lanthanides (elements 58 - 71) and actinides (elements 90 - 103). They are found in very minute quantities naturally. The elements with atomic number higher than 92 are not found naturally and are produced artificially in nuclear reactors and particle accelerators. You have read about the atomic mass and the atomic number of elements in this article. If you do not understand these terms, the following definitions will make it easier for you when reading the periodic table with atomic mass and atomic number. Atomic Mass The atomic mass is defined as the average mass of atoms of an element that is calculated with the help of relative abundance of isotopes of a naturally occurring element. For example the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.0079 and carbon is 12.011. Atomic Number Atomic number is defined as the number of protons in an element. For example, the atomic number of hydrogen is one and carbon is 6 and oxygen is 8 atoms. The chemical behavior of the element is determined by the number of protons. Atomic Symbol The abbreviation or one/two letters that represent an element is called the atomic symbol. These are the truncated names or truncated Latin names of the element. Periodic Table s-block Transition Elements d- block p-block Nobel Element Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 11 H 1.0079 2 He 4.0026 23 Li 6.941 4 Be 9.0122 5 B 10.811 6 C 12.011 7 N 14.007 8 O

15.999 9 F 18.998 10 Ne 20.180 3 11 Na 22.990 12 Mg 24.305 13 Al 26.982 14 Si 28.086 15 P 30.974 16 S 32.066 17 Cl 35.453 18 Ar 39.948 4 19 K 39.098 20 Ca 40.078 21 Sc 44.956 22 Ti 47.867 23 V 50.942 24 Cr 51.996 25 Mn 54.938 26 Fe 55.845 27 Co 58.933 28 Ni 58.693 29 Cu 63.546 30 Zn

65.409 31 Ga 69.723 32 Ge 72.64 33 As 74.922 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.904 36 Kr 83.798 5 37 Rb 85.468 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.906 40 Zr 91.224 41 Nb 92.906 42 Mo 95.94 43 Tc (98) 44 Ru 101.07 45 Rh 102.91 46 Pd 106.42 47 Ag 107.87 48 Cd 112.41 49 In 114.82 50 Sn 118.71 51 Sb 121.76 52 Te 127.60 53

I 126.90 54 Xe 131.29 6 55 Cs 132.91 56 Ba 137.33 57 - 71 La-Lu 72 Hf 178.49 73 Ta 180.95 74 W 183.84 75 Re 186.21 76 Os 190.23 77 Ir 192.22 78 Pt 195.08 79 Au 196.97 80 Hg 200.59 81 Tl 204.38 82 Pb 207.2 83 Bi 208.98 84 Po (209) 85 At (210) 86 Rn (222) 7 87 Fr (223) 88 Ra (226) 89 -103

Ac-Lr 104 Rf (261) 105 Db (262) 106 Sg (266) 107 Bh (264) 108 Hs (277) 109 Mt (268) 110 Ds (281) 111 Rg (272) 112 Cn (277) Lanthanide 57 La 138.91 58 Ce 140.12 59 Pr 140.91 60 Nd 144.24 61 Pm (145) 62 Sm 150.36 63 Eu 151.96 64 Gd 157.25 65 Tb 158.93 66 Dy 162.50 67 Ho 164.93 68 Er 167.26 69

Tm 168.93 70 Yb 173.04 71 Lu 174.97 Actinide 89 Ac (227) 90 Th 232.04 91 Pa 231.04 92 U 238.03 93 Np (237) 94 Pu (244) 95 Am (243) 96 Cm (247) 97 Bk (247) 98 Cf (251) 99 Es (252) 100 Fm (257) 101 Md (258) 102 No (259) 103 Lr (262) Key for the Periodic Table Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Lanthinides Actinides Transition Metals Poor Metals

Other Metals Nobel Gases Metalloids Unknown Chemical Properties I hope this periodic table proves to be helpful to you. The periodic table is like the skeleton of chemistry that helps in revealing the mystery of the elements. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/periodic-table-with-atomicmass.html

Personal Hygiene Tips Personal hygiene is very important for living a healthy life free from diseases and disorders. The tips for women, men and kids mentioned in this article will prove to be very useful for general health and fitness. Ads by Google Furniture Bedroom Search Largest China Supplier Base. Verified Global Exporters-Join Free www.Alibaba.com Personal hygiene is something all of us have learned at our homes, from our parents and in early days of school. The good habits learned in the childhood are remembered and followed throughout the life and hence doctors, parents and teachers give a special emphasis on personal hygiene. Even adults are taught the importance of personal hygiene through several awareness programs, floated by government and private institutions. Personal Hygiene Tips for All of Us The most important tip would be to have a shower or a bath everyday. By doing so, you will feel fresh and fine throughout the day. You can also get rid of body odor by having a shower on a regular basis. Now, let us talk about the hair. Keeping your hair clean is essential to maintain their health and make them look shiny and good. You should use a good shampoo of a reputed brand to keep your hair clean. Visiting the cutting salon and getting your haircut from a god barber is a good practice. Washing your face several times a day is also a good habit. By doing so, your face will get cleaned of the dirt particles which get accumulated on it when you step out of the home. The clothes which you wear should be of good quality and must be clean and tidy. It is essential that you wash the clothes, so that they become free of dirt and dust. Make sure that the clothes you wear fit you well and make you feel comfortable and are not too tight. You should avoid applying very strong-smelling perfumes on your clothes, as this can be irritating for you as well as the people around you. Keeping the nails of the hands and the feet in good condition is also very necessary. Use a nail cutter to cut your nails to the proper length. By doing so, you can prevent the germs and bacteria entering your mouth. If you have the habit of biting your nails, you should give it up immediately.

Neglecting oral hygiene can cause a lot of problems in your future life. Brushing the teeth twice or thrice in a day is necessary for good dental care. It has been observed that many people lack the knowledge of brushing the teeth properly. You can visit your dentist and learn the proper techniques for your own benefit. You should also ensure that your gums are in good health. The age-`old problem of tooth decay can be prevented by taking certain precautions. You should not forget to rinse your mouth at regular intervals during the day. Washing your hands clean with the help of an antiseptic soap or hand wash of a good brand, is one of the most important personal hygiene tips for kids and adults. You should wash your hands before and after eating your food, after coming home from outside, after having done work, to make your hands free from disease-causing germs. Failure to do so can invite infections and diseases, which may require many days of treatment for complete cure. You should be very careful about the kind of food you eat. Ensure that it is clean and has all the essential nutrients for nourishment of the body. You should also make sure that the water which you drink is clean and pure, because contaminated water can cause many waterborne diseases. Clean the surroundings around you and your locality to avoid suffering from diseases. Do your regular exercises to stay fit and fine. Bad habits like chewing tobacco and smoking should be given up as early as possible. By following these personal hygiene tips, you can live a long and peaceful life. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/personal-hygiene-tips.html

Common Hygiene Mistakes and How to Avoid Them Here's a list of many common hygiene mistakes that people make. It can be as simple as wearing unwashed clothes for more than two days! Read the article to know more about them and ways to avoid them. Ads by Google Furniture Bedroom Search Largest China Supplier Base. Verified Global Exporters-Join Free www.Alibaba.com At times, we tend to call ourselves hygiene freaks. But, do we really know that we do make certain common hygiene mistakes? Though we might not come to know about them or people might not notice them, yet, there are many such habits which are not really good for you. Read out the article to know about them and find out if you have been practicing them as well. List of Common Hygiene Mistakes and Tips to Avoid Them Many of us either simply forget to practice good hygiene habits or are very lazy to abide by them! In either case, it can be harmful to your body. Hence, the following list shall

make you aware of such mistakes and will give you some tips to avoid them. Don't just smile when you go through them, instead practice them! * Starting from the personal hygiene, do you brush your teeth twice a day? If not, you must start doing it from today. Cleaning your teeth after lunch and dinner is a must. That will keep you away from cavities and dental problems. * People have a habit of sharing their combs, brushes, clips, napkins, towels, clothes and even water bottles. Never share such items as they carry the germs or the dead cells from somebody else's body. Sharing your combs may land you with hair fall and dandruff problems. * We have a habit of washing our hands before and after we eat. But, we make use of anti bacterial soap in a hope to kill the bacteria on our hands. We should remember that anti bacterial soaps, if used excessively, can kill our body cells as well which is very harmful. They may leave your skin dry and rough thus gradually giving rise to a dead skin. You may pinch there and yet not feel the pinch. * Using perfumes, deodorants and scents often is a commonly observed practice. They are antiperspirants and thus can cause skin allergies. Also, the clothes on which these are sprayed, should be washed on a regular basis. * These days, having long nails is fashion. Though they look good, having them is a bad idea when it comes to hygiene. Whenever you eat, some food particles get stuck up under the nails thus causing infections inside. * Take a bath every day. Even if you feel clean, you are not. You sweat a lot in a day which, many a time goes unnoticed. You tend to visit many places in a day and thus come in contact with various bacteria and dust particles. Hence, regular cleaning is a must. Also, make use of a rough towel that will rub off your dead cells. * Wash your face every day. Even if your skin is dry, make sure you wash it once, with soap and twice, only with water. If you have an oily skin, do not use soap every time you wash your face. Instead use a moisturizer and keep your skin smooth. * Wash your hair after every three days so that they stay away from dandruff and scalp infections. Make sure you also wash the tips of your hair. Use warm water. Avoid using very cold or hot water. * Have you ever counted the number of glasses of water you drink every day? If not, you must know that drinking minimum of 8 glasses of water is a must. That helps your digestive system function properly. It makes the toxins in your body drain away on a regular basis. * Some people have a habit of using their socks for two or three consecutive days. Don't do it! Firstly, because it stinks and secondly, because it can invite an infection in between your fingers. Hence, make sure you wash your feet very carefully and also your socks daily. Better keep two or three pairs of socks so that you won't have to worry. * Wash your clothes at regular intervals. Of course, don't wash it every single day, but at least once in two or three days. Specially, if you have a habit of wearing a nightdress, make sure you wash it every morning as those clothes contain the sweat your body excretes during the night. * Clean your ears daily. Use ear swabs and clean the inner parts as well. Do not use water. Cleaning them every day will keep you away from ear infections. If it is not followed on a regular basis, you may have to deal with poor hearing problems as the dirt

inside your ear will go on accumulating and hamper your hearing sense. * Cover your mouth and go away from people while sneezing or coughing. Use a handkerchief for the purpose. Also, after sneezing, do not pick your nose. Use a tissue paper instead and then blow your nose if you want to. * If you are fitness freak, you should know that the workout outfit that you wear must be washed every single day. Also, when you exercise, the sweat and oil on your skin can give rise to pimples. It may invite ringworm, fungal or staph infections. Hence, cleaning yourself with water is a must. * At times, we use the same napkin to clean our utensils and our hands, too. Never do that as the napkin contains all the dirt and the dust that was there on the utensils and can cause your skin harm. Moreover, if you eat without washing those hands, your stomach is surely not going to like it! * It is observed that the water served in hotels and restaurants is at times stale. Sometimes, you may find some little dirt particles at the bottom which usually go unnoticed unless you watch out for them. Hence, make sure you let the water settle and take a look at the water once, irrespective of the glass being clean. * Clean the steering wheel when you are going for a drive. That is one of the most forgotten places. Also, clean the mats inside your car on a regular basis. If the dirt inside the car is not cleaned frequently, it may give rise to nasal allergies or simply an irritation in the nose. * Many people have a habit of washing vegetables and storing them in the refrigerator without drying them. It must be remembered that vegetables should be dried properly so that they don't retain moisture and stay fresh for a long time. Better keep them in separate paper bags so that they don't rot and contaminate the other vegetables in the tray. * Do you have a habit of cooking on a high flame? If yes, don't do it the next time. It causes the food to lose its nutrients and vital elements and thus makes it less beneficial for your body. Lastly, stay clean! A clean body reflects a clean mind. No matter what people say, use a sanitizer whenever and wherever required. Exercise daily and keep yourself in shape! It also makes you sweat and helps in getting rid of the toxins from the system. All of these hygiene tips will help you stay clean internally as well as on the outside and happy throughout the day. Don't postpone it to tomorrow, start following them today! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/common-hygiene-mistakes-andhow-to-avoid-them.html

Staying Healthy for Kids For kids, staying healthy is very important, as they are vulnerable to many diseases and infections. Here are some tips on staying fit and healthy for kids. Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops With Intel Core 2 Duo Processor. Designed for Businesses. Buy Now! www.Dell.com/precision Kid's health is an issue of prime concern for most parents. Along with underdeveloped immune system, the lack of basic hygiene knowledge makes them prone to various

illnesses. Therefore, the responsibility of keeping kids healthy largely falls upon the shoulder's of the parents. For kids, staying healthy is possible only when you involve the kids in the whole process of staying healthy. The first step for attaining good health is by explaining them the importance of good health and how can one achieve it. Staying Healthy for Kids Teach Them Basic Hygiene Kids are extremely oblivious to basic hygiene. They'll share everything from cola to toothbrushes to half eaten candies. Needless to say, this sets an ideal environment for any kind of infection. Thus, it is imperative that your child knows the basics of hygiene such as washing hands before eating, brushing teeth at least twice a day etc. Similarly, teach her how to protect herself from other children with various kinds of infections. Tell her the importance of personal hygiene by making her bathe everyday and wearing clean clothes all the time. Make sure she understands the hazards of sharing water bottles, toothbrushes or other personal items. Protect Them from Diseases Isolating your child from other people is the only way you can protect your child from contracting infections, when a major epidemic breaks in. Even if any of the other family members falls ill, it would be wise to keep your child away from them. On the other hand, if your own child catches an infection, it is equally important to isolate her from other children to prevent them from catching infections. When your child falls ill, do not send her to school or playgroup. It is easier for kids to stay healthy during the holidays as interaction with other children is reduced. Yet, it is better to take all the precautions such as vaccination etc. at the start of the holiday season. Healthy Eating Habits Healthy eating habits go a long way in setting the foundation for a healthy life ahead. Encourage your kids to eat healthy foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables. Explain to them the hazards of eating junk food. As a parent, pay attention to the eating habits of your child. Include variety of food items as per their availability and season, in the diet of your kids. Proper nutrition is the only way to stay healthy with the changing seasons. Activities for Kids to Stay Healthy You can implement various activities which aim at teaching kids the importance of staying healthy. Simple study material which explains the concept of immune system or anatomy of body can get the kids acquainted with their body. Also, setting timers for activities like brushing teeth, bathing etc. can prove to be very useful as kids find them particularly funny. Teaching them small, funny poems that underline the importance of personal hygiene and good health also go a long way in inculcating the values of healthy living. Certain group games and activities or even funny street plays can help the kids understand the importance of staying healthy. It is very important for kids to stay healthy, as our health during childhood largely affects

the status of our health in adult life. Healthy childhood often leads to healthy adulthood. Therefore, we must give special attention to our kid's health. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/staying-healthy-for-kids.html Radioactivity Uses Radioactivity can be used in different spheres, from medicine to scientific research to agriculture. Read this article to enhance your knowledge on different uses of radioactivity. Ads by Google Radiation Detectors PET Chem Lab Process Monitor, QA Stack Effluent, Radio-TLC, HpLC, GC www.carroll-ramsey.com Radioactivity can be defined as a physical process where the elements with unstable nuclei gets disintegrated to form smaller nuclei. During this process, three different types of rays are emitted. They are: alpha (), beta () and gamma () rays. Some commonly found elements that show radioactive properties are uranium, thorium, radium, polonium, etc. When we are talking about radioactivity uses, we mean usage of the radiations that are transmitted by the radioisotopes of various elements. How is Radioactivity Used? In Medicine When the rays of radioactivity is used for the treatment of various diseases, it is termed as radiotherapy. It is an effective treatment for various forms of cancer. Here, a high dose of gamma rays are penetrated through the immature cancerous cells that are growing at a rapid pace in order to destroy them. Thus it will kill the malignant cells without affecting the normal ones. Similar kind of treatment is carried out for the elimination of tumors as well. It is also used for the diagnosis of several diseases. Radioactive pills are used to check if the organs of the body are functioning normally. It helps in the detection of exact location of a tumor or a blood clot in various parts of the body. Radioactive iodine-123 is popularly used for the diagnosis of thyroid problems. Cobalt-67 is useful for diagnosing pernicious anemia. Another important use in medicines is in the sterilization of medical instruments. In Rock Dating The rocks contain traces of carbon-14, which is slightly radioactive in nature. Over a period of time, the unstable nucleus of the radioisotope undergo radioactive decay to form sable isotopes. The original unstable isotope is referred to as parent isotope and the stable isotope product is referred to as the daughter isotope. Comparing the ratio of the quantities of these two isotopes present in the collected sample of the rock, the exact date of the rock is determined. The older the age of the rock, the lesser will be the amount of carbon-14 present in it. Other Radioactivity Uses Nuclear reactor is a device that helps to produce radiation in a controlled manner. The huge amount of energy generated during a nuclear fission reaction inside a nuclear

reactor is further utilized for production of electrical energy. New useful fission products are also obtained in the process. Radioactivity is widely used for the research and analysis of various physical, chemical and biological processes. Radioactivity has a wide range of uses in various manufacturing industries all across the world. It is used to test the integrity of the manufactured products including pipeline welds, aircraft parts, boilers, etc. It has various uses in the agriculture research studies. Phosphorus-32 is added to phosphate fertilizer to determine the exact quantity of phosphorus being absorbed by the plants from the fertilizer. Cobalt-60 is used to improve the production of crops both in terms of quality as well as quantity. Radioactivity is used for the sterilization of food. For this, concentrated beams are passed through the food products so that the microorganisms that causes contamination of the food can be killed effectively. This is an absolute safe method and does not cause any radiation poisoning. Radioactivity has to be used in a very controlled manner, as these radiations have potential dangers associated with them. If human body is exposed to excess amount of radiation, it can cause cancer and genetic mutation Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/radioactivity-uses.html

What is Radioactivity? Radioactivity is a process of emission of radiation and energy from unstable nuclei in order to form more stable atoms. What is radioactivity all about? What are its applications? Read on to find out... Ads by Google ClinicalKey Elsevier Smarter Search, Faster Answers. Clinical Insights at your Fingertip www.lp.Elsevier.com Radioactivity is a process in which unstable atomic nuclei release subatomic particles. The phenomenon of radioactivity is observed in heavy elements such as uranium. It was Henri Becquerel, a French scientist, to observe the blackening of a photographic plate due to uranium salts when placed in the dark. Becquerel, the SI unit for radioactivity has been named in his honor. Unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously decompose to form stable nuclei. This decomposition of unstable nuclei of heavy elements is known as radioactivity. The process of decomposition leads to an emission of different kinds of particles as also the emission of energy. The nuclei of unstable atoms break down due to their instability. Their breakdown is known as the decay of atoms resulting in the formation of stable nuclei accompanied by radiation of energy. Nuclear fission can also result in radioactivity. Fission, either spontaneous or one which is initiated in a nuclear reactor releases energy when heavy nuclei split. The atomic nuclei, which tend to decompose to form stable atoms and emit energy, are called radioactive elements. Radioactive elements such as uranium, potassium and thorium as also the isotopes of

elements like carbon, bismuth and strontium decay to form lighter atoms. The energy they release during this process is in the form of fast-moving particles and high-energy waves. Radioactivity is a random process and the time taken for half of the nuclei of the atoms of radioactive elements, is known as the half-life of that element. The other quantities, which are associated with the measurement of radioactive decay, are mean lifetime and decay constant. Mean lifetime is the average lifetime of a radioactive particle while the decay constant in the inverse of the mean lifetime. The half-life of an element, the decay constant and the mean lifetime are constant quantities associated with radioactive elements. The time-variable quantities associated with radioactivity are total activity, number of particles and specific activity. The total activity is the number of decays an object undergoes per second while the specific activity of an element is the number of decays per second per amount of unit mass of a substance. The number of particles is the measurement of the total number of particles in a given radioactive sample. There are three types of natural radioactivity namely, the alpha, beta and the gamma radiations. * The alpha radiation consists of a stream of positively charged particles, which are actually the helium nuclei because the particles have an atomic mass of four and a positive charge of two units. When a radioactive nucleus emits an alpha particle, the mass number of the nucleus decreases by four units and the atomic number decreases by two. * The emission of beta rays from a radioactive nucleus results in an increase of one unit in the atomic number of an element. However, the mass number of that element remains unchanged. The beta radiation is an emission of the stream of electrons. Thus, a beta particle is actually an electron. * Gamma rays are photons of short wavelengths and they carry high energies. A gamma ray emitted from an atomic nucleus changes neither the atomic number of the element nor its atomic mass. The emission of gamma rays often accompanies alpha and beta radiations. On gamma radiation, the unstable nucleus converts into one with a lower and a more stable energy state. Uses of Radioactivity * Radioisotopes find application in tracers. Tracers are radioactive elements, which are used to follow their pathway through a chemical reaction. These elements are traced in a chemical reaction to find their course in a chemical reaction. Tracers are used in the medical field and in the study of plants and animals. For example, Iodine-131 is used to study the functioning of thyroid gland. * Nuclear power stations commonly use uranium atoms as a fuel to produce energy. The heat that is released during the process of nuclear fission is used to generate steam, which in turn, rotates the turbine to produce electric energy. * Sterilization of food and medical instruments harnesses radioactivity. By subjecting the instruments or the food materials to concentrated radiations, the microorganisms causing contamination can be killed. Radioactivity can also be used in the testing and inspection of materials.

Radioactivity is the transition from the 'unstable to the 'stable'. It can prove hazardous if the radioactive reactions are not controlled. But controlled radioactivity has indeed proved beneficial to mankind. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-radioactivity.html List of Radioactive Elements A radioactive element is one with an unstable nucleus, which radiates alpha, beta or gamma radiation and gets converted to a stable element. This article has a comprehensive list of radioactive elements and their properties. Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core www.Dell.Com/Business/Laptops This Buzzle article has a list of radioactive elements that abound in nature, arranged in the order of increasing atomic number, along with their decay modes. Let us understand the phenomenon of radioactivity. Radioactivity arrived on the scene of world physics in the 19th century, just when people thought they knew everything in physics. With its discovery in 1896, radioactivity opened up a Pandora's box of questions and revealed a new world, waiting to be explored in the microcosm of the atomic nucleus. What is Radioactivity? Radioactivity is a very interesting phenomenon in nature. Classical Electromagnetism cannot explain radioactivity. It's a spontaneous and random phenomenon whereby nuclei of certain chemical elements like Uranium, radiate gamma rays (high frequency electromagnetic radiation), beta particles (electrons or positrons) and alpha particles (Helium Nuclei). By the emission of these particles and radiation, the unstable nucleus gets converted into a stabler nucleus. This is called radioactive decay. The Term 'Radioactive' - A Misnomer A radioactive element is a fundamental element whose atomic nuclei demonstrates the phenomenon of radioactivity. The name 'radioactive' may suggest to you that radioactive elements radiate radio waves, but unfortunately that is not so! The name 'radioactivity' is a misnomer because these elements have nothing to do with radio waves! The reason is that energy and frequency of a gamma ray which is emitted by a radioactive element, is far beyond that of the radio band of electromagnetic spectrum! So, we are just stuck up with the name! What Makes an Element Radioactive? To understand radioactivity, we need to explore the structure of an atomic nucleus. Every nucleus contains neutrons as well as protons. Neutrons are neither positively charged, nor negatively charged, they are neutral particles. Protons are positively charged. As you

might remember from high school physics, like charges repel each other while unlike charges attract each other. In the nucleus, protons and neutrons are cramped together in a really very small space. The protons in the nucleus, all being positively charged, repel each other! So if all the protons repel each other, how does the nucleus stay glued together and remain stable? It is because of the 'Nuclear Force'. This force is more stronger than the electromagnetic force, but the range of this force is only limited to size of the nucleus, unlike electromagnetic force whose range is infinite. This nuclear force acts between the protons and neutrons, irrespective of the charge and it's always strongly attractive. However, it has limitations of range. So, in the nucleus, there is a constant tussle between the repelling electromagnetic coulomb force of protons and the attractive strong nuclear force. In a nucleus like Uranium, which has almost 92 protons, coulomb repulsive force becomes too much for the nuclear force to contain. Subsequently, the nucleus is very unstable and radioactive decay occurs and Uranium decays into a more stable element. Such an unstable nucleus like Uranium, when gently tapped by a neutron, splits up into two other nuclei through nuclear fission, releasing tremendous amount of energy in the process! This is the principle on which nuclear energy and nuclear weapons are based. The radioactive elements listed below shows all the decay modes of Uranium. A full explanation of radioactivity can only be given, if we plunge deep into quantum physics and elementary particle physics. Types of Radioactive Decay This decay may occur in any of the following three ways: * Alpha Decay: Nucleus emits a helium nucleus (called an Alpha Particle) and gets converted to another nucleus with atomic number lesser by 2 and atomic weight lesser by 4. * Beta Decay: Beta decay could be of two types; either through emission of an electron or positron (the antiparticle of electron). Electron emission causes an increase in the atomic number by 1, while positron emission causes a decrease in the atomic number by 1. In some cases, double beta decay may occur, involving the emission of two beta particles. * Gamma Decay: Gamma decay just changes the energy level of the nucleus. * Electron Capture: One of the rarest decay modes is electron capture. In this phenomenon, an electron is captured or absorbed by a proton rich nucleus. This leads to the conversion of a proton into a neutron in the nucleus, along with release of an electron neutrino. This leads to a decrease in atomic number (transmuting the element in the process), while leaving the atomic mass number unchanged. A radioactive element may have more than one decay mode. Radioactive Isotopes

When two nuclei have the same atomic number, but different atomic weight or mass numbers, then they are said to be isotopes. Isotopes have the same chemical properties but different physical properties. For example, carbon has two isotopes, 6C14 and 6C12. Both have the same atomic number, but different number of neutrons. The one with the two extra neutrons is radioactive and undergoes radioactive decay. The radioactive isotope of carbon was used to develop carbon dating tool, which has made the dating of various relics possible. Half-Life of a Radioactive Element Half-life is the amount of time required, for half quantity of radioactive element to decay. For example C14has a half life of 5730 years. That is, if you take 1 gm of C14, then half of it will have been decayed in 5730 years. In the list presented below, half-lives of all the radioactive elements are presented. Radioactive Elements List Here is a detailed and comprehensive list of radioactive elements along with their atomic and mass numbers, decay modes and half-lives. Here 'Beta Decay (-)' denotes electron emission while Beta Decay (+) denotes positron emission. Radioactive Element Atomic Number Atomic Mass Number Decay Type Half-Life Hydrogen (H) 1 3 Beta Decay (-) 12.32 years Beryllium (Be) 4 7 Electron Capture (), Gamma Decay) 53.12 Days Beryllium (Be) 4 8 Alpha 7 x 10-17 sec Beryllium (Be) 4 10 Beta Decay (-) 1,360,000 years Carbon (C) 6 14 Beta Decay (-) 5,730 years Calcium (Ca) 20 41 Electron Capture () 103,000 years Calcium(Ca) 20 46 Double Beta Decay (--) > 2.8 x 1015 years Calcium(Ca) 20 48 Double Beta Decay (--) > 4 x 1019 Iron (Fe) 26 54 Double Electron Capture () > 3.1 x 1022 years Iron (Fe) (Synthetic) 26 55 Electron Capture () 2.73 years Iron (Fe) (Synthetic) 26 59 Beta Decay (-) 44.503 days Iron (Fe) (Synthetic) 26 60 Beta Decay (-) 2,600,000 years Cobalt (Co) (Synthetic) 27 56 Electron Capture () 77.27 days Cobalt (Co) (Synthetic) 27 57 Electron Capture () 271.79 days Cobalt (Co) (Synthetic) 27 58 Electron Capture () 70.86 days Cobalt (Co) (Synthetic) 27 60 Beta Decay (-), Double Gamma 5.2714 years Nickel (Ni) 28 59 Electron Capture () 76,000 years Nickel (Ni) (Synthetic) 28 63 Beta Decay (-) 100.1 years Zinc (Zn) (Synthetic) 30 65 Electron Capture (), Gamma 243.8 days Zinc (Zn) (Synthetic) 30 72 Beta Decay (-) 46.5 hours Selenium (Se) 34 79 Beta Decay (-) 3.27 x 105 years Selenium (Se) 34 82 Double Beta Decay (- -) 1.08 x 1020 years Krypton (Kr) 36 85 Beta Decay (-) 10.756 years Rubidium (Rb) 37 87 Beta Decay (-) 4.88 x 1010 years Strontium (Sr) 38 89 Electron Capture (), Beta Decay (-) 50.52 days Strontium (Sr) 38 90 Beta Decay (-) 28.9 years

Yttrium (Y) 39 90 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 2.67 days Yttrium (Y) 39 91 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 58.5 days Zirconium (Zr) 40 93 Beta Decay (-) 1.53 x 106 years Zirconium (Zr) 40 94 Double Beta Decay (-) > 1.1 x 1017 years Zirconium (Zr) 40 96 Double Beta Decay (-) 2 x 1019 years Niobium (Nb) (Metastable) 41 93 Beta Decay (-),Gamma 16.13 years Niobium (Nb) 41 95 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 34.991 days Molybdenum (Mo) 42 93 Electron Capture () 4 x 103 years Technetium (Tc) 43 99 Beta Decay (-) 2.111 x 105 years Ruthenium (Ru) 44 103 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 39.26 days Ruthenium(Ru) 44 106 Beta Decay (-) 373.59 days Palladium (Pd) 46 107 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 6.5 million years Silver (Ag) 47 111 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 7.45 days Tin (Sn) 50 126 Beta Decay (-) 2.3 x 105 years Antimony (Sb) 51 125 Beta Decay (-) 2.7582 years Tellurium (Te) 52 127 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 9.35 hours Tellurium (Te) 52 129 Beta Decay (-) 69.6 minutes Iodine (I) 53 123 Electron Capture (), Gamma 13 hours Iodine (I) 53 129 Beta Decay (-) 15.7 million years Iodine (I) 53 131 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 8.02070 days Xenon (Xe) 54 125 Electron Capture () 16.9 hours Xenon (Xe) 54 127 Electron Capture () 36.345 days Xenon (Xe) 54 133 Beta Decay (-) 5.247 days Cesium (Cs) 55 134 Electron Capture (), Beta Decay (-) 2.0648 years Cesium (Cs) 55 135 Beta Decay (-) 2.3 million years Cesium (Cs) 55 137 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 30.17 years Cerium (Ce) 58 144 Beta Decay (-) 285 days Promethium (Pm) 61 147 Beta Decay (-), Gamma 2.6234 years Europium (Eu) 63 154 Beta Decay (-), Beta Decay (+), Gamma 16 years Europium (Eu) 63 155 Beta Decay (-) 2 years Iridium (Ir) (Synthetic) 77 188 Electron Capture () 1.73 days Iridium (Ir) (Synthetic) 77 189 Electron Capture () 13.2 days Iridium (Ir) (Synthetic) 77 190 Electron Capture () 11.8 days Iridium (Ir) (Synthetic) 77 192 Beta Decay (-), Electron Capture () 73.827 days Iridium (Ir) (Synthetic, Metastable) 77 192 Gamma Decay 241 years Iridium (Ir) (Synthetic) 77 193 Gamma Decay 10.5 days Iridium (Ir) (Synthetic) 77 194 Beta Decay (-) 19.3 hours Iridium (Ir) (Synthetic, Metastable) 77 194 Gamma Decay 171 days Lead (Pb) 82 210 Beta Decay (-), Alpha 21 years Bismuth (Bi) 83 210 Alpha 3 million years Polonium (Po) 84 210 Alpha 138 days Radon (Rn) 86 220 Alpha, Beta Decay (+) 1 min Radon (Rn) 86 222 Alpha 4 days Radium (Ra) 88 224 Alpha 4 days Radium (Ra) 88 225 Beta Decay (-) 15 days Radium (Ra) 88 226 Alpha 1,622 years

Thorium (Th) 90 228 Alpha 2 years Thorium (Th) 90 229 Alpha 7,340 years Thorium (Th) 90 230 Alpha 80,000 years Thorium (Th) 90 232 Alpha 14 years Thorium (Th) 90 234 Beta Decay (-) 24 days Proactinium (Pa) 91 234 Beta Decay (-) 6.75 hours Uranium (U) 92 233 Alpha 159,200 years Uranium (U) 92 234 Alpha 245,500 years Uranium (U) 92 235 Alpha 7.038 x 108 years Uranium (U) 92 236 Alpha 2.342 x 107 years Uranium (U) 92 238 Alpha 4.468 billion years Neptunium (Np) (Synthetic) 93 237 Alpha 2.144 million years Plutonium (Pu) 94 238 Alpha 87.74 years Plutonium (Pu) 94 239 Alpha 2.41 x 104 years Plutonium (Pu) 94 240 Alpha 6.5 x 103 years Plutonium (Pu) 94 241 Beta Decay (-) 14 years Plutonium (Pu) 94 242 Alpha 3.73 x 105 years Plutonium (Pu) 94 244 Alpha 8.08 x 107 years Americium (Am) 95 241 Alpha 432.2 years Americium (Am) (Metastable) 95 242 Alpha, Gamma 141 years Americium (Am) 95 243 Alpha 7,370 years Curium (Cm) 96 242 Alpha 160 days Curium (Cm) 96 243 Alpha 29.1 years Curium (Cm) 96 244 Alpha 18.1 years Curium (Cm) 96 247 Alpha 15.6 million years These radioactive isotopes have a lot of applications today, ranging from medicine to atomic energy. Since these radioactive elements are harmful, burning up radioactive waste or disposing it, is difficult. Every development in science and technology brings in new problems. Now, it's for us to decide, how we intend to use the power of technology placed in our hands. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/list-of-radioactive-elements.html

The Story of the Rainbows Come into the mystery of the formation of rainbow and find out about the way it is born on the rainy sky. Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com "Somewhere, over the rainbow, skies are blue and the dreams that you dare to, dreams really do come true..." The seven colors of the rainbow out of which the human eye can perceive over 700 nuances, have as correspondents the seven musical notes, the seven heavens, the seven planets, the seven days of the week, etc. The symbolic significance of the colors contains universal-human elements, but also differentiating traits and religious-

cultural meanings. Generally, it is considered as a good sign to see the rainbow stretch across the sky. It is a message from God, a message of peace, hope and love for mankind. The colors' symbolizing power comprises a very large spectrum, because colors can be associated in different parts of the world, with primordial elements and with spacetemporal dimensions. The rainbow undoubtedly is the most beautiful phenomenon in the atmosphere, which has impressed mankind since forever, being considered as a divine sign which breeds wellness, peace and prosperity. The rainbow is an optical phenomenon born because of the solar light's dispersion and reflection into the raindrops in the atmosphere. It becomes visible when the sun shines from our back to the curtain of clouds from our front, the light reflecting on the serene sky. Clouds are more or less contoured groups of water drops or ice crystal, which are in the state of suspension in the atmosphere, and which come out of the condensation or sublimation of water vapors. It can be shown through an experiment how light passing through a water drop can go through such phenomena as dispersion and reflection. Let's take for instance a red fascicle. If this light fascicule falls on round water drop, then a part of that red light will come out of the drop in several directions. When the light fascicule enters the drop, the rays are refracted. Part of the fascicule is reflected by the opposing hemisphere, and the other part comes out of the drop. The reflected part crosses again the drop and then comes out of the drop like the previous fascicule. It is this concentration of light towards a certain direction that makes the rainbow possible. It is only one ray, the one passing through the middle of the drop, that is not being deviated. We can take a black and white photo of a rainbow. Even though there are no colors in that particular picture, there certainly is a rainbow. In order to explain the existence of the rainbow, one analyzes colors. But colors are not the main issue here. The main question remains, why is there such a thing as a shiny arch in the sky? The sun beams which encounter a water drop spread in several directions. But, because of reflection and refraction, more beams are deviated under certain angles than under other angles. This little preference gives the explanation for the rainbow appearance. All the sunlight entering the drop is thrown back into a cone. The center of this cone is opposed to the sun. The cone forms a shiny light disk, exactly opposite to the sun. From the ground level, one can only see a part of this disk. But from an airplane, flying high in the sky, one can sometimes see the entire disk. The shiny edge of this disk forms the rainbow.The colors of the rainbow appear due to the phenomenon of refraction. Refraction easily depends on color: different colors of the light cross the water drops at different speeds and refract in a different manner. Because of that, a separation of colors is produced. Because most people's attention is captured by colors, they cannot notice the portion of shiny disk; they can only see the colorful margin of the disk, which is in fact the rainbow

itself. Like in the optical prism, in the water drops in the clouds light is decomposed in the seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple. There usually appears a main rainbow and a secondary rainbow. In the arch of the main rainbow, red is on the external part, whereas in the case of the secondary rainbow, red is in the inner part. The colors of the rainbow are all the more vivid and pure as the light reflects and refracts on the bigger raindrops. The moon can also produce rainbows, but they are paler and more difficult to see with a bare eye. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/the-story-of-the-rainbows.html Colors of the Rainbow and Their Meaning The rainbow is one of nature's most beautiful phenomena. However, to spot a rainbow, you ought to be in the right place at the right time! Are you curious to know what the colors of this beautiful arc actually mean? With this article, we will explore the colors of the rainbow and their meaning. Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core www.Dell.Com/Business/Laptops It was a late sunny afternoon when I stepped out; it had just stopped raining. Trudging along the road, I can never forget that beautiful afternoon in Goa, India. It was one of those days when I was feeling hassled with many things that needed to be completed. I saw a few people staring upwards and wondered what they were really up to. As I glanced towards the sky, I realized what had really mesmerized these people and had made them stop by the roadside - a beautiful never-ending rainbow that stretched across the sky. Seeing the fascinating colors of the rainbow, I forgot all about my tensions and worries, and couldn't help but gaze at it for quite some time. "Somewhere over the rainbow, skies are blue, and the dreams that you dare to dream really do come true", was definitely well said by Lyman Frank Baum. So, is there really a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow? I wondered whether those stories which I had heard as a child could ever be true. So would I really find my treasure? As I looked on at the rainbow, I realized that spotting the rainbow was like a reward in itself. As the children played in the puddles and expressed their excitement over the rainbow, I carried on feeling much lighter and realizing that life is really beautiful. It all depends on our outlook and how we shape it up to make things better for ourselves and the people around us. The rainbow had made my day. I realized the best thing about rainbows is that you see one when you are least expecting it. There were times when I hoped to catch a glimpse of the beautiful rainbows particularly after heavy rainfalls in Goa, but no such luck! Spotting a rainbow has a simple rule - the body needs to be strategically placed; it should be with the back to the sun. Rainbows always appear when the 2 elements, rain as well as sunshine are present. As the sunlight enters the falling drops, it breaks up into its true colors. Seeing the spectrum of colors across the blue skies is a sight few are lucky to

witness. So what do these colors actually mean? As a child, I remember often getting confused as far as remembering the colors of the rainbow was concerned. That is when my mother taught me an easy way to remember the colors in order. It was the term ROY G BIV. This was really helpful and I remember the term even today. In other places, people also remember the colors of the rainbow by VIBGYOR. Red This is the first or the topmost color in a rainbow. The color red first brings to mind the idea of love. This is the color of energy and enthusiasm. Red is also the color with the longest wavelength, and it symbolizes vibrancy and security. It has always been known to signify passion as well. Orange Orange is the second color in the rainbow, from the top. The color orange is a combination of red and yellow. It may not be as fiery as red but symbolizes a lot of energy and wisdom. Orange is a very warm color, which although dynamic, is more thoughtful and controlled. This color can increase the creativity and playfulness of a person, and bring about equilibrium in life. Yellow The third color in a rainbow from the top is yellow. The color yellow is vibrant in itself, as it represents the color of the sun. This is known to be full of energy. Yellow also means something bright and happy, and the usage of this color is known to bring about a proper clarity of thought in the mind of an individual, and also improve one's decisionmaking skills. Wisdom is usually associated with this color. Green Green is the fourth or the middle color in a rainbow. The color green is formed with the merging of yellow and blue. Therefore, this is located in the center of the spectrum. Green has always been known for being the color of fertility, in addition to its calming effect on an individual. The color green symbolizes harmony, balance, growth, and good health. Blue The fifth color from the top in a rainbow is the color blue. Think blue and you think of the oceans and the sky, and all that goes towards the unknown. Blue is known as the color of divinity. Using the color blue in our daily lives is said to bring about peace and understanding, in addition to easy flow of communication. This color also helps to soothe and relax oneself. Indigo The second color from the bottom in a rainbow is indigo. A deepened version of the color blue would give you indigo. The color indigo means infinity. It also symbolizes wisdom, intuition, and self-mastery. This color is known to be the bridge between the finite and the infinite. The energy of the color blue is multiplied by indigo. Violet The last or the lowermost color in a rainbow is violet. This color is a combination of the colors red and blue. It is the highest and the subtlest specialization of light, as it is at the opposite end of the color red. This color is viewed as the completion as well as the

beginning of the energy vibration. A deep purple symbolizes high spiritual attainment, and a pale shade symbolizes love for humanity. Typically violet has always signified royalty. Whenever it rains and the sun shines, I hope to see this beautiful band of colors in the sky, and the sight of one never fails to cheer me up. Personally, I believe rainbows are a symbol of hope, and the meaning associated with each color adds more significance to this colorful band. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/colors-of-the-rainbow-and-theirmeaning.html

Types of Rainbows A beautiful streak of colors paints the sky after a fresh shower of rain. It's the rainbow, and its sure gets us mesmerized. Did you know that there are different types of rainbows? Well, we have some interesting facts about them in the article below. Read on... Ads by Google New Lenovo Laptops w/ 3rd gen Intel Core processors & latest features. Know more now www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops Nature's abundant beauty has conquered the different seasons of the year. Talking about fresh showers in the rainy season, the greenery and the fresh spring of air make a perfect atmosphere. There is a spectacular arc of colors that adds to the beauty. With seven vibrant colors forming a misty line touching the horizon, a rainbow truly rules all the visual and charming events of nature. We all know about a rainbow, at least we all know all about the colors in it. How many times have you wondered about what is it that makes a rainbow, and that it could have different types? Let us enjoy the rainbow, and this time, not only by looking at it, but observing and learning about the facts, like the formation and the different rainbow types. Let us begin with a quick view of how a rainbow is formed. Now, after a rain shower, there are still many tiny droplets of water in the sky. When sunlight passes through these tiny droplets, it gets refracted or bends in a particular angle. The sunlight or white light is actually made up of a spectrum of colors and has different wavelengths. Each wavelength is associated with a specific color. Each tiny drop of water acts like a prism, where the light gets refracted (bends in a particular angle) and reflects in the droplet of water. After this reflection it gets refracted again and is dispersed in its different wavelengths, that is different colors. This reflection is strong and makes a defined curve of colors that is the rainbow. The rainbow is an excellent work of many tiny water droplets and the sunlight. A rainbow is not really an arc of colors but is a full circle of colors. We get to see only an arc of the rainbow. The distance of the sun from the earth mainly determines the length of the arc. The closer the sun, more part of the circle will be included in the arc. Now let us know on what are the different types of rainbows. Different Rainbow Types The charismatic stream of colors is classified in 5 different types. Each has a distinct

nature. Primary Rainbow Primary Rainbow A primary rainbow is the most commonly seen rainbow. In fact, it is the two streaks of red and purple that appear right after a rain shower. More on the primary rainbow tells us that, it forms between 40 to 42 degrees of the anti solar point (an imaginary point opposite to the sun), with a single reflection taking place in the water droplets. If there are smaller droplets only violet may be visible, as the other - reds and greens, tend to disappear due to the mist. Secondary Rainbow Secondary Rainbow A secondary rainbow will typically be outside or next to the primary rainbow. The secondary rainbow will be lighter and diffused as compared with primary rainbow. The reflection of light takes place at 50 to 52 degrees, in side the water droplets. In this case two reflections take place in a water droplet, hence the rays of light get scattered due to two reflections that makes it diffused than the primary rainbow. Interestingly there is a dark band that forms between a primary and a secondary rainbow, it is known as Alexanders Dark Band. Supernumerary Rainbow Supernumerary Rainbow A supernumerary rainbow is formed on the inside of the primary rainbow. These will be faint or pastel streaks of color, that will sometimes also form outside the secondary rainbow, but very rarely. A supernumerary rainbow is formed due to the interference of the light rays with each other, that are of different wavelengths, which have a different path of travel after reflection. These rainbows will be visible when the water droplets are extremely small. Lunar Rainbow Lunar Rainbow A lunar rainbow is also known with many names like white rainbow or moon bow. This rainbow is not formed due to sunlight, but is a result of the near full moon light. Here the light from the surface of the moon reflects in tiny droplets that causes the refraction and a stream of colors eventually. However, a moon bow will be very faint, so much so, that the naked eye will not be able to capture it. Without a special device the eyes will only see white arcs in the sky. Fogbow Fogbow As the name suggests a fogbow is caused due to fog, and not tiny water droplets. This

happens when the water drops are extremely tiny, that light cannot pass through them in the same manner as it would in a normal rainbow. The reflection takes place, but does not disperse light adequately in its colors. Instead the colors overlap that gives a white colored band, which is also known as white rainbow. Fogbows will typically appear in cold areas. Some Other Types of Rainbows Well these were the main types of rainbows, there are other rare yet stunning types of rainbows. They are listed in the following: Reflected or Reflection Rainbow Reflected or Reflection Rainbow This type of rainbow is caused by the reflection of the reflected light, that is the sunlight. Here the light travels from two directions, one from the sun and the other from the reflected image of the sun. This is most likely to happen when a rainbow is formed on a water body. Both the angles of light will be different, hence you will see two rainbows. Red or Monochrome Rainbow Red or Monochrome Rainbow In this type of a rainbow, the same pattern takes place however, if it is sunrise or sunset, the rays of light will travel a long distance until they reach the water droplets, so the shorter wavelengths which make blue and green, get scattered easily before actually reaching the water droplets, and all that is visible are the shades in red. Spider Rainbows Spider Rainbows We must have come across webs of spiders covered in dew and mist. Sometimes these tiny drops of water scatter the sunlight passing through them and give visions of small rainbows, which are known as spiderbows. Some other fun facts are that rainbows are also formed in mist that is produced above waterfalls and also when surfing. You will also find faint rainbow when sprinkling the garden and sometimes even when spraying plants. All these facts complete different types of rainbows. We knew of rainbow as one of the most pleasing and colorful stream in the sky, but now we know, it is a creation of many colorful bows of sheer beauty! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-rainbows.html How Do Rainbows Form Everyone loves rainbows. But how do rainbows form? Have we ever tried to find out? Let's do it then... Ads by Google

Best Investment Plan Invest 25k per Year & Get Rs.33 Lac Check & Compare all Other Plans! Ulipindia.co.in/Investment-Plan Have you ever had this happen to you? You're walking down the road, rushing home from work, when a light drizzle begins. You feel elated because while the tiny drops of water feel cold as they fall on your bare skin, you can see and feel the warm glow of the sun, which looks so mellow, far out in the horizon. You want to just run towards the sun because it looks like a giant marshmallow, just waiting to be devoured, when suddenly you see something more breathtaking: a rainbow! The subtle arch of vibrant colors, which appears to go from one end of the earth to the other, beckons you. And just as you come out of the magical trance and take a step towards it, it begins to fade away. And you're back to feeling that gloom that preceded the wonderful phenomenon that you just witnessed. Rainbows can have that effect on anyone. We all love to watch them, but we never think about how they form. While explanations about the formation of rainbows, for kids, can range from fairy dust being sprinkled to the fox and vixen getting married on a hill top (yes, I have heard that one when I was a kid), the real story behind its formation is quite technical, thus making it a little (dare I say) boring. Nevertheless, let's check out some facts about rainbow formation in the section below. The Formation of Rainbows The process of rainbow formation has been explained in steps for your easy and better comprehension. * Step 1: The main reason behind the formation of a rainbow, that is the semi circular band of 7 colors that you see in the sky, is basic physics. Reflection and refraction of light is what causes the formation of the spectrum, which is the breakdown of white light into its basic colors. * Step 2: So, in order for a rainbow to be formed, it is necessary for the fundamental components of reflection to be present. Which are light and a reflecting surface. Here, the light is the sun's rays and the reflecting surface is the drops of water. * Step 3: When light emanates from the sun, it is in its pure form, i.e., white light. When this white light reaches the surface of a water droplet at the required angle, it breaks down into the spectrum of colors. This spectrum reaches the inner most point at the top of the water drop and gets reflected onto the lower most point in the drop. * Step 4: Then this spectrum gets refracted from this lower most point, gets dispersed and escapes the water droplet. * Step 5: This dispersed spectrum of colors is what we see as the rainbow. An interesting tidbit is that within the droplet, the rainbow colors are in the order of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, but when they get refracted, and are seen in the sky by the human eye, they are perceived to be in the opposite order, which is violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. So, the first color in the actual spectrum is seen as the last one by us. As mentioned earlier, how rainbows form is not at all as glamorous or fantastic as imagined. Nonetheless, we can always continue to indulge ourselves in fantastical beliefs,

as long as we know what the truth is. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-do-rainbows-form.html Rainforest Food Web The list of plants and animals endemic to rainforest biome is exhaustive, and that makes the rainforest food web one of the most complex food webs of the world. Continue reading... Ads by Google Latest Lenovo Laptops Powered by 3rd gen Intel Core processors. Starting from `31,890/- www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops More than half of all the living organisms on Earth are found in the rainforest biome one of the richest biomes of the world. These rainforests are typically characterized by dense overgrowth which makes it virtually impossible for sunlight to reach the ground. This biome also boasts of some of the most fascinating animal adaptations in kingdom Animalia. There is no doubt about the fact that this biome is one of the most interesting componenst of world ecosystem. Rainforest Biome Food Web On the basis of location, the rainforest biome is divided into two parts - the tropical rainforest and the temperate rainforest. The two differ from each other in terms of climate, flora and fauna - and this difference is very well highlighted in their respective food webs. Tropical Rainforests As its name suggests, the tropical rainforest biome spans across the tropical regions of South America, Asia, Central America, Africa, Australia as well as some islands in the Pacific Ocean. In terms of biodiversity, tropical rainforests are home to approximately 80 percent of the total plant and animal species on the planet. These rainforests are typically characterized by presence of tall trees, with height ranging between 60-100 meters. The long list of animals which have a key role to play in the tropical rainforest energy pyramid include jaguars, monkeys, bats, chimpanzees, and several species of insects and reptiles. Temperate Rainforests The temperate rainforests are relatively sparse, and restricted to some regions in North America, South America, Asia and Australia. Basically, temperate rainforest vegetation is made up of coniferous or broadleaf tree species. Most of these species do not require sunlight for the process of germination, and that explains the abundance plants in the rainforest with very little amount of sunlight reaching the ground. The animal species native to this region include cougars, bears, wolves, deer, elks as well as a wide range of small mammals, reptiles and insects. Rainforest Food Web

Tertiary Consumers: These are the apex predators, which are exclusively carnivorous in nature, and feed on primary as well as secondary consumers. In tropical rainforests, the distinction of being apex predators is shared by the jaguar and python. In temperate rainforests, on the other hand, the apex predators are cougars, bears, and lynx cats. Secondary Consumers: Most of the secondary consumers are carnivores, which feed on primary consumers, while some are omnivores, which feed on primary consumers as well as producers. This group includes animals such as iguanas, snakes, etc. and temperate rainforest animals such as weasels, raccoons, woodpeckers, etc. Primary Consumers: These are various herbivores (as well as some omnivores and insectivores) which feed on the producers (plants). The tropical rainforest animals featuring in this group include deer, monkeys, squirrels, grasshoppers, etc. In temperate rainforests, primary consumers include monkeys, snakes, elks, and other small mammals. Producers: As in any other food web, even in tropical rainforest food web the producers include plants. Some of the most prominent plants include Sawpalm, Twisty grass, Live Oak, Parasol Plant, Cedar, etc. In temperate rainforests, plant species which act as producers in the food web include cedar, fir, spruce, hemlock, etc. Detritivores: Other than the producers and consumers, the food webs include yet another group known as the detritivores - which consist of bacteria and fungi. These detritivores decompose plant matter and dead animals, and add it to ground in form of nutrients, which are eventfully used by plants to produce their own food. When we talk about food webs or food chains, we need to understand that these biological attributes of nature have evolved over the period to reach this stage. All the animal species and plants featuring in the rainforest food chain diagram given above are dependent on each other to a great extent, and extinction of a single species can result in serious imbalance in the entire ecosystem. Of late, human encroachment on pretext of agriculture and mining is being seen as biggest threat to the rainforest. If this trend continues, these rainforests will disappear from the planet within a few years, and so will all the animals and plants which are endemic to them. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/rainforest-food-web.html Rainforest Biome - Tropical Rainforest Plants A tropical rainforest evokes images of thick, lush green vegetation. Learn more about the plant life that inhabit these forests. Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Search Largest China Supplier Base. Verified Global ExportersJoin Free www.Alibaba.com

Tropical rainforests have the kind of climate that can be described as hot and wet - it rains throughout the year, and the temperature almost never drops below 15oC. The season never changes; well, almost never. This is conducive for plant growth. Rainforests usually have enormous biodiversity. It is said that two-third of all the flowering plants in the world can be found in the world's rainforests. Along with that, it is also claimed that many of the medicinal plants we know of were first discovered in rainforests. The collection of plant you get to see in a rainforest is quite unique. This is owing to the fact that the set of climatic conditions that persist in tropical rainforests are extremely unusual; known also as equatorial climate. the three key feature of equatorial climate are * The temperature is always warm * There is always a high amount of annual rainfall * The forests experience alternate wet and dry seasons, as the amount of rainfall varies through the year Out of these, the temperature is more or less constant. Hence, it is the amount of annual rainfall that controls and affects the flora and fauna the most. Understanding the Climate of Tropical Rainforests The sunlight that hits rainforests is not angular but mostly perpendicular (owing to the equatorial location of the forests). This means that the incident sunlight covers less surface area. This makes trees compete with each other for sunlight, making them grow unusually tall. Due to this trend, very little (or almost no) sunlight reaches the forest floor. This give rise to a huge variety in the vegetation of rainforests. The rainforest floor may be populated with shade loving shrubs, bushes, while evergreen trees dominate most of the forest area. However, this pattern of vegetation has another important consequence - a lot of heat gets trapped under the tall, thick, dense forest cover. The heat causes water to vaporize. Hence rainforests are high on moisture as well. All the trapped heat and moisture in turn causes dead plants and leaf litter to rapidly decay. Hence what happens at a slow rate in other ecological settings is accelerated in the rainforests. The decaying plant material is recycled as nutrient to the other plants. This ensures the plants are constantly fertilized 'naturally'. Finally, due to a high degree of moisture, the climate in rainforests is usually humid. There is a constant moisture cover over the forests. This ensures precipitation when the temperatures drop. Common Types of Tropical Rainforest Plants Looking at the climatic conditions persisting in a rainforest might have helped you to predict the kind of vegetation that occurs in a rainforest. The diversity of the rainforest

biome is huge, so that almost all kinds of plants are represented in rainforests. Here is more information on the tropical rainforest plant types. General Vegetation Pattern The general vegetation types (or vegetation trend) in a rainforest is as follows * Emergent trees are 100 to 120 feet tall. They form umbrella-shaped canopies that grow above the canopy of the forest. They have small pointed leaves. * A closed canopy of 80-foot tall trees. Light is available at the top and greatly diminished below it. * A closed canopy of 60-foot tall trees. There is high humidity and restricted air movement. * Shrub layer. Very little light is available. * There are litter and wet leaves at the bottom of the forest layer. Types of Plants 1. Broad-leaf trees - these are the most common form of vegetation in a tropical rainforest. The size of the leaves is a kind of adaptation shown by the trees. As very little sunlight reaches the forest, the trees have adapted to maximize the surface area of the leave to absorb as much of sunlight as possible. 2. Vines and Lianas - Lianas are woody creepers. It is claimed that the rainforests are home to more than 2500 species of creepers. The vines and creepers found here are often dubbed 'strangler'. They use a strong and tall tree as the host plant and ascend up the tree. However, in the process, they strangle the host tree to death as they get stronger and bigger. 3. Epiphytes - Epiphytes also grow on host trees. However, the major difference between a strangler and an epiphyte is that a strangler is still rooted to the forest floor and derives nutrition from the soil. An epiphyte, on the other hand, is a parasitic plant that sends its roots into the host plant to derive nutrients. 4. Saprophytes - Saprophytes are those species that survive on dead decaying matter by deriving nutrition from it. Since the persistent heat and moisture in the rainforests accelerates the decay of dead plant matter, a number of saprophytic plants species are also seen in rainforests. Adaptations in Tropical Rainforest Plants There are certain attributes of tropical vegetation that are different from those of other kinds of vegetation. These are considered as adaptation. One of the most common adaptation is seen in the leaves of tropical plants. As mentioned before, the leaves are broad, with extensive surface area, to maximize photosynthesis. The other significant adaptation is the waxy coating present on the leaves. It helps the leaves shed off excess of

water from their surfaces. The leaves also have structures called drip tips; they also help in getting rid of excess water and improve transpiration. With respect to the roots, most tropical plants have buttress roots. These kind of roots spread wide like a network instead of penetrating deep into the surface. This adaptation is mainly seen because the forest floor is scarce in nutrients. Most of the plant nutrients are concentrated in the top-most soil layer, which is not very thick. The roots, hence, develop horizontally to form a dense network, rather than growing deep under the ground. Tropical rainforest plants usually have large, fleshy fruits that are sweet and quite juicy. Flowers of these plants usually grow directly from the bark. They may have very thin barks having thorns or spines. Common Examples of Tropical Rainforest Plants Some of the tropical rainforest plants are pineapple, pepper, palm tree, orchid, fern, peanut, orange, lemon, coffee, banana and avocado. Also present are Saw palm, Cat'sfoot, Lichen Moss, Twisty grass, Teak, Cypress, Live Oak, Parasol Plant, Sargasso, Sesame, Cedar, Palmetto. Plants like Venus Flytrap and Pitcher plant may also be seen at times in tropical rainforests, although they cannot be really called as tropical plants. Tropical rainforests are the lungs of the earth. They are a major source of oxygen. Most of the plant species grow there. Many plants and trees have medicinal uses. For example Quinine is used for the treatment of malaria. Vincristine, extracted from the rainforest plant periwinkle (Vinca rosea) is used for the treatment of Cancer. Trees prevent soil erosion. They prevent flooding. Tropical rainforests are a gift to mankind. It is important to conserve them for posterity. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/rainforest-biome-tropicalrainforest-plants.html Rainforest Facts Rainforests are home to many different species of animals, and plants. These facts about the rainforest will brief you about their importance to mankind and why they are needed now... more than ever before! Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Search Largest China Supplier Base. Verified Global ExportersJoin Free www.Alibaba.com Have you ever wondered about the beauty, and the mystery of rainforests? Rainforests are found in areas, which receive high amounts of rainfall, throughout the year, and differ as per their location. The forests, which grow closer to the equator, are known as evergreen, because of the hot and wet climate in which they grow. Rainforests that are seen in areas that experience a temperate climate, belong to the deciduous variety. Human interference destroys thousands of important, and rare species of trees, which is why the rainforests are at the brink of extinction. The need for people to be educated about the importance of saving these forests is crucial and must not be sidelined for later

perusal. Rainforests are home to some of the rarest living organisms on earth, which together form a delicate network, and ecology. With deforestation, today thousands of species face the danger of becoming extinct, and they stand as testament to the extinction that occurs with every passing day! Let us check out some interesting facts about rainforests, which would give you an insight about their importance to mankind. Did You Know? * Rainforests are very dense because of the thick growth of plant life; this is because flora thrive in the heavy rainfall and climate offered by these forests. When it rains, it is said that the drops of rain take around 10 minutes to reach the ground, because the upper canopy of the trees is very thick and dense. This is what extends the duration for the raindrops to reach the ground of the forest area. * At one time, rainforests covered around 14% of the Earth's surface. Today, with their rapid destruction, only 6% remain. * Rainforests are found all over the world such as in Asia, Brazil, Amazon Forests, Africa, Canada, etc. * The largest amount of tree felling occurred between 1960-1980. This is when Asia lost most of it forest cover. * Did you know, that around 1/3 of the world's species of birds live in the rainforest? * We all know that sloths are associated with being lazy. It is said that in some moist areas of the rainforests in South America, algae grow on the fur of sloths, because they are so slow and rarely ever groom themselves! * These forests not only have a wide variety and rare species of plant and animal life, around 80% of the flowers which are found in the Australian rainforests are not found anywhere else on earth. * The Amazon Rainforest, is also known as the 'Lungs of our Planet', because it produces more than 20% of the world's oxygen by recycling the carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. * A four square mile patch of the rainforest area can house many things; more than you can imagine! There are around 1500 flowering plants, 750 species of trees, and around 400 species of birds that can be accommodated on this patch of land and forest. * Did you know that many medicines that are sold worldwide have some sources? Most medicines are made from extracts found in rare plants. Most medicines in use today, include extracts from species that are found in the rainforests. * One-fifth of the world's freshwater is found in the Amazon Basin. * There are particular factors that result in these forests being home to all species of plant and animal life. The rainforests are known to maintain a constant temperature of 80 degrees F and the kind of heavy rainfall they receive can range from 160-400 inches per year. These weather conditions help all sorts of living organisms to flourish. * Around 2,000 species of butterflies are found in the rainforests. * As of now, only 200 fruit varieties are used by people across the globe. However, the natives of the rainforests consume more than 2000 different types of fruits each year. * More than 80% of the world's food, such as vegetables, spices, and fruits, are derived from the different rainforests across the globe. * The rainforest encompasses a possible cure for all forms of cancer and perhaps AIDS as well. Madagascar Periwinkle is the most effective anticancer plant found till date. Its

extract Vincristine is used for chemotherapy and shows substantial relief from this deadly condition. * The rainforests have a huge role to play in controlling the global climate. It is a known fact that, trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in order to produce life-giving oxygen. With the rapid depletion of these trees, the level of carbon dioxide is accumulating, and simultaneously increasing global warming. Industrialization, the use of vehicles, and overall pollution, is only adding to the severity of the situation. The Bane of Deforestation * Deforestation is a major issue today. The results of deforestation are alarming if you consider what experts have to say. It is believed that the existence of nearly half of the species of plants, microorganisms, and animals is severely threatened due to deforestation. Therefore, the need to protect it has become a matter of grave importance. * Around 56,000 square miles of natural forest is lost each and every year. The common reasons for the destruction of rainforests is none other than man himself! Man-made fire, the use of chain saws, and bulldozers, cause irreversible damage to the flora and fauna of the rainforests. * Trees are cut down for providing wood for mass industrialization, for making paper, furniture, cardboard, construction of houses and building. The saddest bit is that many countries import rainforest wood for making coffins, which are eventually burnt or buried! * Rainforest land is cleared for the sake of subsistence farming, wherein governments exploit this land, in the name of development for the country. The inhabitants strip the land of all nutrients and leave it barren, after which they move on to another fertile part of the forest. * Forests play a major role in preserving freshwater, and preventing soil erosion. The roots of trees and the trunk, ensure that nutrients from the soil are safeguarded in the trees itself. However, when the tree is cut, these nutrients are lost with the tree and are never restored to the soil. Since there are no roots holding on to the soil, impending floods often erode the rainforest floor and rip off its remaining nourishment. The lack of soil, makes sure that no further trees are able to grow in the weakened patch of the forest, thereby making the land unfit, and barren. * Without rainforests, the entire water cycle would collapse. In which case, we would be plagued with droughts, famine, and epidemics. The reason being, that all the excess water from the trees and adjacent rivers transpires into the atmosphere and gets collected there. However, a lot of water remains stored within the tree trunk and the water table beneath the trees. Excess water condenses from the atmosphere and precipitates as rain, thereby supplying freshwater to all beings on earth. Without trees, water will evaporate faster and will not be returned to earth as frequently. * With rampant deforestation, we will lose 90% of our animal, plant, and insect kingdom. I hope, that these facts about rainforests will help you realize the importance of their existence on Planet Earth. Let's hope each one shoulders some responsibility towards restoring the greenery of our planet Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/rainforest-facts.html

Facts about American Red Cross The American Red Cross is synonymous with disaster relief, community services and development programs. This humanitarian organization is also known as the American National Red Cross and is a designated affiliate of an international federation by the same name. A noble cause was initiated in memory of the heroes of the American Civil War is today the American Red Cross. It is involved in the collection and distribution of blood, educational programs and other forms of international relief to disaster victims. It was established on 21 May, 1881 by Clara Barton, the first president of the organization. The Nursing Service Wing of the organization was founded by Jane Delano. Aim Under Title 36 of the United States Code, the American Red Cross is supported by volunteers and donations, other than the income generated from blood exchange. The extensive network reaches out the public via 900 service regions, in 9 divisions. The aim of the American Red Cross is 'to save lives and help prevent, prepare and respond to relief emergencies in the face of natural disasters. The American Red Cross is inspired by the International Red Cross. The efforts are directed towards the ability to respond to crisis. Operations The headquarters of the American Red Cross is in Washington, D.C, since 1917. The Chairman of the Board of Governors is Bonnie McElveen-Hunter and the current President and Chief Executive Officer is Gail J. McGovern. Every year, more than a million Red Cross volunteers and employees help mobilize free goods and services to the disaster stricken. The members of the organization are also committed towards extending training in essential medical expertise and sending emergency messages to and from military service personnel and their families. American Red Cross is the largest supplier of blood to more than 3,000 hospitals within the United States of America. The volunteers assist victims of political and social conflicts across the continents. Other than blood donation camps and free supply of blood related products, the American Red Cross is also associated with a Tissue Service Program. Under this scheme, tissue donations are sold to transplant recipients. The Red Cross also provides plasma products that are reliable cheap. Since, 1999, the American Red Cross has been involved in Nucleic Acid Testing, to look for genetic transmission of HIV and HCV. This activity is licensed by the Food and Drug Administration. The American Red Cross provides water safety guards, emergency first aid, babysitting, disaster-management training, and that of home safety throughout the country. American Red Cross chapters empower the public with sales of first aid and disaster kits, for emergency situations. Their pet first aid reference manual and DVDs on safety procedures have time and again helped in medical emergencies.

This non-government humanitarian initiative responds to house fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, transportation accidents, and numerous other disasters. Red Cross volunteers put together and process the outreach of food, shelter, and health services to victims of disasters. The volunteers work in sync with operations being handled by the Salvation Army and Radio Emergency Service. They assist federal efforts to address human services and mass care. Support Functions include counseling, coordinating transition services and clean up activities. International Services of the American Red Cross are directed towards reducing child mortality, providing costeffective health interventions, combating infections, integration of community development activities and the re-establishment of contact between separated family members who are also victims of disaster. National Celebrity Cabinet The organization has a National Celebrity Cabinet that furthers the interests of the Entertainment Outreach Program. The initiatives and response to crisis are committed to by public figures within the duties described for the program. Celebrity members of the National Celebrity Cabinet include Pierce Brosnan, Jackie Chan, The Rock, Julianne Moore and Daddy Yankee. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-american-redcross.html History of the American Red Cross 'American Red Cross' is a voluntary organization which serves the society selflessly, without seeking any profit. Let us know how this organization came into existence... The American Red Cross is one of the many sister organizations of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. It is a humanitarian association formed in 1881 to help victims of war and other natural and man-made disasters. It began as a humble organization and today after 127 years of providing successful services to mankind, it has become the biggest voluntary organization in the United States of America. From its inception, this organization has aided people during the times of emergencies. Early History The American Red Cross society was formed by Clara Barton, born in Oxford, Massachusetts. She was a school teacher and government official who worked as a nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War. She, along with some acquaintances, strove for establishing the American Red Cross Society. Their efforts bore fruit and the society was established on May 1881, making Clara Barton the first President of the organization. In 1822, the government of the United States of America also signed the Geneva Convention, which is considered as the basis for humanitarian law. The first service provided by this society was to the victims of the Great Fire of 1881 in

Michigan. In the following years, this small association constantly worked and organized various relief programs for the destruction caused by different natural calamities like earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, etc. It also aided the American military during the Spanish-American War. In 1900, this organization received a charter from the Congress, asking them to work, implementing the guidelines of the Geneva Convention, which emphasizes that an organization should not only work during wars, but also provide relief during the time of peace. In 1905, it again received a Congressional Charter, but with a slight revision and those rules are being followed till date. By the year 1914, there were 107 segments of the Red Cross serving in different parts of America. However, the major development of the Red Cross organization took place during World War I. It is reported that 20 million Americans joined the Red Cross organization and 3,864 sections were formed to give aid and support the victims of war. It had sent many ambulances, first aid, hospital staff, water and more than 20,000 nurses to help the military. Monetary aid came in millions of dollars from every corner of the country. The Junior Red Cross was established during this time, wherein youngsters got an opportunity to serve their nation. The American Red Cross society continued working for the betterment of victims, even after the war. It helped in rebuilding lives of those who lost their families and provided free education to orphans. During World War II, along with the services to the military, the American Red Cross also aided the allies of the country and the civilian victims of war. It sent food packages and conducted a blood collection drive, sending 13.3 million pints of blood to save lives of the soldiers. This blood collection drive has been continued and today, the American Red Cross Society is known for supplying blood and blood products across the country. The American Red Cross provides training to its volunteers to help families, friends and neighbors during the time of crisis like floods, earthquakes, plane crashes, terrorist attacks, etc. It has not restricted its services to helping people only in crisis, but has extended its horizon to a variety of areas like biomedical research, teaching civil defense and educating people about various life-threatening diseases like HIV/AIDS. Most importantly, it provides emotional support and care to the distressed. The American Red Cross is an autonomous organization which is tremendously supported by people of the country, through donations. This organization acts like an ointment, relieving people in this world of terror and chaos. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-the-american-redcross.html Types of Reptiles Have you any idea as to how many types of reptiles are there in the world? Do you want to know more about these reptiles? Well, here is some information about the different types of reptiles, so read on...

Ads by Google Furniture Bedroom Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com The first reaction that people give when they hear about them is.."Eeewww! Gross!" They are slimy, slithery creatures, that crawl on the ground. They were the first animals to have set foot on this earth from water, nearly 300 million years ago. They were the first animals to conquer dry land. But still when we see any animal belonging to the reptile class, we go "Eeeewwww". Have you see the late Steve Irwin shows on TV? Have you seen the way he used to handle the crocodiles? Amazing wasn't it? That's how superb it is to handle or to deal with reptiles. There are so many types of reptiles and amphibians who have been walking this earth for millions of years. Given here is some information about various reptiles. Do you know how many there are? Read on to know the answer. Different Reptiles Reptiles are the only ones among all the other animals who had actually walked the same ground at the time when the dinosaurs had ruled the world. They have been on this earth for the past 300 million years. You have probably read in your school textbooks about the different reptiles that you generally hear about or maybe you have even seen some of them, such as snakes, lizards, tortoise, turtles, crocodiles, etc. Most of the reptiles breathe through their lungs, but some also breathe through membranes that are situated near their mouth. Do you actually have any idea as to how many types are there in the world? Well there are four main types in this world, which have been described in detail below. Crocodilia This class of reptiles includes the crocodiles, the alligators, the gharials, and also the caymans. There are at least 23 different species of crocodilia in this world. They appeared in this world about 84 million years ago. That was during the late cretaceous period. The closest living relatives of the birds are the crocodilia. They have a semi-erect posture. Their teeth are like human teeth, i.e. they are set in bony sockets. They can replace their teeth all through their lifetime, unlike other mammals. They have a secondary bony palate, which helps them to breathe even when their mouth is full of water. Squamata This is one of the other type which consists of the snakes and lizards. Not many people would like to own a snake or lizard but there are some who would love to have these reptiles for pets. This category contains over 7000 types of snakes and lizards. The lizards belong to the category of Lacertilis and the snakes belong to the category of Serpentes. The lizards come in various shapes and sizes. They can be the miniature dwarf Gecko or they can also be as big as the Komodo Dragon. The snakes on the other hand, unlike the other reptiles, do not have legs. They just wiggle or crawl on the ground. Did you know that among all the reptiles and animals, snakes are the ones that are feared the most by people? These snakes can be venomous or they can be non-poisonous. They can either swim in water or stay on land. The tongue of the snake is very special as it acts like a nose to them. Some people also keep snakes as pets. So you see, they are not that scary.

Testudines Tortoise and turtles are the ones that belong to this category of reptiles. Have you seen the Box turtle, the green sea turtle, the Alligator Snapping turtle? Have you heard of the African Spurred tortoise or the Big Headed tortoise? They all belong to this category. I am sure you know that turtles and tortoise can live for many years. Some live for more than 300 years. Not all turtles and tortoises can be kept as pets, specially the Alligator Snapping turtle. These turtles and tortoise have powerful jaws and they spend most of their time in freshwater. Sphenodontia Two rare species belong to this category. The species are called the Tuataras. You can relate these species to the snakes and the lizards, although they mainly resemble the lizards. These species belong to New Zealand. They have walked this earth for more than 200 million years. They are a 'legend'. I know they are creepy and crawly with scaly skin, but they are some amazing creatures. Next time you see any category of reptiles, be it a snake or a lizard or anything, do not be afraid. They are just misunderstood creatures. If you see them closely, you will find that like cats and dogs, even they can be very cute and adorable. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-reptiles.html Reptiles: Characteristics of Reptiles Have you ever wondered what is common between snakes, tortoises, crocodiles and lizards? Scroll down for more information about reptiles characteristics. Ads by Google 2 View Samsung Cameras Two LCD screens, Twice the fun, 14 MP, 5X Optical Zoom & more. Visit Samsung.com/in/DigitalCameras Reptiles are cold-blooded animals with scales/scutes covering their skin. Most of them are tetrapods, with four legs or leg-like appendages. It is believed that reptiles started evolving around 330 million years ago and developed many abilities. They are considered as the first animals on land with the ability to live and multiply on land, with the help of their amniotic eggs. They dominated the Earth for over 200 million years and still inhabit all the continents, except Antarctica. But today, only a few orders of reptiles remain on this planet and they belong to the class Reptilia and are classified into four orders. They are Crocodilia, which consists of 23 species and include alligators, crocodiles, caimans and gavials; Sphenodontia, with two species of tuatara (a lizard-like reptile); 'Squamata', which includes 'amphisbaenia' (worm-like lizards), snakes and lizards with around 8,000 species and 'Testudines', that consists of 300 species of turtles and tortoises. Reptile Characteristics Reptiles are vertebrates (with a backbone), which can breathe air and are cold-blooded (cannot regulate body temperature). They are considered as tetrapods (with four legs or

leg-like appendages), even though legs are absent in some of these animals, like snakes. Their bodies are covered with scales or scutes and they lay amniotic eggs (embryos develop inside amniotic membranes) on land. They share the characteristics of both amphibians and mammals, but are different and unique. For example, their skin is unique in the sense that it lacks feathers, as in the case of birds; it does not have hair, like that of mammals and it is not moist as in amphibians. One of the unique characteristics of reptiles is their skin, which is tough and scaly. The following are some of the reptile characteristics. * As mentioned earlier, reptiles have a dry skin with scales or scutes. The skin has a few cutaneous glands and high levels of keratin, which prevents water loss through the skin. The scales and scutes, are formed from the epidermis and are also made of keratin, to protect the body. * These animals are considered tetrapods with two sets of paired limbs. Most of these animals have five clawed toes on each limb. These muscular appendages are angled downward to facilitate faster locomotion. In some reptiles, like snakes and worm lizards, the legs are absent, but it is believed that these animals evolve from some tetrapod ancestor. * All reptiles have spinal columns and a strong skeletal system with a rib cage. They have a well-developed brain and a central nervous system. A pelvic region with a minimum of two spinal bones is also seen in most of these animals. * Unlike amphibians, reptiles do not pass through an embryonic stage with gills. These animals breath with well-developed lungs, right from birth. Most of them have two lungs, except some snakes, which possess only a single lung. They don't possess gills and even cutaneous respiration is very negligible. * All reptiles have three-chambered hearts, except crocodiles, which have fourchambered hearts (2 atria, 2 ventricles), like mammals and birds. The three chambers consist of two atria to receive blood and one partially divided ventricle for pumping blood. * Reptiles have a digestive system, which is similar to other vertebrates, but the gut, the ducts of urinary and sexual organs lead to one posterior chamber, called the 'cloaca', which has a muscular opening at the base of the tail. In case of those, who inhabit arid regions, water is further absorbed into the body from the waste in the cloaca and only the remaining waste is excreted. * As far as reproduction is concerned, reptiles are unique, because they are the first animals with amniotic eggs, that can be laid on land and not in water. These amniotic eggs can survive without water, as they have protective shells and membranes, that allow oxygen and other gases to enter. Most of the reptiles lay eggs, but some of them give birth to young ones, by hatching the eggs inside the body of the mother. Reptile characteristics include internal fertilization, as sperm gets deposited into the reproductive tract of the female directly. * The offspring of reptiles resemble the adults at the time of birth itself. There is no metamorphosis, as in the case of amphibians. * Being cold-blooded, their body temperature vary with the surrounding atmosphere. Like in mammals, the body temperature of reptiles is not regulated by internal mechanisms. So they have to maintain the body temperature by basking in the sun. This

is the reason behind the presence of many reptiles in arid regions, like deserts. However, they can be seen in different habitats and if the temperature levels are not favorable, some of the reptiles prefer hibernation too. * Physical characteristics of reptiles include their keen sense organs, which help them to find food and escape from predators. Eyes are one of the most important sense organ and in most reptiles, these organs are located at the front of the head to facilitate binocular vision. While most of the different types of lizards can move each eye independently, some of them have a protective cover above the eyes. Most of them don't have external ears and the eardrum is located near the eyes. In short, these animals can be seen in diverse habitats, ranging from ponds, seas, lakes, treetops, deserts and mountain ranges, but they are abundant in deserts and arid regions too. The only limitation for them is that they are cold-blooded and cannot generate body heat of their own. This is the reason behind the absence of reptiles in the Antarctic region. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/reptiles-characteristics-ofreptiles.html Facts about Reptiles What's common to snakes, alligators, tuataras and lizards? They are reptiles. Did you know that reptiles are among the oldest animal species on earth? For more such interesting facts about reptiles, read on. Ads by Google Furniture Bedroom Search Largest China Supplier Base. Verified Global Exporters-Join Free www.Alibaba.com Reptiles are among the most fascinating creatures on Earth. They have existed much before human life began. Astonishing as it may sound, there are about 9,547 identified species of reptiles in the world. In a broad sense, they can be classified as: Snakes (Squamata) Lizards (Squamata) Turtles and Tortoises (Testudines) Alligators and Crocodiles (Crocodylia) Tuataras (Rhynchocephalia) Today, many cities around the world host events and exhibitions to educate people about reptiles and spread awareness about their conservation status. October 21 is celebrated as Reptile Awareness Day. General Facts * Reptiles are found on every continent of the world, except Antarctica, which is not surprising, considering that they are cold-blooded animals which cannot regulate body temperature on their own. Instead they rely on external temperature for the same. * Reptilian species have existed on Earth for more than 300 million years now. It may come as a surprise for some, but dinosaurs were also reptiles. (And even though the word 'dinosaur' means terrible or mighty lizards, dinosaurs were not 'lizards' as many people

believe.) * One gets to see a great deal of diversity in class Reptilia, with at least 327 species of turtles, 25 species of crocodilians, 3,378 species of snakes, 2 species of tuataras and 5,634 species of lizards to its credit. Serpentes (snakes) and Lacertilia (lizards) are the two suborders of order Squamata. * As reptiles breathe through the lungs, they cannot breathe underwater. Species like turtles and crocodiles need to resurface at regular intervals to breathe. Only a few reptiles can absorb oxygen in water through membranes in their mouth. * Most reptiles lay eggs which have leathery shells that are resistant to drying. Only a few species are viviparous, i.e., they give birth to live young ones. Some reptiles resort to internal fertilization, and don't lay their eggs in water. * All the reptiles, except for the crocodilians, have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle. In case of crocodilians, the heart is four-chambered, which may have something to do with their endothermic ancestry. In comparison to amphibians, reptiles have advanced circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and nervous systems. * Reptiles found in cold regions are known to hibernate (wherein they seek shelter in burrows or beneath logs) in winter. Similarly, reptiles found in very hot or dry climates resort to aestivation, or go into a torpor, in summer. * Reptiles have scales or horny plates covering their body which are made from keratin, a fibrous scleroprotein which is also found in our fingernails. These scales are replaced periodically, either by means of dry flaking or skin shedding. * Most reptiles are carnivores feeding on insects, amphibians, other reptiles, and small mammals. Only a few species are known to feed on plants. Interestingly, the sea turtle hatchlings are carnivorous in nature, but as they grow they shift to a herbivorous diet. * In most reptilian species, the young ones are left to fend for themselves from the moment they enter the world. While a female crocodile at least hangs around with the newborns for a certain period, the female sea turtles never come back to the shores. The turtle hatchlings are expected to make it to the water on their own, and that while fighting scores of predators. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-reptiles.html

Human Respiratory System Functions The functions of the human respiratory system are carried out by a group of organs that constitute the system. This article will provide you with a brief overview of these functions. Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core. Order www.Dell.com/Laptops It is a common fact that there are different bodily systems assigned with different functions. This includes the digestive system, nervous system, reproductive system, circulatory system, endocrine system, immune system, integumentary system, muscular system, respiratory system, skeletal system, urinary system and the lymphatic system. These systems comprise various organs, whose joint efforts help in successfully

performing their individual function. Human Respiratory System In simple words, the respiratory system can be explained as a group of organs that help us to breathe. Breathing involves inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Even though, the process of breathing appears to be very simple, it involves the proper functioning of various organs. The respiratory system parts include the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli and lungs. The respiratory system organs are classified into two sections - the upper respiratory tract that includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx and the lower respiratory tract that contains the trachea, bronchi, alveoli and lungs. These organs enable us to breathe. Functions of The Respiratory System Oxygen is required by the body cells for their normal functioning and this requirement is fulfilled by the human respiratory system. During this process, it helps in expelling the carbon dioxide that is discarded by the cells as metabolic waste. So, the most important and primary function of the system is to supply oxygen to the body cells. A basic idea about the respiratory system will be beneficial in understanding these functions. During inhalation, air is drawn from the atmosphere, through the nose (sometimes, through mouth too). This is caused by the contraction of the diaphragm (the sheet of muscles that separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity) and the intercostal muscles attached to the ribs. As they contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, thereby decreasing the air pressure. This results in inhalation, that is the process of drawing in air from the atmosphere, so that the thoracic cavity gets filled. The air taken through the nose is filtered, moistened or heated in the nasal cavity, before it passes to the pharynx. The pharynx is a pathway that is common for both air and food and is continuous with the esophagus. Pharynx function is to facilitate passage of air to the trachea. However, the pharynx opens up to the wind pipe or trachea, in order to facilitate breathing. The flap-like structure (called epiglottis) located just above the opening, closes this orifice, when food is swallowed. This structure ensures that food particles do not enter the trachea. It is near this opening that the voice box or the larynx is situated. This structure performs the function of protecting the trachea and also for production of sound. The air enters the trachea or windpipe, which is a tube-like structure with tough covering. Trachea functions include facilitating air passage and moistening of the air. The trachea branches into two tube-like structures called bronchi. Each bronchus travels into the left and right lungs respectively. Lungs is the spongy structures that house the bronchi, which divide into numerous tubes called bronchioles. Each bronchiole ends with numerous circular sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are the basic functional units that facilitates gaseous exchange, which is the most important among the human respiratory system functions. The carbon dioxide expelled by the cells are carried by the venous blood to the

alveoli. The alveoli contain numerous thin-walled capillaries through which blood passes. Inside the alveoli, the carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is drawn inside the capillaries. The oxygenated blood is carried to the heart, which pumps it to the different parts of the body. So, during inhalation, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is expelled during exhalation that is caused by relaxation of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/human-respiratory-systemfunctions.html Structure of the Human Respiratory System If you are interested in understanding the structure and functioning of the human respiratory system, you must read on... Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core. Order www.Dell.com/Laptops The human respiratory system is composed of the nasal passage, the pharynx, larynx, the trachea, bronchi and lungs. It is responsible for the process of respiration that is vital to the survival of living beings. Respiration is the process of obtaining and using oxygen, while eliminating carbon dioxide. It is the process by which human beings take in the oxygen from their environment and give out the carbon dioxide that is produced as a result of chemical reactions within the cells. The specialized system that brings about this critical process of respiration in human beings is known as the human respiratory system. Let us look at the structure of this important system of the human body. The respiratory system in human beings can be divided into the upper respiratory tract that consists of the nasal passages, pharynx and the larynx and the lower respiratory tract that is composed of the trachea, the primary bronchi and the lungs. Nasal passages: Air entering from the nostrils is led to the nasal passages. The nasal cavity that is located behind the nose comprises the nasal passages that form an important part of the respiratory system in human beings. The nasal cavity is responsible for conditioning the air that is received by the nose. The process of conditioning involves warming or cooling the air received by the nose, removing dust particles from it and also moistening it, before it enters the pharynx. Pharynx: It is located behind the nasal cavity and above the larynx. It is also a part of the digestive system of the human body. Food as well as air passes through the pharynx. Larynx: It is associated with the production of sound. It consists of two pairs of membranes. Air causes the vocal cords to vibrate, thus producing sound. The larynx is situated in the neck of mammals and plays a vital role in the protection of the trachea. Trachea: The term refers to the airway through which respiratory air travels. The rings of cartilage within its walls keep the trachea open.

Bronchi: The trachea divided into two main bronchi. The bronchi extend into the lungs spreading in a tree-like manner as bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes subdivide and with each subdivision, their walls get thinner. This dividing of the bronchi into thinwalled tubes results in the formation of bronchioles. The bronchioles terminate in small air chambers, each of which contains cavities known as alveoli. Alveoli have thin walls, which form the respiratory surface. The exchange of gases between the blood and the air takes place through these walls. Lungs: Lungs form the most vital component of the human respiratory system. They are located on the two sides of the heart. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into blood and releasing carbon dioxide from blood to the atmosphere. This was a brief description of the human respiratory system structure. It is that vital system in our body, which enables us to literally 'breathe new life' every instant. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/structure-of-the-human-respiratorysystem.html

Reverse Osmosis System Reverse osmosis system is a water filtration system, which removes the ions and molecules so that only the pure solution is passed through the membrane. This water filter system can be seen in every household. Ads by Google Laptop / Notebook Rentals Looking For The Best Laptop Rental Deals In Chennai. Visit SRCS Now! www.srcs.co.in/Call:09884908226 Have you wondered, why you are asked to gargle with salt water, when suffering from a strep throat? It is because of the osmosis process of brine with the affected tissue of your throat. So what happens in osmosis? The fluid flows from a more solvent concentrated region to a low solvent concentrated region, passing by a semipermeable membrane and this process is termed as osmosis. Hence, salt water dehydrates the bacteria in your throat by this process. In reverse osmosis, precisely the opposite of osmosis happens. For instance, imagine there is a semipermeable membrane separating freshwater and concentrated aqueous solution on the other side. Ideally the freshwater will cross the membrane and dilute the concentrated solution by the process of osmosis. But, if pressure is exerted on the concentrated aqueous solution enough, then the water molecules start moving to the freshwater side, under the osmotic pressure. This is known as reverse osmosis, which is extensively used in commercial applications like water filtration. Reverse Osmosis Filtration System In reverse osmosis water filter system, dissolved inorganic salts are separated from tap water to make it potable. In simple words, the tap water is pushed across a semipermeable membrane under osmotic pressure. The membrane which is more like cellophane allows only water to pass through.

Parts Function Cold water line valve Water source for the reverse osmosis water system Pre Filter This is a sediment filter, with an additional carbon filter used for removing sand silt, chlorine, dirt and other sediments. Reverse osmosis membrane This is the heart of the reverse osmosis system and comes as two options, chlorine tolerant (cellulose tri-acetate) and non chlorine tolerant (Thin film composite). Post filter This is a pure carbon filter which removes tastes and odors from the water Automatic shut off valve An automatic shut off valve stops any further water from passing through the reverse osmosis membrane, when the storage tank is full. Check valve This valve is located at the end of the reverse osmosis membrane. This is used for preventing backward flow of water from the storage tank. (a backward flow can damage the reverse osmosis membrane) Flow restrictor To maintain a flow rate, a flow control is needed to maintain pressure on the inlet side of the reverse osmosis membrane. This is located in the reverse osmosis drain line tubing. Storage tank This is the reverse osmosis storage tank with a capacity of 2.5 gallons of water. This tank is further equipped with a bladder which keeps the water pressurized until it is full. Faucet Every reverse osmosis unit is equipped with its own faucet, that is installed in the kitchen sink. It is the opening valve for the drinkable water. Drain line Then there is this drain line which runs from the outlet of the reverse osmosis casing to the drain. It is used for disposing off impurities found in the water source. So, it is apparent as to how this system uses a semipermeable membrane to purify the water. The normal pressure provided by standard residential water system is about 40 psi, which is sufficient enough to force the water through the reverse osmosis membrane. The contaminants which are huge are rejected and are flushed down the drain line. This quality check is enforced by the cross flow mechanism of the reverse osmosis membrane, which self cleanses itself time to time. In this water filter system, the incoming water pressure, temperature of the water, type number and content of the dissolved compounds in tap water and quality of filters and membranes used, play a major role in assessing the performance of reverse osmosis for water purification. Reverse Osmosis System Installation For installing this system, you would require a reverse osmosis system kit, a drill, adjustable wrench and a utility knife. a TFC membrane, further supplemented with a carbon pre filter. * First figure out a suitable place for installation. Under the sink, or in an adjacent cabinet or in the basement would be an appropriate location to install your system. * Now, connect the drain line of the reverse osmosis kit to the sink waste pipe, which will drain out the contaminants and other dissolved compounds in the water source. * Connect the inlet pipe (water source) to the cold water source using a saddle valve. Make sure there is a shutoff valve inserted in the connection, which stalls water flow

when the storage tank is full. * Install the faucet, connecting this entire reverse osmosis casing properly. * Last but not the least, install a refrigerator line, which connects to the faucet. When you go for an entire house reverse osmosis installation, make sure you are well aware of the rejection rate (rate of rejecting contaminants) and efficiency rate (producing enough drinking water for every member of the family). There are two kinds of reverse osmosis membranes, cellulose triacetate and thin composite film, as mentioned above. Of these, CTA needs to be disinfected from time to time, pertaining to its organic nature. Also if CTA is being used, make sure that water source is chlorinated. On the other hand, TCF is highly bacteria resistant and, if used for purifying chlorinated water, must be used with carbon filters. Reverse osmosis system is an excellent water purification system that makes even salt water potable. Although the only drawback is that, less drinking water is produced. Say, if the input is about 3-10 gallons of untreated water, then about 1 gallon of purified drinking water is obtained. But all said and done, with the advantages outweighing the disadvantages in the long run, it is best to have a reverse osmosis filter system at home, as it would surely assure you toxin and chemical free water to drink! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/reverse-osmosis-system.html

How Does Reverse Osmosis Work? Heard of RO water purifiers? You will find many leading water purifier producing companies, using the reverse osmosis (RO) technique in their products. Find out more about this water purification method by reading this article. Ads by Google High Purity Filters Membranes, Cartridges, Bags & Housings all competitively priced www.filtersource.com Reverse osmosis is one of the most important methods used in water purification systems. It is an easy and efficient method for purifying water. The RO systems have many commercial benefits, that make them a great success in the industrial field. The osmosis process forms the base of reverse osmosis. Osmosis is the process of the movement of any liquid from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration of that solution, through a permeable or semipermeable membrane. No external force is applied to bring about the process of osmosis. It is split into two types - forward osmosis and reverse osmosis. * Solution: The solute and solvent together form the solution. * Solute: It is the substance that is dissolved in the solution. * Solvent: It is the liquid in which the solute is dissolved. * Forward osmosis is the process in which a permeable or semipermeable membrane is used for separating the water from a solution, containing many dissolved solutes as impurities, by the use of osmotic pressure.

* Reverse osmosis, as the name suggests, is the opposite of the forward osmosis process. In this process, the solvent is separated from the solute by passing it through a semipermeable membrane, while applying hydraulic pressure to the solution. Process of Reverse Osmosis (RO) In this method, the solvent is made to move from the area of high solute concentration to the area of low solute concentration, by the application of external pressure. Generally, any solution that has less amount of solute, flows freely as compared to the solution containing a high amount of solute. It is because high amount of solute saturates the solution and causes it to become stagnant by reducing its potential. When separated by a semipermeable membrane, the solution containing less of solute will flow to the side of the solution containing more solute. This is known as the osmotic effect. In forward osmosis, the solute and solvent are separated by allowing the solvent to flow under the osmotic pressure influence whereas, this influence is suppressed in the reverse osmosis process. The solvent present on the side with higher solute concentration is forced to pass through the membrane to the side with lower solute concentration. The external pressure that has to be applied for the execution of this process, is higher than the osmotic pressure. The permeable or semipermeable membrane, used in the reverse osmosis process, plays a very important role. It should be designed such that it allows only the solvent i.e. liquid molecules to pass through. Two types of membranes can be used : * CTA membrane (Cellulose Triacetate): It is specially useful in the removal of chlorine from water. Hence, it is used widely in commercial water filters to purify tap water. * TFC membrane (Thin Film Composite): It is highly resistant to bacteria and has to be used in combination with carbon filters, if the water to be purified is chlorinated. Advantages of Reverse Osmosis * Bacteria, viruses, metals, salts, etc. can be removed efficiently by the RO process. * It improves the taste of water by removing the excess salts like potassium and sodium from it. * It eliminates the traces of chlorine from tap water. Disadvantages of Reverse Osmosis * Large amount of water is wasted during purification. * It is considered to be more expensive as compared to other methods like UV filtration, etc. * It is a slow process * It removes the useful minerals from water. * It cannot block pesticides, herbicides, chlorine and other harmful elements hence, a carbon filter also has to be used in the system.

Benefits of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems * RO system requires very less energy for its working. * It requires a very low maintenance. * The RO system uses an automated technique called cross-flow to clean its clogged membrane. * RO system, when used in water filters, eliminates 98% of the impurities from tap water. * The water produced by RO technology, when supplied to a gas turbine, improves operating efficiency and increases output by more than 10%. * RO systems are cost-effective and their price is continually decreasing. * RO systems do not make use of harmful chemicals, hence are used in many power plants. Many modern-day water filters use this technique, in combination with other techniques, to generate drinking water in its purest form. RO systems have numerous benefits and therefore, the disadvantages can be overlooked without evoking any major risks. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/reverse-osmosis-system-how-doesreverse-osmosis-work.html Desalination Process Desalination process is used to remove salt and minerals from water and sometimes from soil. Read on to learn about the different techniques used for desalination, and the various facts on desalination. Ads by Google New Lenovo Laptops w/ 3rd gen Intel Core processors & latest features. Know more now www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops Out of the whole desalination capacity in the world, less than 1% is used in Australia, 12 to 14% is used in Europe, North America uses 20%, while Middle East uses around 50% of the whole desalination capacity in the world. Desalination is a very important process in areas where clean water is highly required. It helps to remove the dissolved minerals from seawater, brackish water or certain treated waste water to create potable water, which is water suitable for drinking. From the desalination process around 15 to 50% of water is recovered, while the rest of the products are waste called brine. Different Desalination Methods There are various processes used for desalination. Thermal distillation method involves boiling saline water and collecting the purified vapor. The second method is electrodialysis, in which the removal of salts occur by separating and collecting their chemical components through electrolysis, this method is more suited to salty groundwater than seawater. Another technique involves freezing, where the water excludes salts, when it is crystallized to ice. One of the most used method is reverse osmosis. This method involves using seawater which is pushed through a semi-permeable membrane, that traps the salt and other impurities on one side. Then on the other side of the membrane, the water is filtered using microscopic strainer. This desalination process of seawater process is explained in detail below.

What is Reverse Osmosis? Desalination and reverse osmosis are closely related. Reverse osmosis is the finest level of filtration which helps to create safe, clean, healthy and pleasant water to drink. This filtration method removes around 90 to 95% of dissolved salts, and other inorganic materials present in the seawater. Due to advances in technology this technique for filtering seawater has become one of the most popular, and most used desalination process in the world. Now, due to reduced energy consumption methods, there is cheaper processing costs and a superior drinking water is produced using this method. Reports show that the cost of producing water from reverse osmosis plant is often less than half compared to the amount of water produced using distillation method. Cost The process of desalination is expensive. It can cost millions of dollars to incorporate a desalination plant into a body of water. The process of desalination can be very timeconsuming, as it takes days to turn sea water into freshwater. And many times there are still traces of minerals, salt and waste still present in the water. This leads to repetition of the treatment of the produced water using the water purification system again, which increase the time, money and energy involved to produce clean water. The average cost that is required to produce 1 acre foot of desalinated water out of seawater ranges approximately between USD 800 to 1400. More Facts Here are some interesting facts on the process of desalination. * Desalination or distillation of water is one of the mankind's earliest methods used to treat water. In ancient times, many civilizations used this method to convert sea water into potable water on their ships. * Sea water contains around 35,000 parts per million of salt, while freshwater contains less than 1,000 parts per million. * The size of each reverse osmosis membrane pore is very fine and is about 1/100,000th size of one human hair. * These days, desalination plants are used to convert seawater to potable water on ship and other arid regions in the world, and certain parts of the world to treat water which is fouled by unnatural or natural contaminants. * Did you know, that the largest desalination plant in the world is the El Paso-Fort Bliss desalination plant. This plant has a design capacity of approximately 27.5 MGD (30,800 acre-feet). The process of desalination is vital to regions which don't have clean water supply, however, the desalination is expensive and has certain impacts on the environment. But, now many researchers are developing new technologies and techniques that will reduce the cost. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/desalination-process.html

How Does RFID Work RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a revolutionary technology being rapidly adopted worldwide for a wide variety of purposes including inventory management. In this article you will find an explanation of the working of RFID in a nutshell. Ads by Google New Lenovo Laptops w/ 3rd gen Intel Core processors & latest features. Know more now www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops With mass production of goods in modern industries and opening of retail chains all over the world, logistical management became increasingly difficult and the need for an automated labeling mechanism was felt, which could simplify inventory management. With bar code technology, that need was satisfied, but it is now rapidly being replaced by RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, which can do the same job faster. It's an implementation of wireless communication, with wider applicability, that has been rapidly adopted as an effective substitute for bar code technology all over the world. You might have already seen RFID in action while shopping in retail stores like Walmart, where it is used to label almost every sold product. With roots in espionage technologies developed during the second world war, RFID technology has been evolving for many decades, while finding widespread acceptance only recently. The information about any product with an embedded RFID tag can be registered and stored in a database, through scanning of the object by an RFID reader. Most importantly, unlike bar code readers, there is no need for the product to be placed in line of sight for reading information. As long as the product is within the radio reception range of the reader, the encoded information in the tag can be easily read. More than one products can be scanned using RFID readers simultaneously. Let us see what is the underlying mechanism which makes this easy reading of RFID tags possible. How Does RFID Technology Work? RFID is an intelligent application of radio communication technology. Every RFID tag embedded in a product contains an integrated circuit chip (illustrate in the accompanying picture), with memory, which can be used to store information about a product, along with a transponder mechanism, which can transmit this information over a radio carrier wave after encoding and modulating it. An RFID tag can either be active or passive. When the tag is powered by a battery to transmit data, it's known as an active tag. Passive tags don't have on board power to transmit data. They borrow energy from the scanner antenna in the RFID reader to transmit data. An RFID reader consists of a scanning antenna which can receive signals from the tags, decode them and process them for storing it in a database. Here is how a typical RFID tag reading occurs. Step 1: RFID Antenna Sends Scanning Signal An RFID tagged product may either be passed through a reader or scanner or brought into the vicinity of one. Line of sight identification is not necessary in case of RFID

technology and the tags are embedded inside a product. The tag reading process begins with the RFID antenna sending a scanning signal which activates the transponder in a tag to respond. The scanning frequency is chosen to match with the transmitting frequency of the transponder. Step 2: RFID Tag Transmits Signal As soon as the active or passive RFID transponder receives the scanning signal, it sends out its own encoded and modulated signal over a radio carrier wave. Active RFID tags can transmit signals over long distances. Step 3: Tag Signal is Received, Decoded and Stored This transmitted signal is received by the reader through its tuned antenna. Subsequently, the signal is demodulated and decoded to register product information in a database. These RFID scanners are attached to computers where this information is stored. Bulk identification of products and short scanning time are two of the prime advantages of using RFID tags, instead of bar code labels. RFID tags find varied applications. They have been used to track dwindling populations of animals in the wild. Employee ID cards have built in RFID tags, encased in plastic layers that are used in most corporate and industrial settings nowadays. The US army is one of the biggest patrons of this technology, using it to tag all containers transported worldwide, followed by Walmart which uses the technology in all its retail outlets. RFID chip implants in humans have been used for providing medical history and identification purposes. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-does-rfid-work.html Pros and Cons of RFID Technology Nowadays, RFID technology is increasingly being used in many access controls and data collection activities. Every technology has its advantages and disadvantages, and the same is true for this technology. Read on to know what they are... Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, is subcategory of the Automatic Identification and Data Collection (AIDC) technologies. Bar code technology was preferred for data collection activities and is one of the fastest developed technology. However, the bar code technology has some limitations. These, however, can be easily dealt with, by using the RFID technology. This technology was first used during the Second World War for tracking enemy aircraft, by the Allied Forces. It is an emerging technology and it has not yet captured the commercial market, as the bar code system has. Components of RFID RFID Tag

RFID tags are usually known as transponders and act as a transmitter as well as a receiver in the system. The three basic components of the tag are an antenna, a microchip (memory) and the encapsulating material. There are two types of tags, as given below. Read-Only Tag: In the read only tag, the microchip or memory is written only once, during manufacturing process. The information, along with the serial number on the read only tag, can never be changed. Read-Write Tag: In the read-write tag, only the serial number is written during manufacturing process. The remaining blocks can be re-written by the user. RFID reader It is the device used to transmit to and receive information from the RFID tag. It is also referred to as an 'interrogator'. It includes sensors that read the tags in the vicinity. Supporting Infrastructure The supporting infrastructure, includes related software and hardware required for RFID systems. The software manages the interaction between the reader and the tags. Applications * Personnel identification * Livestock identification and tracking * Electronic toll connection * Cargo and container identification * Patient identification and medication Pros of RFID Technology 1. RFID tags are rugged and robust and can work in harsh temperatures and environment. The system works at a remarkably high speed, even in adverse conditions. 2. The tags are available in different shapes, sizes, types and materials. The information on the read-only tag cannot be altered or duplicated. Read-write tags can be used repeatedly. The RFID tags are always read without any error. 3. Direct physical contact between the tags and the reader is not required. Radio frequency (RF) technology is used for communication. 4. Multiple tags can be read at the same time. The tags can be read in a bulk of 10 to 100 tags at a time. Reading is automatic and involves no labor. 5. RFID systems can identify and track unique items, unlike the bar code system which identifies only the manufacturer and the product type. 6. The entire system is very reliable which allows the use of RFID tags for security purpose. 7. The storage capacity of the RFID tags is greater than any other automatic identification and tracking system.

Cons of RFID Technology 1. The main disadvantage is high cost. The RFID system is costly as compared to other automatic identification systems. The cost can increase further, if the system is designed for a specific application. 2. Size and weight of the tags is more than the generally used, bar code system. The electronic components like antenna, memory and other parts of the tags, make them bulky. 3. Although the tags work in harsh environment, the signals from certain types of tags get affected when they come in close contact with certain metals or liquids. Reading such tags becomes difficult and sometimes the data read, is erroneous. 4. There is no way in which damaged tags can be tracked and replaced by tags that are intact. 5. Although the tags do not require line-of-sight communication, they can be read within a specified range only. The RFID technology has several advantages and is highly flexible. Its applications keep on changing and so does the standard. The unexploited potential of RFID systems was predicted in its early stages, and it is now becoming the front-runner in the automatic identification and data collection technology. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-rfidtechnology.html

Advantages and Disadvantages of RFID Technology RFID or Radio Frequency Identification is fast emerging as a major commercial technology. Like every new technology, it also has some advantages and disadvantages. Here we will discuss more related to the same. Ads by Google New Lenovo Laptops w/ 3rd gen Intel Core processors & latest features. Know more now www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops RFID is an acronym for Radio Frequency Identification. This technology uses radio frequencies for the purpose of identification and tracking of assets, animals and traffic. Architecture Similar to any communication device, RFID technology consists of transmitters and receivers in the form of RFID tags. These are microchips that have all the necessary information on them. The information is comprehended with the help of an RFID card reader. An antenna is also provided on the tags that helps in the transmission of the signal. Active and passive RFID tags are the two types of RFID tags that are generally used. The active RFID tags transfer the information directly to the reader without the use of an external battery or source, whereas, the passive tags require external power for functioning.

Advantages RFID technology has a number of advantages. * RFID tags are very simple to install/inject inside the body of animals, thus helping to keep a track on them. This is useful in animal husbandry and on poultry farms. The installed RFID tags give information about the age, vaccinations and health of the animals. * It is better than bar codes as it cannot be easily replicated and therefore, it increases the security of the product. * Supply chain management forms the major part of retail business and RFID systems play a key role by managing updates of stocks, transportation and logistics of the product. * Barcode scanners have repeatedly failed in providing security to gems and jewelry in shops. But nowadays, RFID tags are placed inside jewelry items and an alarm is installed at the exit doors. * The RFID tags can store data up to 2 KB whereas, the bar code has the ability to read just 10-12 digits. Disadvantages Though it is very beneficial, it quite is expensive to install. Small and medium scale enterprises find it costly to use it in their firms and offices. * It is difficult for an RFID reader to read the information in case of RFID tags installed in liquids and metal products. The problem is that the liquid and metal surfaces tend to reflect the radio waves, which makes the tags unreadable. The tags have to be placed in various alignments and angles for taking proper reading. This is a tedious task when the work involves big firms. * Interference has been observed if devices such as forklifts and walkies-talkies are in the vicinity of the distribution centers. The presence of mobile phone towers has been found to interfere with RFID radio waves. Wal-Mart, the retail sector giant, has installed billions of RFID tags in their products throughout the world and they have encountered such problems. * The USA and Europe, for instance, have different range of frequencies that allow RFID tags to function. This makes it mandatory for international shipping companies and other organizations to be aware of the working pattern of other nations also, which can be very time-consuming. * It has been referred to as invasive technology. Consumers are apprehensive about their privacy when they purchase products with RFID tags. Once the radio chips are installed in the product, the customer can be tracked and his personal information can be collected by the RFID reader. However, many stores have a facility that deactivates the RFID tags after the product has been purchased. It can also be the next tool for success and management of various businesses. With more research, the flaws and limitations of this technology can be removed. This will make it very useful for diverse sectors like retail, transport and jewelry businesses. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-ofrfid-technology.html

Benefits of RFID Technology The RFID technology is advancing rapidly due to its several benefits. To know how this technology has helped, read on... Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com The radio frequency identification (RFID) uses the radio frequency tags and reader for transmission and reception of the radio signals. The RFID tags are of two types, viz. active tags and passive tags. The active tags are tags that have an in-built battery in them. These tags are expensive due to the type of battery used. The passive tags are simple ones, with no internal battery. They are much cheaper than the active tags. This is not a recent technology, rather it has been used for decades by different organizations. However, initially, the cost of implementing this technology was very high. This is the reason, why very few people knew about it. This technology is advancing day-by-day and research is on to help reduce the cost that can lead to easy availability of the RFID services. This technology is rapidly replacing the barcode system, which has been popular until now. Its applications are known to have many benefits over the other automatic identification technologies. The RFID tags are made rugged and robust so that they can be used in any harsh environment and temperatures. The oldest application of this technology is animal husbandry. Earlier, plastic tags were used for tracking the animals. These plastic tags easily worn out after a few weeks. These have been soon replaced by the RFID tags. These tags provide easy tracking of the animals. Injectable RFID tags are also available these days, which can be used for tracking the animals easily. These tags have the information about the age of animal, medical history and vaccinations. Any other system does not provide the facility of maintaining all the information in addition to keeping track of the animal. RFID technology has made many tasks in animal husbandry, very easy. The rapid advancement in the RFID technology has made it possible to manufacture tags in many shapes and sizes. Also, the information written on the tags cannot be duplicated easily. The tags are thus, superior than the barcode because easy duplication is not possible and can be more effectively for security purposes. Many of the retail shops and stores (especially jewelry stores) used the barcode system, earlier. The barcode system used for security purposes, has known to have failed many times. Even the CCTV cameras do not prove to be helpful, in many cases. These systems are not very effective in avoiding theft. Instead, these systems are used for identifying the thieves after a theft has already occurred. RFID, on the other hand, provides an anti-theft mechanism to the stores. The tags are used with every item in the stores. The RFID reader is usually kept at some place near the exit door of the store, with an alarm system attached to it. The system are particularly deployed for expensive items to prevent the theft of these

valuables. Misinterpretation is always witnessed in case of paper or plastic tags. These human errors can be eliminated using this technology. This is the reason RFID tags are widely used in blood banks. The labels on the blood banks are sometimes identical and misinterpreted due to panic situations. The blood banks embed these tags on the label of the blood packets or bottles. When a paramedic staff wants a particular blood group, the RFID reader can easily let him know the correct packet. The storage capacity of the RFID tags is greater than that of the barcode. The barcode just gives us the manufacturer and the product type. Additional data related to the product can be stored in the RFID tags and they can form a better tracking system. In retail stores, the customer has to go empty-handed when a certain item or product is out of stock. This situation is tackled by the RFID tracking system. The store-keeper or store in-charge is given an alert when the last item of a particular product in a store is purchased, so that adequate stock is always available. This helps to improve customer service and satisfaction and thus, can prove to be advantageous for increasing the business profits. Lastly, the RFID tags are unique. This makes the system highly reliable and error-free. The RFID system reduces the labor cost of the company by providing a good tracking system. The operations like tracking the pallets, cases and cartons can be efficiently done using the technology. The tags are attached to each carton or case and the related information is written on the tag. This technology can be effectively used in stock management. The RFID system has a numerous benefits, but the technology is still quite expensive. The costs have indeed reduced since the inception of the technology. However, it is still not very cheap and is not affordable for small businesses. This is the primary reason for it not being incorporated in every possible field. This technology has several pros and cons. Nevertheless, the technology is progressing with a rapid speed. By Aarti R Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/benefits-of-rfid-technology.html

RFID Technology Ads by Google Get Dell Latitude Laptop Top Class Business Laptop w/ Intel Core.Call 08025108006 www.Dell.com/Business/Laptops Almost every product we buy has a bar code printed on in. A bar code is nothing but machine-readable parallel bars that store binary codes revealing information about the product. But the days of barcode are numbered. The technology called radio frequency identification (RFID) is catching on. Every person has got his identity either by his name or by his characteristics, everything

has got his own identity either by its name or by its quality. So in this new wireless era, a specified frequency has become an identity of a person or an object. This is possible by the technology, RFID. RFID means providing identity to any object. A typical RFID system will consist of a reader, a tag and some kind of data processing system to process the data. The reader transmits the RF waves to the tag. The tag hears the RF wave. The information carried by the RF wave can also be given to the host PC or even a complete LAN. RFID technique as a dominant technology concerning electronic data collection and transmission. The system uses radio frequencies that is, electromagnetic waves in the range 10-30 KHz(VLF) to 30-300 GHz(UHF).A typical application may use 50 KHz2.5GHz. The basic RFID system consists of the following blocks : TAG: A tag is the device, which is attached with the item, which is to be tracked or loaded. The tag consists of electronic chip used to store data that can be broadcast via RF waves to the reader. The main function of the tag is to respond to a transmitted request from the reader for the data stored within the tag. There are two types of the tags, active tags which include a battery and passive ones, which is not. Passive tag has infinite lifetime, are smaller and lighter than active tags, and less expensive., On the other hand, they require more power from the reader and they have a shorter read range. READER: The reader directs the RF transceiver to transmit RF signals, receives the encoded signal from the tag through the RF transceiver, decodes the tag's identification, and transmits the identification with any other data from the tag to the host computer. THE CONTROL SECTION: The information obtained by the reader from the tag can be passed to the host PC or the LAN. RFID operates in several bands. The generic frequencies for RFID are: 125-134 kHz 13.56 MHz 400-930 MHz 2.45 GHz 5.8 GHZ Each of the frequency bands have advantages and disadvantages for operation. The lower frequencies 125-134 kHz and 13.56 MHz work much better near water or humans. Read range is the maximum possible communication distance between tag and reader for proper functioning. It depends upon operating frequency sensitivity of the receiver, antenna orientation. The maximum distances between tag and the reader is not only a

function of the power output of the reader, but also of the power available within the tag to respond, as well as of various environmental conditions, the kind of antenna used, and the frequencies at which the system operates. This is the brief idea of RFID and its basics concepts. RFID finds its application in a wide range of real time systems such as electronic toll collection, asset management, animal tagging, item management, access control, airport security system, automatic vehicle location, etc. AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION USING RFID The traffic management system uses RFID technology for providing accurate information on arrival, departure etc which forms the crucial information of the system. Accurate real-time data for traffic management system are provided by automatic vehicle location. To comply with basic technical requirements of traffic light priority and passenger information systems has adapted and developed passive low frequency RFID technology for AVL. The AVL system is characterized by very accurate positioning of vehicles (+/1cm at low speeds 30km/hr and 1/2m high speeds up to 300km/hr. AVL system consists of all basic elements of RFID system. The tag either attached to the vehicle, or embedded in the roads, the readers situated on the way in the infrastructure on the vehicle, and the host computer in the control room. In this system, locating and tracking the vehicle is done by position tag embedded in the road surface, when a vehicle passes through the position tag in the road the ID codes stored in the Tag memory is transmitted the reader on the bus to a computer at a control room via radio link. All tag ID codes are stored in the database of he computer and by the ID codes are stored in a database in the computer and by comparing the ID codes of the passed tag to the ID code in the database using radio range algorithm stored in the computer, thus it is possible to pin point the location of the vehicle accurately. Between any two tags located on the route followed by the vehicle, position data is sensed from the vehicle odometer to latest tag location. Position data derived when passing the position tag can be used to calibrate the odometer and increase the position accuracy. Hence indirectly vehicle speed data can also be determined. Along with the vehicle position and speed any other information from any other sensor on the vehicle like ticketing machine driver ID card reader, driver display, fuel indication can also be transferred to the computer situated in the control section. In the control room the data received from the reader is processed using various algorithm. This processing involves, finding the position and speed of vehicle, finding the position and speed of the vehicle etc. Based on the processing relevant actions are taken such as, displaying arrival and departure time of vehicle, locating the position of he vehicle on the infrastructure map, catching and catching an illegal vehicle from entering a particular area. In this way radio waves become the identity of the vehicle (with an attached tag), which helps in tracking them.

As mentioned above, this technology finds so many applications one of them mentioned i.e. AVL. Similarly Browsing shoppers inside a store for retail insights through an RFID tracking system. With tag readers placed on the shelves of bookstores, the system allows booksellers, to gain such information as the range of books a shopper has browsed, the number of times a particular title was picked up, and even the length of time spent flipping through each book. Radio frequency identification is providing its potential contribution in the field of automation with wireless communication, as it has successfully overcome the disadvantages and proved better than the exiting similar techniques. Also RFID is one among those technologies, finding applications in a very broad spectrum. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/4-26-2004-53391.asp

Advantages of Robotics Robots are essentially needed to carry out functions in different industrial sectors. This article provides information about several advantages of robotics... Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com The use of robotics is widely spread in the 21st century. There is not a single sector that doesn't use robotic systems in carrying out technical processes. Robotic systems have come a long way since their invention, and are getting more and more advanced. They can perform flawless work in very less time. They have many advantages that contribute to various factors such as time, quality, safety, etc. Advantages in Business Quality and Accuracy of Work Robotic systems have the capability of impressively meliorating the quality of work. They don't make any mistakes and errors as humans do. This saves a lot of important output and production time. They provide optimum output in regards to quality as well as quantity. In the medical field, they are used to carry out complicated surgeries which are very difficult for doctors and surgeons to perform. In the industrial sector they prevent any errors in the production of goods. Quantity of Production If robots are used for production purposes, the throughput speed rises, which directly has an effect on production. They have the capability to work at a constant speed without the need to take short breaks, sleeps, vacations, and some other time-spending factors. Moreover, they have the potential to produce considerably more than a human worker. Advantages in Other Fields

Industrial Robotics The use of robotic systems in the industrial sector is a necessity nowadays, as more and more products are to be manufactured in a very less time, and that too with high-quality and accuracy. Big industrial manufacturing giants have robotic systems that work 24/7. Such systems can even do the work of approximately 100 or more human workers at a time. Car and electronic manufacturing companies mostly make use of such automated systems. They employ robotic systems in several testing and assembling procedures which would be difficult and time-consuming for human workers to carry out. Robotic arms are a simple example of such technologies. They also may be utilized for robotic painting and robotic welding jobs. Robotic packaging machinery is used in companies which manufacture daily-use products. Medical and Healthcare Robotics Robotic systems have also proven to play a very important role in the medicinal and surgical sector, be it in manufacturing medicines and drugs or carrying out simple tasks in specific surgeries. However, robots don't perform the whole procedure in surgeries, but certainly assist the surgeons to perform the task accurately. A surgeon may use a 'robotics surgery coordinator' to perform a surgery without making big incisions, and also in lesser time than normal. The use of robotics in nursing is increasing due to the shortage of efficient manpower. Moreover, a robot may be used in performing an unmanned operation which is known as a robotic surgery. Robotics in Household Nowadays, robots that can perform house duties are also being manufactured. However, the technology of house robots is not being used commercially. Some examples include robotic pool cleaners and robotic vacuum cleaners. Robotics programming is a way of feeding information into the robots regarding what tasks are to be performed and how. After more development in this field, the use of robots in household may be common. Scientists are working on technologies that can be incorporated in future robotic pets, which can enable the pets to better mingle with families, and also provide care and protection. Future robotics systems may come up with benefits that we can't even imagine of. In many films, the robotic hand has been showed, who knows it may become a reality in the near future. The advantages of robotics are certainly predicted to grow in several other fields over time. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-robotics.html

How do Satellites Work? Satellite perform many types of work at the same time. The instruments fitted with the satellites, help them execute all the functions systematically. To know how satellites

work, read on... Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com Satellites are physical objects that are developed by humans and placed in Earth's orbit. They are commonly used for various scientific and technological purposes. Satellites have a number of instruments and subsystems to accomplish its mission. Basically, a subsystem is a set of devices that are responsible for carrying out the operations of the satellite, without any interruptions. The subsystems that are an integral part of any satellite, are described below: Communications Subsystem The communication subsystem is the most vital part of a satellite. The key components of a communication subsystem are - antennas, receivers and transmitters. Their main function is to receive and send signals all across the globe. Some satellites and ground stations have specially designed radio dishes that are used for exchange of data. The curved section of these dishes helps in the reflection of both incoming as well as outgoing signals, from its central horn. The antennas are needed for the purpose of transmission of pictures at different frequency levels and with varying coverage. They are also capable of receiving instructions from Earth. The beacons and transponders fitted in some satellites, help in ground tracking. Command and Data Handling Subsystem This subsystem comprises computers that collect all the data and process them on board. These computers are capable of delivering results according to the instructions received from the Earth. They are used for the physical measurement of distant objects. The inputs for this purpose are received from various sensory devices and processed to convert them into encoded data and the same is transmitted to the ground station for further analysis. This type of data transmission is a crucial task of satellites. Power Supply Subsystem The work of satellites is completely disrupted without the power supply subsystem. The main task of the power supply subsystem is to generate, store and supply adequate amounts of electrical power for the satellite. The power requirements depends on the total area covered by the satellite, kinds of instruments used and communication load. There are various modes of power supply used by satellites. They can use chemical batteries, solar cells or radioisotope devices. Solar cells are the most widely used in the power supply subsystem of satellites. Solar cells convert the solar energy into electrical energy. They are therefore the most reliable source of power supply. Chemical batteries oxidize the fuel for the production of power. They are used to supply electricity, when the satellite enters the shadow of the Earth. The disadvantage of batteries is their bulky size. For this reason, they are used mostly for short-term missions.

Some of the power supply subsystems are also provided with turbogenerators or thermionic generators. These generators use heat energy for producing electricity. The heat energy required is either obtained from the sun or from small nuclear reactors fitted with the subsystem. However, nuclear reactors have been used in satellites only on an experimental basis. A satellite can work only when all these subsystems are performing their functions correctly. Malfunction in any of these subsystems can lead to total breakdown of the satellite. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-do-satellites-work.html How Many Satellites are in Space With the launch of the United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN), designed to keep a track of different objects in the space, it is now possible to find out how many satellites are in space as of today. Read on... Ads by Google Latest Lenovo Laptops Powered by 3rd gen Intel Core processors. Starting from Rs.30,990 www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops On 4th October, 1957, the Soviet Union made history by launching the first Earthorbiting artificial satellite - Sputnik 1, into space. The launch of Sputnik was followed by the launch of Explorer 1 by the United States of America in 1958, and Astrix by France in 1965. By the dawn of the 21st century, nearly all the major countries of the world had their own satellites orbiting the planet. In fact, countries like the United States had launched hundreds of satellites by then, thus bringing the total count of man-made satellites to a four digit figure. Russia, the former Soviet Union, alone has more than a thousand satellites in space today. It is difficult to find out exactly how many satellites are there in space, but the estimates put this number beyond the 2000 mark. Some Facts about Artificial Satellites Though the term 'satellite' can also refer to the Moon, the lone natural satellite of the Earth, it is more often used to refer to man-made satellites (AKA artificial satellites) orbiting the planet. There are thousands of satellites in space, each of which is assigned a specific task - right from communication and military surveillance to space exploration. While some satellites orbit the Earth along the polar orbit, others orbit the planet along the geostationary orbit. The average lifespan of a satellite tends to range between 5-20 years. As the mission nears its end phase, the satellite operators can either de-orbit the satellite, leave it in its orbit or move it to the graveyard orbit. As the de-orbiting process comes heavy in terms of total cost, most of the countries either leave the satellite in their current orbit or move them to the graveyard orbit. Number of Satellites are in Space

The United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN), which has the ability of tracking any object with a diameter of 3.93 inches, has tracked more than 26,000 space objects orbiting the Earth since it came into existence in 1957. Of these 26,000 objects, approximately 8,000 are man-made as per the data compiled by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Space Surveillance Network has the ability to keep a track of objects ranging from pieces of spent rocket bodies which weigh around 10 lbs to active satellites which can weigh several tons. As per the data compiled by the National Space Science Data Center as many as 6,578 satellites have been launched into space since 1957. Does that mean as many as 6,578 active man-made satellites are in space at this moment? Not actually. As we said earlier, the average lifespan of a satellite ranges between 5-20 years. The evaluation of the data compiled by Space Surveillance Network reveals that only around 7 percent of the total objects that it is tracking, which amounts to around 560, are actually active satellites, while rest are mere space debris - which include spent rocket pieces as well as defunct satellites. If the data compiled by the Goddard Space Flight Center is to be believed, there are as many as 2,271 satellites currently in orbit (which includes both active and defunct satellites which continue to orbit the Earth.) With a total of 1324 satellites to its credit, Russia leads the list of countries in terms of number of satellites, followed by the United States of America with 658 of its own. With so many man-made satellites orbiting the planet, the chances of collision cannot be ruled out, and that was proved by the recent incident wherein the Iridium communications satellite collided with a Russian satellite. The largest artificial satellite that has ever orbited the Earth is the International Space Station (ISS) - an internationally developed research facility in low Earth orbit which is expected to be completed in 2011. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-many-satellites-are-inspace.html

Importance of Learning and Understanding Science Science is certainly a fascinating and interesting subject. I can see people nodding their heads in disagreement, well, let's look at the subject from a different point of view. And at the end of this article, you will definitely agree with science being an interesting subject. Keep reading. Ads by Google Industrial Automation Robotics Robots and Robot Systems that improve productivity and quality www.abb.com/robotics Does science remind you of your school days, where there were labs, chemicals, digestive system, circuits, weird scientific names, inventions, discoveries and what not? And finally to test what you have absorbed, exams! Does it still haunt you? Science is a subject liked by very few in school, however, its importance is massive. Science is not a subject you study only in school, in fact you study it and experience it everyday. Look at

things around you, all of them have a scientific mechanism behind their function. It wouldn't have been possible for you to even read this article without the advancement of science. A simple action of an apple falling from a tree involved a deep science, of course we call it gravitational force now. Learning and understanding the importance of the various branches of science is a continuous process and not just restricted to textbooks and practicals. What follows next is a detailed discussion about what understanding science does to develop oneself and his country at large. Technological Advancement The technological development we experience is mainly due to the scientific theories involved in them. Imagine your life without the Internet, cell phones, television, cars and the various other machines that have become a part and parcel of your life. Seems difficult, isn't it? It is only after learning and understanding the various theories of science, such machines were created and developed. The deeper you delve, while studying science, the more complex technologies you discover and employ them in making gadgets and machines, which only make our way of life more comfortable and easier. Develops a Rational Attitude The best thing about learning and understanding science is that every theory or law has a concrete reasoning and conclusive proof to it. And that is exactly what science teaches us; to not follow anything blindly. Which in turn, helps develop a rational attitude. There are a number of superstitions and blind beliefs followed all over the world, a scientifically rational person will always question such beliefs and find out whether they are really worth following. Developing a rational attitude not just helps in selfdevelopment but also helps the country progress. Increases Exploration and Curiosity Scientific knowledge develops a rational attitude, which in turn, gives rise to curiosity and the greed to explore; to reach a mature conclusion. Once you start learning and understanding science, you want to know more about it. If the study of science is inculcated in kids from a tender age, not as a subject they fear, but in a way that generates curiosity and instigates them to explore more, then these little minds are sure to come up with some wondrous ideas. A little cousin of mine asked me the other day how does a clock work, why does the fan rotate in one direction only, why do we feel hurt when pricked with a pin and many more such questions, which absolutely amazed me! This curiosity not only increases our knowledge base but also tickles our gray cells and keeps them in good condition. Inventions and Discoveries Science has a lion's share in all the discoveries and inventions possible till date while some probably are in the making. There will be a time when scientists or researchers will develop low-emission vehicles, substitutes for petrol and other exhaustible sources of energy, new devices, life-saving medicines, and it would be possible only because of science. It plays an important role in developing skills to overcome obstacles and challenges posed before us. To achieve great discoveries and inventions, one has to

master scientific theories about the nature of different things. Learning and understanding the importance of science forms the basis for a whole new creative and innovative world. Hence, it is important to encourage teaching and learning this valuable subject, Science! I am going to end this article with a quote that defines science in the best way possible; Equipped with his five senses, man explores the universe around him and calls the adventure Science. - Edwin Powell Hubbles. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/importance-of-learning-andunderstanding-science.html

Branches of Science Science is widely applied in every aspect of life. It is the organized body of knowledge that is achieved by a thorough research. There are a number of branches in Science. Read on to know about them. Ads by Google Industrial Automation Robotics Robots and Robot Systems that improve productivity and quality www.abb.com/robotics Science is referred to as a system of objective knowledge obtained through deep researches done by the human being. Science is applied in every field and every aspect of life. With the help of scientific inventions and techniques, we have got all the latest facilities and high living standards. It's the science, with the help of which human being has reached beyond the space and stepped on the Moon and sent a spacecraft to Mars. There are a number of branches of science, out of which earth science, physical science and life science are the major branches. These three are considered as pure sciences. Other branches of science such as engineering, technology are associated with the practical application of result of scientific activity. The physical science is associated with the nature and behavior of energy and matter. Physics includes the study of time, light and gravity. Chemistry deals with the properties, composition, structure and reactions of the matter. Astronomy involves the study of the universe beyond the earth. The earth science that involves the study of structure and composition of the earth includes different branches such as geology, oceanography, meteorology, paleontology, etc. Life science is also known as biology, which deals with the study of evolution, development, distribution, structure, origin and function of the living things. It is categorized into different branches such as botany, genetics, zoology, medicine, etc. The mathematical science involves different branches such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and calculus. The social science is related to the study of human society past and present. It covers various branches such as sociology, anthropology, political science, law and economics. Following is the detailed information about the many branches that the field of science has.

All Branches of Science: A List A * Acoustics: It is a branch of science related to the study of transmission of sound waves. It usually refers to the characteristics of theaters, auditoriums and studios and includes the behavior of sound in buildings and noise and noise control. * Aerodynamics: It is associated with the study of forces of air acting on objects in motion relative to air. * Aeronautical Engineering: It is a branch of science that is related to the study of design and manufacture of flight-capable machines as well as the techniques of operating aircraft. * Agriculture: It is the science of cultivating the ground, harvesting the crops and rearing and management of farming, husbandry and livestock. It is associated with the production of food, fiber, feed and other goods by systematic harvesting or growing the plants and rearing the animals. * Agronomy: It is a branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil management. It involves the scientific study of crop production and its usage for food, feed, fiber and fuel. * Algebra: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of structure, quantity and relation. It includes the use of symbols, letters and/or characters to represent numbers and express mathematical relationships. * Algology: see Phycology * Anatomy: It is a branch of biology, related to the study of structure and organization of living things. It involves human anatomy, plant anatomy (phytotomy) and animal anatomy (zootomy). * Angiology: It is the science that includes the study of blood and lymph vessels and their disorders. * Anthropology: It involves the study of both past and present human cultures. It is associated with physical and social characteristics of humanity through the study of historical and present geographical distribution, acculturation, cultural history and cultural relationships. * Apiculture: It is the science and art of raising and management of honeybees, Apis mellifera. It involves the cultivation of bees on commercial scale for the production of honey. * Applied Mathematics: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the mathematical techniques, which are used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains. * Archaeology: It is a subdiscipline of anthropology that involves the study of physical evidence of past human societies, recovered through excavation * Astronomy: It is the scientific study of celestial bodies such as stars, comets, planets and galaxies and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere such as the cosmic background radiation. * Astrophysics: It is a branch of astronomy that is associated with the physics of celestial bodies (galaxies, stars and interstellar medium). * Atomic Physics: It is a field of physics that is associated with the study of internal

structure of atomic nuclei as an isolated system of electrons. It mainly involves the study of arrangement of electrons around the nucleus. B * Bacteriology: It is a branch of microbiology, which involves the scientific study of bacteria in relation to disease as well as agriculture. * Biochemistry: It deals with the study of chemical substances and vital processes that take place in living organisms. It primarily focuses on the structure, function and role of biomolecules. It includes the study of organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms. * Bioengineering: It is an application of systematic, integrative and quantitative engineering principles to living structures, such as creating chemicals, drugs, tissues and artificial organs. * Biology: It is also known as biological science, which includes the scientific study of life. It involves the study of structure, origin, growth, evolution, function and distribution of living things. * Biophysics: It is a branch of science that involves an application of methods and principles of physics to understand the biological systems. * Biotechnology: It is associated with the industrial application of living organisms and/or biological techniques developed through basic research. Biotechnology is applied for producing the pharmaceutical compounds and research materials. It is mainly applied in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology. * Botany: It is also referred to as plant biology, plant science or phytology. It involves the scientific study of plant life. C * Cardiology: It deals with study, diagnosis and treatment of various disorders of heart and major blood vessels. * Chemical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that deals with design, construction and operation of machinery and plants for different products such as dyes, acids, plastics, drugs and rubber, applying the chemical reactions. * Chemistry: It is a branch of natural science that is associated with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions. It is the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself. * Civil Engineering: This branch of engineering deals with the planning, designing, construction and maintenance of structures (roads, bridges, etc) and altering the geography to suit the human needs. * Climatology: It involves the study of climatic data, analysis of climatic changes and investigations of its phenomena and causes. * Computer Science: It includes a systematic study of computation and computing system. It involves different theories for understanding the computing systems and methods, algorithms, design methodology and tools, methods of analysis and verification and methods for testing the concepts. * Cosmetology: It is the practice of beautifying the face, skin and hair, using different

cosmetics. * Cosmology: It is a branch of physical science that is associated with the nature of universe, its origin and overall structure. * Craniology: This branch of science is related to the study of physical characteristics of the skulls of different human races. * Cryogenics: A scientific study that deals with the production, control, application and uses of very low temperature. * Cryptography: It is the science of protecting the information by transforming it into an unreadable, unintelligible, enciphered format with the use of a key and an algorithm. * Cytology: It is a branch of biological science that is associated with the study of structure, origin, function and pathology of cells. D * Dactylography: It is the science of using the fingerprints for the purpose of identification. * Dermatology: It is a branch of medicine that deals with the skin disorders such as moles, skin cancers, contact dermatitis, psoriasis and other skin conditions, related to other diseases. It also includes the disorders of hair, nails, mouth and external genitalia. * Dentistry: This branch of medicine deals with diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the diseases associated with teeth, oral cavity and related structures. * Dynamics: It is a branch of mechanics that includes the study of various forces, their action on bodies and changes in motion they produce. E * Ecology: It includes the study of interrelationships between living organisms and their environment. * Electronics: It is a branch of technology, which is associated with the development and application of circuits or systems, using electronic devices such as magnetic amplifiers, transistors, etc. * Endocrinology: It is a branch of medical science that is associated with the study of function and pathology of endocrine glands. * Engineering: It is an application of scientific, mechanical, physical and mathematical principles to design process, structures and products that are meant for improving the quality of life. * Entomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of insects in their relations to forests and forest products. * Environmental Science: It is the study of interactions among biological, physical and chemical components of environmental system. * Epidemiology: It includes the study of cause and distribution of diseases in human population. * Ethnology: It involves the study of mental and physical differences of mankind. * Etiology: It is the study of causes or origins of disease/abnormal condition. * Etymology: It includes the study of history of words and their meanings. * Eugenics: It deals with the study of hereditary improvement of human race by

controlled selective breeding. * Evolution: It is the sequence of changes involved in evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms. * Exbiology: It is a branch of science that deals with life or possibilities of life present beyond the earth. F * Forestry: It is the art and science of managing and using forests and their associated resources to produce various products such as timber for human benefits. * Floriculture: It is a discipline of horticulture, related with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for the gardens and floristry, including the floral industry. * Forensic Science: It is a branch of medical science that deals with establishing the evidence for legal proceeding. G * Genetics: It is a branch of biology that focuses on the heredity and variation of organisms as well as the patterns of inheritance of specific traits. * Gemology: It is the science and art of identifying, grading, evaluating and marketing the gemstones. * Geography: It includes the study of the earth as well as its features phenomena and inhabitants. It also deals with climate, topography, vegetation and soil. * Geology: This branch of science involves the study of origin, history, evolution and structure of the earth's crust. It also involves the examination of soil and rocks. * Geometry: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the questions of shape, size and relative positions of figures as well as with the properties of space. It is associated with polygons, vertices, triangles, meshes and associated operations to be done with them in 3D applications. * Geophysics: It involves the study of physical and geological properties and characteristics of the earth, minerals and rocks. * Gerontology: It deals with the scientific study of psychological, biological and sociological phenomena related to aging and old age. * Gynecology: It is a discipline of medicine that is concerned with disorders of women, particularly reproductive and sexual function and diseases of reproductive organs. H * Heliology: It deals with the study of the Sun. * Hematology It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of function and disease of blood as well as diagnosis and treatment of disorders of blood, lymph glands and spleen. * Hepatology: This branch of medical science incorporates the study of functions and disorders of liver as well as biliary tree, gallbladder and pancreas. * Histology: It includes the study of structure and behavior of cells and body tissues, using microscopic examination of tissue slices.

* Horticulture: It is an agricultural technology that is associated with growing ornamental plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables. * Hydroponics: It is a branch of science that deals with growing the plants, particularly vegetables, in water containing essential mineral nutrients, instead of in soil. * Hydrotherapy: It is the science of treating a disease using hot or cold water, internally or externally to maintain and restore health. This treatment involves full body immersion, saunas, steam baths, colonic irrigation, sitz baths and hot or/and cold compresses. * Hydrology: It deals with distribution, occurrence, properties, chemistry and circulation of water on the earth. It includes the study of streams, rivers, lakes, etc. * Hydrostatics: It involves the mathematical study of forces and pressures in liquids. I * Ichthyology: It is the study of fish. * Iconography: It is a system of using images, symbolic pictures, or figures to represent a theme or structure. * Immunology: It deals with the study of diseases and body's immune system and its functions. J * Jurisprudence: It is a branch of philosophy associated with study and structure of law and legal system. L * Lexicography: It is the science of compiling, writing and editing the dictionaries. It is done on the basis of study of meaning, form and behavior of the words in a given language. * Linguistics: It incorporates the study of structure, form, sound, function, variety and development of specific languages and human speech in general. M * Mammalogy: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of mammals. * Mammography: It is a special examination breast using an X-ray. It is one of the most effective methods for an early detection of breast cancer. * Marine Biology: It is associated with the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean and other brackish or marine bodies of water. * Mathematics: It is the body of knowledge that focuses on different concepts such as structure, quantity, change and space. It is also one of the academic disciplines. * Mechanics: It is a branch of physics that is related to the behavior of physical bodies after subjecting to forces or displacements and the subsequent effects of bodies on their environment. * Mechanical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that includes the study of design, construction and operation of machinery.

* Medicine: It is the science of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical techniques. * Metallurgy: It is the science of extracting the metals from their ores. It also involves purifying the metals and casting useful items from them. * Meteorology: This branch of science involves the study of chemistry, physics and dynamics of atmosphere and its direct effects on the earth's surface, oceans and life on the earth. * Microbiology: It is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of structure and function of microorganisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic protozoa. * Mineralogy: It is a scientific discipline that includes the study of chemical composition, physical properties, internal crystal structure, origin, occurrence and distribution in nature of different minerals. * Molecular Biology: It is a discipline of biology that includes the study of structure, formation and function of essential macromolecules such as RNA, DNA and proteins. It also deals with the process of replication, transcription and translation of genetic information. * Morphology: It is the science of structure and form of organisms, including animals, plants and other forms of life, with special emphasis on external features. * Mycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the study of fungi and fungal infection. It involves the study of fungi, their taxonomy, their biochemical and genetic properties and their use to humans as a source for food, medicine and tinder. * Myology: This science includes the study of structure and function of muscles and muscle tissues. N * Nephrology: It is a discipline of medical science that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of various kidney disorders, including fluid and mineral balance. * Neurology: It is related to the structure, functioning and disorders of nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, as well as related muscles, nerves and blood supplies. * Nuclear Physics: It is a branch of physics, which includes the study of atomic nuclei, their interaction with each other as well as with constituent particles. * Numismatics: This branch of science deals with the study and collection of coins, paper money, medals, tokens and similar objects. * Nutrition: It is the study of foods and nutrients and their effect on growth, development and health of an individual. O * Obstetrics: This branch of medicine deals with the health and care of a woman and fetus during pregnancy, parturition and puerperium. * Oceanography: It is the study of chemistry, physics, geology and biology of oceans in the world. * Odontology: It is associated with the scientific study of anatomy, development and diseases of teeth. * Oncology: It is associated with diagnosis and treatment of cancer and tumors.

* Oneirology: It is a scientific study of dreams and their contents. * Ophthalmology: It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of structure, function and diseases of the eyes, such as conjunctivitis, cataracts, glaucoma, etc. * Optics: It is a branch of physics that focuses on the physical properties of light and interaction of light with matter. * Organic Chemistry: This branch of chemistry is associated with the study of carboncontaining compounds, which includes their structure and reactions. * Ornithology: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of birds. * Osteology: It is a branch of anatomy, which involves the scientific study of structure, functions and pathology of bones. P * Paleontology: It is a branch of biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life, based mainly in fossils of animals and plants. * Pathology: It is a medical discipline that is related to cause and nature of disease. It mainly involves structural and functional changes in tissues and organs caused by the disease. * Particle Physics: It is a branch of physics that includes the study of particles and their fundamental reactions. * Pedology: It is a branch of science that deals with the study of soil, including its formation, composition, structure and classification. * Petrology: This science incorporates the study of history, origin, structure, occurrence and chemical classification of rocks. * Pharmacology: It involves the study of drugs/medications and their nature, origin, properties as well as their effects on living organisms. * Philately: It involves the study and collection of postage stamps. * Philology: It is the science of language and linguistics. * Phonetics: It is the study and classification of sounds of human speech. * Phycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the scientific study of algae. It is also known as algology. * Physical Chemistry: It is a discipline of chemistry, which includes the application of techniques and theories from physics to study the microscopic, macroscopic, atomic, subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems. * Physics: It is a branch of science that is concerned with the study of properties and interactions of time, space, energy and matter. * Physiology: This branch of biology deals with the study of physical, biochemical and mechanical functions and activities of living organisms. * Physiography: It is the study of natural features of earth's surface and its natural phenomena such as climate, currents, land formation and distribution of flora and fauna. * Plasma Physics: It is a branch of physics that deals with the study of interaction of plasma with itself, radiation and particle beams. * Pollution: It involves the study of undesirable changes in biological, chemical and physical characteristics of water, air, soil or food, which can cause a number of adverse effects on the living beings. * Pomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of fruits and cultivation of

fruits. * Protozoology: It is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of protozoans. * Psychology: It is the scientific study of mental and behavioral processes. R * Radiology: It is a medical discipline that focuses on using radiation and other radioactive substances to diagnose and treat various diseases. S * Seismology: It is a scientific investigation of earthquakes as well as structure of the earth, based on the study of seismic waves. * Sericulture: It is also referred to as silk farming. It is rearing of silkworms for producing the raw silk. * Serpentology: It is a branch of zoology, which deals with the study of snakes. * Sociology: It is the scientific study of society, human social interaction and social relationships. * Speech Therapy: It includes the evaluation and treatment of speech, language and voice disorders. It is the rehabilitation treatment for the patients with difficulties in swallowing or communication. * Statics: It is the study of forces that act on the bodies at rest. * Statistics: It is a branch of applied mathematics, associated with the collection, analysis, explanation or interpretation and presentation of data. It can be applied to a variety of academic disciplines, from social and natural sciences to humanities and to business and government. T * Taxonomy: It is the science of classifying all the living things by arranging them in groups according to their relationships with each other. * Therapeutics: It is the science of healing or medical treatment of disease. * Thermodynamics: It is a branch of physics which deals with general properties of energy and matter. It includes the study of amount of work, heat and other energy related to chemical reactions. V * Virology: It is a discipline of microbiology or pathology, which includes the study of evolution, structure, classification and pathogenesis of viruses. Z * Zoology: It is a branch of biology that is related to the study of animal kingdom, including evolution, classification, distribution, structure, habits and embryology of animals.

With so many branches in this particular field, no wonder science makes up for one of the most extensive fields that is developing at a rapid pace. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/branches-of-science.html Importance of Science and Technology Why are science and technology important? How have they benefited society? For an elaborate explanation of the importance of science and technology, read on... Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com Before understanding the importance of science and technology, it is important for us to understand that science and technology are closely associated with our lives. They are closely linked aspects of society and the studies and developments in both of science and technology are essential for the overall progress of society. Why is technology so important? How does scientific development affect society? Let us find out. Scientific research comprises a wide variety of fields ranging from the study of different branches of science to relatively advanced fields like space exploration, human genetics and cloning. Scientific study attempts to explore and understand the working of the physical world. It tries to analyze the occurrences in nature and gain knowledge about nature through experimentation. As scientific research aims at gaining knowledge of the complexities of nature, it is important for the progress of mankind. The seemingly impossible feats have been made possible, thanks to the scientific research. Natural sciences deal with the study of nature and human life. The studies of natural and artificial sciences reveal the relationship between nature and human life. Research in science has paved a path to many brilliant inventions and discoveries. When it comes to science and technology, we cannot forget the automobile and the transport industries that have grown tremendously on account of the developments in science and engineering. Technological advancements have driven the developments in the different modes of transport. Bicycles have transformed into scooters and sport bikes. Four and six wheeled vehicles have started running on the roads, thanks to the advancing technology. The developments in air transport have winged the common man to soar high! The importance of technology lies in the benefits of technology on society. The positive effects of technology on society are many. The advancements in technology have revolutionized human life. It has provided a great impetus to the computer and the telecommunication industry. The developments in the communication technology have made the world a smaller place. The Internet serving as an excellent communication platform has made the world flat! The World Wide Web has proved being an enormous information base, from which

information can be retrieved by the means of search engines. Information from all around the world is housed on the web. Thanks to the development of the web technology, the information can be stored in an organized manner and relevant information can be retrieved on supplying search strings to the web search engines. Digitization of information has been a major breakthrough in the world of information technology. It has made possible the compaction of information, which in turn allows efficient information storage. The most important benefit of science has been the luxury it has brought to daily life. The mechanization of industrial processes has reduced human effort. Household appliances that are in the daily use of the common man are a result of scientific research. Machines have replaced human beings in monotonous and risk-bearing tasks. Scientific discoveries have made life easy. Science and technology have indeed proved a boon to human life. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/importance-of-science-andtechnology.html Types of Scientists There are different scientists who are experts in their chosen field of science. The following article will cover some information of types of scientists and what they do. This information will help you decide on a scientific career path. Ads by Google New Lenovo Laptops w/ 3rd gen Intel Core processors & latest features. Know more now www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops Science is an intriguing field, where you ask questions to find answers. I feel becoming a scientist is more like becoming a secret detective. All you need is to keep the eyes of your mind open to find the cause. Like a crime scene detective, you need to paint a picture of theories and possibilities. When you reach a breakthrough, you are eligible for a Nobel price. There are different types of scientists and what they do is to study in depth about each subject. It is all because of the collective effort of scientists around the world over the ages, that we have progressed from the stone age to the modern age today. Wherever you look, you will find science and its applications in our daily lives. There are different branches of science. Many famous scientists who have dedicated their lives to these various branches of science have become immortal in the world history. Let us have a quick look at the different scientists and what they do. List of Scientists Science is more of a religion for many today. Scientists believe if something cannot be proven with the help of science, it cannot be termed true. Scientists help explain the phenomenon occurring around us and carry out experiments to create new things. They help predict results and find useful applications of the applied theories. They have a knack of looking at the world from a different prospective and uncovering the real facts

behind the so-called mysteries. They use their scientific knowledge to help people, animals, plants and the world altogether. Different Types of Scientists What They Do Agricultural scientists These scientist study commercial plants, animals and cultivation techniques that helps increase the productivity and sustainability of farm yields. Archaeologists Archaeologists are scientists who study existing and ancient human cultures and their lifestyle. Astronomers They are scientists who study studies stars, planets and galaxies. Astrophysicists They are scientists that discover, explain and develop theories and hypotheses on the working of universe using mathematical and physical theories. Astrobiologists They are scientists who investigate the possibility of life on other planets and find out different biospheres are different from Earth and can sustain life. Biophysicists These scientist study the interactions between the various systems of a cell, DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis and their interactions using physical science to study biological systems Biotechnologist A biotechnologist tends to use of cellular and biomolecular processes make new products or solve problems like cure for cancer, find new medications, gene therapy, genetic testing, etc. Botanists They are scientists who study the plant kingdom, classification of plants and plant habitats. Ecologists Scientists who study the relationship between living organisms and their ecosystem or environment. Entomologists Scientists who study insects are called entomologists. Evolutionary biologists Evolutionary biologists are scientists who study the origin of species from a common descent, their evolutionary change, multiplication and diversity with time. Geneticists Scientists who study genes, hereditary and the variation in organisms due to genes. Herpetologists Scientists who study amphibians and reptiles. Immunologists Scientists who study the immune system of all living organisms. Ichthyologists Those scientists who study fish are called ichthyologists. Lepidopterists People who are experts in the study of moths, butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies. Marine biologists They are scientists who study organisms that live in the ocean and other marine water bodies. Microbiologists Those scientists who study bacteria, virus, fungi and protists are called microbiologists. Mycologists Scientist who study the genetic and biochemical properties, taxonomical classification and the uses of fungi. Neuroscientists Scientists who study the function of the nervous system. Ornithologists Scientist who study the birds. Paleontologists Scientist who study prehistoric life and fossils. Pathologists Experts who study cause, effect and development of diseases and illnesses in the human body are called pathologists. Pharmacologists Scientist who study interactions between a living organism and

medicines or chemicals affecting the normal or abnormal biochemical function of a cell. Physiologists Those scientists who study function of living systems. Zoologists These scientists study the animal kingdom, classification of animals, animal habits and habitat. Analytical chemists Scientists who apply physical laws and concepts to study the macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in a chemical system. Biochemists Those who study the chemical reactions taking place in the biological system or living cell. Inorganic chemists Scientist who study the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. Organic chemists Scientist who study the properties and behavior of organic compounds. Physical chemist Scientists who apply physical laws and concepts to study the macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in a chemical system. Cognitive scientists They are experts who study representation and perception of language, reasoning and emotions in humans and other animal or even a machine. Geologists Those scientists who study the Earth processes are called geologists. Glaciologists Scientist who study natural glaciers, ice and the phenomenon associated with ice. Hydrologists Those who study movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the planet. Limnologists Experts who study the inland waters are called Limnologists. Meteorologists Scientist who study meteors are called meteorologists. Mineralogists Those who study the chemical, physical and crystalline structure of minerals. Oceanographers Experts who study the oceans, related marine life and ecosystems. Seismologists Scientist who study earthquakes are called seismologists. Volcanologists Scientists who study lava, volcanoes and other related geological processes. Mathematicians Those geniuses who study the field of mathematics are called mathematicians. Statisticians They are experts who study theoretical statistics or applied statistics. Computer scientists Scientist who are experts with the theoretical processes, computational systems and their applications. Medical scientists Scientists who carry out clinical trials to find out revolutionary solutions in the field of medicine. Physicists Scientist who studies and understands the laws of physics. Go through the list of famous physicists. Anthropologists Experts who study about humanity and the way humans behave. Ethnologists They are experts who study the origins, distribution, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic groups and racial communities. Criminologists They study the nature, cause and behavior of criminals within the society. Geographers Those who study the geography of Earth, human habitat and physical environment of the planet are called geographers. These were some of the types of scientists who are out there trying to unravel the mysteries of life and universe. Science is a rich field, wherein you can build yourself an

enriching career. If you have the fire of curiosity burning within you, then becoming a scientist is the career for you. As you can see in the preceding list, there are different fields of science that will help you satisfy your urge to find answers to the unknown. So, get your chemistry box ready and dissection box in place, there is a whole lot of discoveries and inventions awaiting budding scientists like you. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-scientists.html

Science - Glossary of Science Terms and Scientific Definitions Science is a very vast subject that has innumerable words, terms, definitions, etc. The following article has a glossary list that will help you understand these difficult scientific terms and definitions at a glance.Just read on the following glossary to get a quick idea about some interesting terms. Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Set Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com Many define science as an intellectual pursuit that involves the observation of natural occurrences and events, to discover the hidden facts and to formulate laws, theories and principles based on those facts. According to Richard Feynman, Nobel prize winning physicist, "Religion is a culture of faith; science is a culture of doubt". A Glossary of Scientific Terms and Definitions A to Z index A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X |Y | Z A Terms Definition Absolute Zero The lowest theoretical temperature, at which entropy reaches its minimum value. At this point, all the molecular activity ceases to continue. The absolute temperature is 0 K= -273.16C Abzyme A molecule that has an ability to catalyze a chemical reaction by binding and stabilizing the state of transition of an intermediate compound that is selected to carry out a biological reaction is known as an abzyme (antibody + enzyme). It is also called catalytic monoclonal antibody (catmab). Acceleration (a) The rate at which velocity vector changes with time, is known as acceleration. Acceleration (unit) = meter/second2. Also check out Angular Acceleration Achondrite The stony meteorites without chondrules, that have undergone changes due to melting, are known as achondrites. Active Matrix Laptop computer flat-panel displays are made by laying diodes over a superfine grid of wires. Current is applied to various points around the grid to activate the diodes. When enough of these dots are connected, an image is formed. The transistors

used active matrix displays to keep their diodes in an on and off state. This different from the passive matrix displays that rely on the diodes persistence The active matrix displays are brighter and produce better color quality as compared to the passive matrix displays. Know more on How Does a Diode Work Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Highly purified form of agar gelled into a matrix to separate large DNA and RNA molecules that range from over 20,000 nucleotides. Know more on Difference Between DNA and RNA. Alternative mRNA Splicing The inclusion or exclusion of different sequences of DNA to form different mRNA transcripts is known as alternative mRNA splicing. Know more on DNA Translation. Anesthesiology The branch of medical science that studies and applied anesthetics. Analog When the behavior of one corresponds to the behavior of something else continuously rather than in steps. The signals to a composite monitor from computer are known as analog voltages. Applet The small program that is written in Java programming language and was designed to provide interactivity on web pages. Application A program that is designed to perform specific tasks is known as an application. Internet explorer, Adobe Photoshop are some popular applications. Application Server The sole responsibility of running specific applications within the network lies with a specialized server that is based in a client/server network is known as application server. Argument of Perihelion The measurement of an angle along the orbit of a planet or other solar system object from the ascending node is known as argument of perihelion. It corresponds to right ascension and longitude. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) This is the mathematical core circulatory that mathematically and logically calculates the results of binary data and is applied to all the central processing units (CPU) in computers. Know more on Binary Numbers. Abiotic stress The non-living environmental factors like drought, extreme cold, heat, high winds that has negative effect on the organisms in a specific environment is known as the abiotic stress. Anaerobe The organisms that thrive and grow in an anaerobic environment or environment without oxygen is known as anaerobe. Top B Terms Definition Bacteriology The branch of science under microbiology that studies unicellular, microscopic organisms known as bacteria. Bandwidth It is the measurement calculated in bits per second, to know the amount of data that can be sent through a connection. Biostasis A state in which the cell's and tissue structure of an organism are preserved so that they can be restored again with the help of cell repair machines. Bernoulli Effect Also known as Venturi effect, means that decrease in the pressure of fluid increases the velocity of the fluid. The Bernoulli's principle and the equation of continuity form the basis of Bernoulli's effect. Biovorous An organism that can convert biological material into energy for sustenance is known as a biovorous organism.

Biology The science which deals with the study of living organisms is known as biology. It is derived from the Greek word bios meaning 'life' and logia that means 'study of'. Know more on Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions. Black Hole Black hole is an area in space that has a very powerful gravitational field. There is nothing in this universe not even light that can escape from the pull of a black hole. These black holes may be stars that have collapsed after the end of their lives. It is known as black as the hole reflects nothing and is similar to the black-body in thermodynamics. Know more on Getting into Blackholes. Blue Shift The lines of spectrum shift towards the shorter wavelengths (increase in frequency) when an object moves towards the observer. This shorten wavelength shifts towards the blue side of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is known as blue shift. Know more on Electromagnetic Spectrum. Bluetooth The connection of electronic devices with the help of radio technology is known as Bluetooth. The Bluetooth provides a range of up to 10 meters without the help of cables to connect devices that are lined up. Know more on How Does Bluetooth Work?. Bose Condensate A Bose condensate is a rare phase of matter where a large percentage of bosons collapse into their lowest quantum state. Thus, allowing observation of the quantum effects on a macroscopic scale. The bosons tend collapse in this state in extremely low temperature, that nears the value of absolute zero. Bose condensate is also known as Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Know more on Bose-Einstein Condensate. Botany The science which deals with the study of plants is known as botany. Refer Glossary of Botanical Terms Bremsstrahlung When a fast charged particle like an electron slows down as it passes to matter. Thus, loses energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This is known as Bremsstrahlung. This is a German word that means 'breaking radiation'. Know more on Types of Radiation. Buffer An aqueous solution of weak acid and its conjugate acid or weak base and its conjugate acid is known as buffer solution. The buffer solution is used to maintain the pH value constant in many chemical applications. Buoyancy The upward force that is exerted by a fluid on a body in it is known as buoyancy. In other words it is the ability of a body to float in fluid it is suspended in. Buccal Cavity The first part of the alimentary also known as the mouth is called the buccal cavity. This portion receives the food and begins digesting the food by mixing saliva with food. Top C Terms Definition Carbohydrates The essential structural component of all living cells and also the main source of energy for animals is known as carbohydrates. They include simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances. Carbohydrates are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups contained by them. Know more on Types of Carbohydrates. Celestial Body A solid object that is present in space is known as celestial body. These celestial bodies are visible from the sky. Read more on The Celestial Lightshow. Celsius A type of scale that is used to measure temperature. The values on this scale are

0 C to the freezing point of water and 100 C to the boiling point of water at standard pressure. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The heart of a computer that interprets and carries out instructions, performs numeric computations and controls all the peripherals attached to it using a microprocessor chip is known as central processing unit or the CPU. Know more on History of Computer Processor. Chemistry The branch of science that studies the natural sciences which deal with the composition of substances, their properties and their chemical reactions with one another is called chemistry. It is derived from the Egyptian word keme that means 'earth'. Know more on Glossary of Chemistry Definitions. Chondrule The small spherical objects that are found in meteorites are called chondrules. The majority of chondrules contain olivine and pyroxene with little amounts of glass and iron-nickel metal. Circuit A closed path within which the electric current flows is known as the circuit. Know more on circuit breaker panel. Coma The tail made of gases and dust particles that surrounds a comet is known as coma. It is made by the vaporization of the nucleus due to which jets of gas and dust are released. Comet It is the icy body that contain a solid nucleus made of water and other dark organic compounds orbiting the Sun. As the comets gets closer to the Sun the nucleus vaporizes forming a 'coma'. Know more on Comet Facts. Cryobiology The branch of science that deals with the study of life under low temperature conditions. The word is derived from a Greek word cryo that means cold, bios that means 'life' and logos meaning 'science'. Know more on Low Body Temperature. Current (I) It is the rate of flow of electric charge calculated as I = coulombs/second. Know more on Current Transformer Design. Cyberspace The term is used to describe the wide range of informational resources that are available through computer networks. This term was originally coined by author William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer. Know more on Cyber Bullying. Cyclic Redundancy Checksum (CRC) A redundancy check by a cyclic algorithm generating a check key. The sending and receiving stations are checked after a block check character is accumulated. Know more on Cyclic Redundancy Check Error. Cytology The branch of science under life science that deals with the study of cell structure, function and chemistry is called cytology. Know more on Ethics of Stem Cell Research. Cytosol The liquid made from complex mixture of substances dissolved in water that is present inside the cells of organisms is called cytosol. Know more on Cell Nucleus Structure and Functions. Top D Terms Definition Dalton The unit of measurement to express the atomic and molecular mass is known as Dalton (Da). One dalton is approximately equals to the mass of one proton or one neutron, similar to the weight of hydrogen. Know more on John Daltons Atomic Theory. Dark Matter When current instruments cannot detect matter, but its existence is inferred

by its gravitational interactions, it is known as dark matter. Decible The unit of measurement to estimate the loudness or volume of sound waves is known as decible. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) The nucleic acid molecule that contains all the genetic information regarding the development and functioning of all living organisms is known as deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is also known as the blueprint of life. It was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, as the double stranded molecule containing even the minutest of information regarding the building of an organisms. Density Gradient Centrifugation The centrifugation that is carried out at a very high speed, wherein the molecules 'float' at a point. This floating point occurs at a point when the molecule density is equal to the gradient of cesium chloride or sucrose. Dependent Variable Two related variable that are dependent on each other are known as dependent variables. The variables that are free to roam are known as independent variables. The independent variable and dependent variables are plotted against each other in a two dimensional graph when carrying out a scientific experiment. The vertical axis of the graph is used to plot the dependent variable. Diffraction The change in path of wave due to an obstacle is known as diffraction. Diode An electrical device that allows current to flow in a single direction through it is known as a diode. It is a two terminal device having a P-N junction. It is represented by an arrow (/ ) indicating the direction of flow of electric charge in a circuit diagram. Know more on Types of Diodes. Diurnality The characteristic behavior exhibited by majority of animals that remain active during the day and sleep at night. Distributed Network This is an effective process in which a network uses multiple locations. A specific job is taken care of each node present in the network instead of using an individual machine processor. Distance An undefined quantity in physics that is used to measure two separate points. Know more on Metric Measurements Units and Conversions. Doppler Shift The relative motion between the source and the observer that causes a change in observed frequency is known as Doppler shift. Dust (cosmic, interstellar) Tiny particles that are just a few angstroms in size produced by the supernovae explosions and asteroid collisions are known as the cosmic or interstellar dust. Dynamo This is a device that is used to create electricity by turning around a magnet near a wire coil. Know more on Relationship Between Magnetism and Electricity. Top E Terms Definition Einstein Cosmological Constant (Lambda) The supposed repulsion force value that is may contribute to the expansion of universe and first predicted by Einstein in 1917 is known as Einstein Cosmological Constant. During this period, the universe was thought to be constant and it was predicted that it may one day collapse under its own gravity. It was later proven to be expanding constantly. Einstein had stated the lambda as his biggest error. Electron Transport Chain The chemical reaction in which an electron donor and an electron acceptor is coupled to transfer H+ ions across a membrane with the help of some

intermediate of biochemical reactions is known as the electron transport chain. Elasticity The physical property of a substance according to the science of physics that can return to its original shape after undergoing a stress that leads to deformity of its original shape. The best example of elasticity is exhibited by rubber. Electric Current The measurement of movement of electricity in charges per second is known as electric current. Electromagnetic Waves The wave of energy that have a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum and are propagated as a periodic disturbance of the electromagnetic field, when an electric charge oscillates or accelerates are called electromagnetic waves. Infrared, radio waves, microwaves, gamma rays, X-rays are forms of electromagnetic radiations that are detected by specific instruments. They are described in terms of wavelength (L). The unit of measurement for electromagnetic waves includes meters (m), frequency (f) and hertz (Hz). Know more on Properties of Electromagnetic Waves. Electron-positron Annihilation The collision of an electron and its anti-particle, a positron, leads to emission of gamma-ray photons of each with an energy of 511 keV that leads to their annihilation. This is known as electron-positron annihilation. Electronvolt (eV) An Electronvolt is the unit of measurement of the energy that is acquired by an electron in falling through a potential difference of one volt. Electroporation The increase in electric conductivity of the cell plasma membrane that is caused with the help of electric current that is externally applied is known as electroporation or electropermeabilization. Embryology The study of development of an embryo is called embryology. Endocytosis The process of absorption of molecules present outside the cells by the method of engulfment with the cell membrane is known as endocytosis. Ethernet The original 10-megabit/second local area network, later increased to 100 gigabits/second, connecting the host with a coaxial cable developed by Xerox is called Ethernet. The transmission conflicts are minimized by backing off and re-sending later. Equation The mathematical definition of an equation states that it is an equality of two expressions that are written in a linear manner. The expressions are represented by symbols and are separated into left and right sides that is joined by an equal to (=) sign. Equation is defined as a representation of chemical reaction written in a linear array with symbols and quantities of the reactants. The reactants and products are separated with an equal (=) sign, an arrow (/) or a set of opposing arrows ( <>). Know more on Types of Chemical Reactions. Extended Memory The memory that expands upon a DOS systems existing convectional memory is known as extended memory. The Intel PC above 1MB were given the name extended memory. One should not confuse the extended memory with expanded memory. The term is today non-existent in the computer world since the barrier of 1 MB has been crossed. Extinction The death of the last surviving individual of a species that results in total annihilation of the entire group of taxa is known as extinction. The best example of extinction is dinosaurs. Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) The spectrum between the ultraviolet and X-ray regions is known as extreme ultraviolet (EUV). It is observed in the region of spectrum between 10100 nm. Know more on Cosmic Rays-Detection and Composition.

Top F Terms Definition Facula The bright spot or region on the Sun's photosphere is known as facula. The largest faculae are seen near the Sunspots. Know more on What are Sunspots. Fahrenheit The scale of measurement of temperature where the water freezes at 32F and the boiling point of water is 212 F at standard pressure. Fecundity The ability of an organism to breed is known as fecundity Fischer-Tropsch process The set of reactions in which organic molecules like carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted into liquid hydrocarbons is known as FischerTropsch reaction (or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis). Filament A filament is the dark streak that is visible against the bright disc of Sun, appearing like a bright stream of plasma in the solar corona. It looks appears like it is radiating away from the Sun when observed off the solar limb. Know more on Facts on Sun. Free Electron Laser The tunable laser that is made by wiggling a beam of electrons is known as the Free Electron Laser (FEL). Know more on Laser. Freeze The state of solidification of a liquid when it reaches its freezing point is known as freeze. Frequency The number of full cycles performed by an oscillating wave in a second is known as frequency. Friction The force of resistance that develops when two objects rub against each other is known as friction. Fundamental Particles The particles like leptons, quarks and gauge bosons that do not contain a smaller component are known as fundamental particles. Top G Terms Definition Gametes The spermatozoa and the ova that carry genes donated from both parents is known as gametes. Gauge Bosons The intermediate particles that help transfer energy between protons, gravitons, W and Z particles are known as gauge bosons. Gene amplification The increase in number of DNA sequences in vivo by inserting cloning vectors in a host cell is known as gene amplification or DNA amplification. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is also used as in vitro procedure to amplify DNA. Geography The study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants is known as geography. Know more on Geography Terms. Geology The study of earth's crust, that is, the solid and liquid matter form the Earth is known as geology. Know more on Glossary of Geology Terms and Definitions. Geotropism The growth movement of a plant or fungus towards gravity is known as geotropism. There are two types of geotropisms positive geotropism that is exhibited by the roots and negative geotropism shown by stems. Germanium Detector The detection of powerful radiation like gamma rays can be detected using the instrument like germanium detector. Gigabytes One gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes. Gigabyte is often represented as 'G' or 'GB'

Gigapascal (GPa) The unit of pressure that is used to measure the deep Earth. Gigapascal is measured as 1 GPa= 10 kilobars= 10,000 times air pressure at sea level. Gluons The particles that help hold quarks together are known as gluons. Globular Clusters A group of thousands to millions of old stars is known as globular cluster. These old stars that are help together in orbit by their own mass and are arranged in a spherical cluster. Know more on Prostar. Gravity The physical force that is exerted on all masses and is proportional to the mass of an object is known as gravity. Know more on Einsteins Observation on Gravity Proved Right. Ground Tissue The simple non-meristematic tissues in plants that are made up of 3 cell types like parenenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are known as ground tissue. These usually form the pith, cortex or the mesophyll. Know more on Plant Cell Structure and Parts. Top H Terms Definition Hadrons The particles that interact with a strong force are known as hadrons. All hadrons are quark composites. Baryons and mesons make up the two sub-sets of hadron. Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram The scatter graph of stars that explains the relationship between the absolute magnitudes of stars. The luminosity of the stars increases logarithmically up the vertical axis of the graph. Increase in temperature is plotted in increasing order from left to right on the horizontal axis. Hesperian Epoch Three broad time periods or epochs are used to explain the geologic history of the planet Mars. The oldest one being the Noachin, followed by Hesperian and Amazonian. The Hesperian Epochis known to extend from about 3.5 to 1.8 billion years ago. Heterochromatin The tightly packed DNA form which has limited transcription ability is known as heterochromatin. HiggsBoson The massive scalar elementary particle predicted and studied by the Standard Model in particle physics is known as the Higgs Boson. Highland Soil The sediments found on lunar highland surface, that are composed of broken rocks and mineral fragments is known as the highland soil. HTML HTML is a programming language that is used for designing static web pages. The collection of structuring and formatting tags that are used to create Web pages. HTML is the abbreviation for Hyper Text Markup Language. Know more on List of All HTML Tags. Hubble Constant The measure of rate at which the Universe expands is known as the Hubble Constant. Hubble Law The phenomenon that galaxies tend to move away from each other and the farther away they are, the faster they are separated is known as Hubble Law. The velocities of these galaxies increases proportionally to their distance. This phenomenon was discovered by US astronomer Edwin T. Hubble in 1929. Hubble Space Telescope The space telescope that was carried into orbit by space shuttle is called Hubble Space Telescope. It was taken into orbit in April 1990. Hubble telescope is used to observe the Universe in wavelength ranging from ultraviolet to infrared. Know more on Facts on Hubble Space Telescope.

Hyperpolarization The change in a cell's membrane potential, due to the efflux of K+ channels or the influx of Cl- through the Cl- channels, that makes it negative is known as hyperpolarization. Hypertext The mark-up language that leads to non-linear transfers of data is known as hypertext. World Wide Web is the most commonly used form of hypertext. Hypothesis A tentative explanation based on facts, observation and incomplete evidence to explain a concept that is yet not verified is known as hypothesis. Top I Terms Definition Impact When a body like meteorite forcefully strikes another body like moon or a planet it is known as impact. Immortalizing Oncogene The growth of a primary cell that grows indefinitely in a culture due to transfer of a gene that is known as immortalizing oncogene. Independent Variable The variable among two related variables that can roam freely is known as independent variable. The other variable that is dependent on the former, is known as dependent variable. Indicator The substance that exhibits one color in acids and another color when added to an alkali is known as indicator. This helps to determine whether a liquid is an acid or a base/alkali. Induction When an object having magnetic or electrical properties produces similar properties in another object near it is known as induction. Inertia A bodies tendency to remain at rest or stay in motion unless it is acted upon by an external force is known as inertia. Infrared Light The light that has wavelength longer than that of visible light is called infrared. This light is measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometers (m), and can extend= conventionally to 300 m. This light is invisible to the human eye. It can be sensed as 'heat' or thermal radiation'. Read more on Infrared Light Theraphy. Inositol Lipid The conversion of hormonal signals by stimulation of the release of any of the several chemical messengers by a membrane-anchored phospholipid. This phospholipid is known as inositol lipid. Insulator A material through which electricity or heat cannot flow easily is known as an insulator. Intensity Branching (%) It is the intensity of a radiation that is emitted during a radioactive decay. Know more on Meaning of radioactive Decay. Interferometer The measuring device where the electromagnetic radiation is split and recombined after traveling through different path lengths such that the beams interfere and produce an interference pattern. Internet The super network that connects smaller networks and allows different computers to exchange information is called Internet. There are a common set of rules known as protocols that are to be followed by all computers for communication. These set of protocols are called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or Internet Protocol(IP). Know more on Basic Internet Terms and Terminology Top J

Terms Definition Jejunum The mid-section of the small intestine of many higher vertebrates like mammals, birds, reptiles is called jejunum. It is present between the duodenum and the ileum. Joule It is a unit of energy that is equal to 0.239 calorie. Top K Terms Definition Karyokinesis The process of change that occurs during the division of a cell nucleus at mitosis or meiosis is called karyokinesis Keratins The fibrous structural proteins that are tough and insoluble found in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals is known as keratin. Kelvin The fundamental unit of temperature that is not calibrated in terms of boiling point and freezing point of water but energy. 0 K is equal to the lowest temperature known as absolute zero. The freezing point of water on the Kelvin scale is -273 K and boiling point of water is 373 K. Kuiper Belt The spherical region of the outer solar system that has a population of 'ice dwarfs' is known as the Kuiper Belt. Know more on Facts About Dwarf Planets. Kinetic Energy The amount of work that is required to accelerate a body of given mass from its state of rest to its current velocity is known as kinetic energy. A body maintains its kinetic energy gained, till there is change is speed. Read more on Electrokinetics. Top L Terms Definition Lagrangian Points The gravitational forces of three different massive bodies exactly cancel each at points that are known as Lagrangian points. Lambda Phage The virus particle that infects Eisherichia coli, is known as lambda phage. A lambda phage has a head, tail and tail fibers. The head of a lambda phage contains double-stranded DNA that is injected into the host bacteria for further replication to produce more phages. Leukocytes The white blood cells of the immune system, that defend the body against infectious diseases and foreign materials are known as leukocytes. Light The electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye is known as light. Lightning The powerful flash of electricity that is due to the negative electrical charges in clouds or between the cloud and ground is known as lightning. Know more on Different Types of Lightning. Light Year The distance traveled by light through space in one year, that is, 1 light year = 9.4605284 1015 meters, is known as light year. Luminosity The radiation amount that is emitted by a star or celestial object at a given time is known as luminosity. Know more on Why Do Stars Twinkle. Top M Terms Definition Mach Number The ratio of fluid speed to sound speed in that fluid is known as Mach Number. If the fluid is moving at a supersonic speed, the Mach number is greater than 1. In case the fluid is moving at hypersonic speed is greater than 5.

Magnetism The force exerted by electric current on other electric currents is known as magnetism. Know more on History of Magnetism. Magnetic Field The region near a magnet that is influenced by the forces given off by the magnet is known as magnetic field. Media The substances through which the movement of light takes place like air, water, glass, etc. are known as media. Mathematics The branch of science that studies the quantity, structure, space and change is known as mathematics. It includes use of abstraction and logical reasoning. Know more on Math Terms - Glossary of Math Terms and Definitions. Meteor Shower A group of meteors that are seen in the same part of sky and which occur over a period of few days or few hours is known as meteor shower. Know more on Meteor Shower. Meson The particles that are made of a quark and an anti-quark that are thought to bind protons and neutrons together inside the nucleus are known as mesons. Know more on Parts of an Atom. Microbiology The branch of science that studies the life cycle and effects of microscopic organisms in the environment and other living creatures invisible to the naked eye is known as microbiology. Know more on Microbiology Glossary. Microgravity When in space, the near-weightlessness experienced by a person or object in free fall is known as microgravity. Milky Way Our galaxy is observed as a misty band of light stretching across a night sky due to which it is known as milky way. There are one hundred million stars in our milky way. Know more on Facts About The Milky Way. Modem The change of data from digital, that is, computer language, into analog, that is phone line language, and then turning back into digital is known as a modem. Modem is made by joining two words, 'Mo'dulation and 'De'modulation. Know more on What is the Function of a Modem. Momentum The product of mass and velocity is known as momentum. In other words, it is the speed or force of a moving object. Mutagenesis The process through which the genetic information of an organism is changed naturally or experimentally by using chemicals or radiation is known as mutagenisis. Top N Terms Definition Nanosecond It is a billionth of a second. The speed of memory chips and other computer operations are measured in nanoseconds (ns). Nebula The cloud of dust and gas in space is known as nebula. Know more on Horsehead Nebula Network A computer system that receives and sends data is known as network. Nerve The bundle of peripheral axons that provides a pathway for the passage of electrochemical nerve impulses transmitted along each of the axons is known as nerves. Know more on Pheripheral Nervous System. Nervous System A network of specialized cells that help an organism communicate information about the surroundings and thus react accordingly is known as nervous system. Know more on Structure and Function of Nervous System.

Neutron Star The endpoint of the life of a massive star that explodes into a supernova that consists of mainly neutrons is known as neutron star. Know more on What Are Stars Made Of. Nitrocellulose The membrane that helps immobilize DNA, RNA or protein that can be probed with a labeled sequence or antibody is known as nitrocellulose. Know more on DNA Extraction. Nitrogenous Bases The purines, that is, adenine and guanine and the pyrimidines, that is, thymine, cytosine and uracil, that make up a DNA and RNA molecules are known as nitrogenous bases. Know more on Functions of Mitochondrial DNA. Nocturnal The group of animals that remain active during the night and sleep during the day are known as nocturnal. There are many species of plants that flower during the night instead of day. These are known as nocturnal plants. Know more on Facts About Nocturnal Animals. Northern Blotting The procedure where RNA fragments are transferred from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter. This is where the RNA is hybridized to a radioactive probe. This procedure is also known as Northern Hybridization. Nova A sudden increase in the brightness of a star by a factor of more than hundred is known as nova. Know more on Supernova. Nuclear Physics The branch of science that studies the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear physics. It is a subfield of quantum physics. Know more on Quantum Physics Nuclease The enzymes that degrade the DNA/ RNA molecules are known as nuclease. The nuclease enzymes cleave the phoshodiester bonds that link adjacent nucleotides of a DNA / RNA molecule. Know more on DNA Transcription. Nuclein It is the material described by Friedrich Miescher in 1869, now known as DNA. Top O Terms Definition Occulation When an astronomical object completely or partially eclipses another astronomical object it is known as occulation. Read more on Total Solar Eclispse and Origin of Life. Okazaki Fragment The short DNA fragment with an RNA primer at the 5' terminus that is created on the lagging strand during DNA replication is known as Okazaki fragment. Know more on DNA Replication. Oncogene A gene that is mutated or inappropriately expressed, that leads to cancer is known as oncogene. Opposition The point where a planet that is far away from the Sun than the Earth, lines up with Sun and Earth is known as opposition. Opposition is the point when the planet is closest to Earth. Optical Light The light that is detected by the human eye having a wavelength of 4000 and 7000 angstroms is known as optical light. Read more on Causes of Optical Illusions. Organelle A cell structure that helps carry out the important functions in the life of a cell is known as an organelle. Know more on Structure and Functions of Cytoplasm. Osmoregulation The osmotic pressure of the fluids inside an organism, that is actively regulated to maintain homeostasis of the organism's water content is known as osmoregulation. It helps prevent the organisms fluids from becoming too dilute or too concentrated.

Ovulation The process of menstruation cycle in females, in which the mature ovarian follicle ruptures to discharge an ovum or egg to participate in reproduction is known as ovulation. Oxygenated Blood Blood that supplies oxygen bound to hemoglobin that is carried in red cells to the various tissues, and cells of the body is known as oxygenated blood. The heart pumps out the oxygenated blood through the important artery known as coronery artery. Read more on Anatomy of Coronary Artery. Top P Terms Definition Parasitism The close association of dissimilar organism in which the association proves to be harmful to at least one organism is known as parasitism. Particle A very small piece of an indivisible object is known as particle. Read more on How Does the Collison Theory Work. Pedigree The diagrammatic mapping of the genetic history of a particular family of organism is known as pedigree. Period The time interval occurring between two consecutive and similar phases of a regularly occurring event is known as period. The rotation of Earth is the time taken to complete one revolution is an example of period. Peripheral The external devices like printers, disk drives, display monitors, keyboards, mouse, etc. that are attached to a computer are known as peripherals. Petrology The branch of science under geology that studies the origin, occurrence, formation, structure and composition of mineral assemblages and classification of rocks is known as petrology. Phobia The anxiety disorder exhibited by a person that is related to extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations is known as phobias. Know more on List of All Phobias and Their Meanings. Phosphatase The enzyme that hydrolyzes esters of phosphoric acid by removing phosphate group are known as phosphatase. Phosphodiester Bond A phosphate group joined with the adjacent carbons through easter linkages is known as phosphodiester bond. Physics The branch of science that studies matter and energy and its motion and interactions and all that is derived from it like force is known as physics. Know more on Physics Formulas List. Pith The soft, spongy substance consisting of parenchymatic cells present in the center of the stem in eudicots and the center of roots in monocots is known as pith. Planck's Constant It is the constant which decides the size of the photon, which is a quantum of electromagnetic radiation. This constant also decides the limits of accuracy with which any two complementary quantities can be measured. Planck's Constant is equal to 6. 6.62606957(29)10 -34 Joule seconds. Planck's Law Planck's law exactly describes the amount of electromagnetic energy with a particular wavelength radiated by a black body in thermal equilibrium. Planet The large, spherical body made of rocks and ice orbiting the Sun or another star is known as planet. Plasma The extremely hot matter found in or near stars that contains more or less equal number of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons is known as plasma.

Plumes The hot, feather-like rising gas in the atmosphere of a star or planet that is due to convection is known as plumes. Pon The structure located on the brain stem, above the medulla, below the mid brain and anterior to the cerebellum in humans and other bipeds, is known as pon. Know more on Facts on Human Brain. Potential Energy The mechanical energy of a body that is unused or stored, when the body is at rest is known as potential energy (P.E). Know more on Types of Energy Power (P) The amount of work carried out per second is known as power. The amount of power transmitted electrically is the product of voltage (V) with current (I). Know more on What is BHP (Brake Horsepower)? Psychology The branch of science that deals with the science and study of mental life. Psychology is the only science without a specific definition. Pulsar A rotating star or a pair of stars that emit electromagnetic radiation characterized by rapid frequency and regularity is known as pulsar. Know more on What is Electromagnetic Energy. Top Q Terms Definition Quantum Theory The theory that states that energy can only be absorbed or radiated in discrete values or quanta. Quantum theory is extended to all particles. Know more on Basics of Quantum Mechanics for Dummies. Quark An elementary particle that is thought to be the fundamental structural unit from which all particles are made. Up, down, strange, charm, top and bottom are six types of quarks. Qualitative This is scientific observation that is not based measurements and numbers. Know more on Methods of Qualitative Research. Quantitative The scientific observations that are based on measurements and numbers. Read more on How to Write a Good Research Methodology. Top R Terms Definition Radiation The heat transfer between two bodies without change in the temperature of the intervening medium is known as radiation. Radiation is also the release of energy from a source. Know more on Facts of Radiation Radioactivity The spontaneous decay of atomic nuclei is known as radioactivity. During radioactivity, alpha particles, beta-rays and gamma rays are emitted. Know more on List of Radioactive Elements. Recombinant DNA The DNA that us created by combination of DNA sequences that do not occur naturally is known as recombinant DNA. Red Giant An old star that uses up all the hydrogen present in its nucleus to keep shining is known as Red Giant. The star uses hydrogen instead of other elements present. Refraction The bending or deflection of a wave path of light or sound when passing through one medium to another, is known as refraction. Relativity The relative values of time, motion, mass and energy of a body in motion is known as relativity. Know more on What is Einsteins Theory of Relativity. Resonance The vibrations of a substance corresponding to the air vibrations that make

sound is known as resonance. Know more on How does a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Work?. Retrograde The motion of a planet or the Solar System body in a clockwise direction is known as retrograde. Revolution The rotation of a planet around the Sun through 360 degrees or a full circle is known as revolution. Know more on How was the Sun formed. Rhesus Factor The 5 antigens, namely C, c, D, E and e that are found on the surface of red blood cells is known as Rhesus factor. The antigen that is commonly referred as Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative is Rh D antigen only. It is named after the Rhesus Macaque, after discovery of the factor by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener using red blood cells from rhesus monkey. Know more on Rare Blood Types Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) The biological molecule that contains long chains of nucleotide units of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar and a phosphate is known as Ribonucleic acid. RNA is single stranded molecule with ribose, unlike DNA that is double stranded with deoxyribose. Another difference between a DNA and RNA molecule is presence of base uracil instead of thymine in RNA. Rotation The act of a mass of body moving in a circle around its axis or fixed point is known as rotation. Top S Terms Definition Satellite A natural celestial body that revolves around a larger celestial body is called satellite. For example, the Moon is a satellite of Earth. Scalar A quantity that can defined only by its magnitude like energy, temperature is known as scalar. Sea of Serenity The maria on the Moon's nearside known as Mare Serenitatis. Know more on Facts about the Moon. Sea of Tranquility Also known as Mare Tranquillitatis, was the landing site of Apollo 11 on the Moon on 20th July 1969. Know more on Geology of the Moon's Surface. Sinus venosus The large quadrangular cavity that is present before the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart, is known as sinus venosus. Solar Flare The sudden violent explosion on the surface of the Sun above the complex active regions of photosphere is known as solar flare. Read more on Super Solar Flares. Solar System The Sun and the nine planets namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, along with their 60 moons, the asteroid belt, the comets and Kuiper belt is known as the Solar System. Southern Blotting The procedure in which DNA restriction fragments are transferred from agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter, where the denatured DNA is hybridized to a radioactive probe. This process is also known as Southern Hybridization. Static Electricity The electricity that is produced by friction is known as static electricity. Know more on Static Electricity. Super Conductivity The flow of electricity without any resistance at certain temperatures near absolute zero in certain temperatures is known as super conductivity. Read more on Superconductivity: Still Resisting Change. Synergism The result obtained with the help of two agents that work together which could not have been possible by independent agents is known as synergism.

Syngamy The sexual reproduction by the union of gametes or fertilization is known as syngamy. Know more on Different Stages in the Process of Meiosis. Synteny The state where two or more genes are located on the same chromosome even though there may or may not be any demonstrable linkage between them is known as synteny. Synapsis When crossing over occurs during the pairing of homologous chromosome pairs during prophase of the first meiotic division is known as synapsis. Top T Terms Definition Taq Polymerase The DNA polymerase isolated from the bacterium Therrnus aquaticus that is heat stabel and used in PCR is known as Taq polymerase. TATA Box The sequence of adenine-thymine rich promoter located 25-30 bp upstream of a gene that is the binding site of RNA polymerase is known as TATA box. Template The synthesis of a complementary nucleotide strand on an RNA or single stranded DNA molecule is known as a template. Terminator Codon The three mRNA sequences (UGA,UAG,UAA) that do not code for an amino acid are known as terminator codons. These codons also known as 'stop codon' are a signal to the end of protein synthesis. Thermal Gradient The rate at which there is change in temperature with position is known as thermal gradient. Know more on Thermocouple Time The fourth coordinate along with three spatial dimensions needed to specify an event is known as time. Know more on Does the Fourth Dimension of Time Exist Titan The largest moon of Saturn is known as Titan. It is the second largest moon of the Solar System after Ganymede, the moon of Jupiter. Torque The bodies tendency to rotate under an applied force is known as Torque. Know more on How Does a Torque Converter Work Trypsin The proteolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds present on the carboxyl end of the amino acids arginine and lysine is known as trypsin. Read more on Benefits of Digestive Enzymes. Tumor The abnormal growth of cells that causes swelling or lesion is known as tumor. A tumor can be malignant or benign. One should not confuse cancer with tumor as cancer means malignant. Turbine The device with a rotor that is turned by the force of a moving fluid like water, gas or wind that converts kinetic energy into mechanical energy is known as turbine. Tympanic Membrane The thin membrane separating the inner ear from the middle ear is known as tympanic membrane or eardrum. Typhlosole The internal fold of the intestine's inner wall is known as typhlosole. Top U Terms Definition Ubiquitin A small 76-amino acid, highly conserved protein found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of all eukaryotes is called ubiquitin. Ultra Luminous Galaxies (ULIRG) The type of galaxy that appears too bright when observed at infrared wavelengths is known as ultra luminous galaxies. Ultraviolet Light The region of the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 9.12 nm to

350 nm is known as ultraviolet light. UV rays are emitted from the Sun which are blocked by the Earth's atmosphere. Know more on Layer's of Earth Atmosphere. Universe The totality of everything that exists is known as Universe. This everything includes energy, matter, stars, the planets, galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space. Know more on How was Universe Created. Uncertainty The fundamental law of nature which makes it impossible to know where something is and where it is going is known as uncertainty. It has a major influence on quantum theory. UPS A back-up power unit that can provide continuous power when the normal power supply is interrupted is called UPS. It is abbreviation for Uninterruptible Power Supply. Know more on Uninterruptible Power Supply Uterus The reproductive sex organ in the female human body that where the fetus develops during gestation is called uterus. Top V Terms Definition Vacuum It is the space that is completely devoid from any matter. Vector The geometric object in mathematics, physics and engineering that can be defined using both magnitude/length and direction is known as vector. Velocity The rate of change of position is called velocity. This is a physical quantity that needs speed and direction to define it. Read more on How to Increase Throwing Velocity. Virus A microscopic infectious agent that has the ability to reproduce only in a host cell is called a virus. A virus in the world of computers is a computer program can infect a computer without the users knowledge or permission and copy itself, just like the biological agent. Know more on MSRA Virus. Viscera The internal organs of animals and humans especially the thorax and abdominal region is known as viscera. Vitamins The organic compound that is required as a nutrient by an organism and is often obtained from its diet is known as vitamins. The deficiency of vitamins can cause many diseases and illness in the organism. Viroid The plant pathogen consisting of 250-350 nucleotides of a naked RNA molecule, whose extensive base pairing results in a nearly correct double helix is called viroid. Viability The ability of an organism to complete its life cycle and survive till maturity is known as viability. VoIP It is the network that allows real time conversation by sending digital voice information in packet form over the Internet . It does not use the traditional circuit committed protocol that is used by public telephone networks. VoIP stands for Voice Over Internet Protocol. Know more on Benefits of VoIP. Top W Terms Definition Watt The unit of power in SI unit system is called a watt. It is equal to 1 joule per second. Wavelength The distance between two peaks of a wave is known as wavelength. Know more on Electromagnetic Waves- Origin and Theory. Weight The gravitational force exerted on an object is known as weight.

Western Blot The process to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue extract by gel electrophoresis is known as Western Blot. White Light The light that can be seen by the human eye that is made up of seven colors is known as white light. Know more on Color Spectrum Chart. Work The movement of an object due to pushing or pulling is called work. There is increase in energy of the object due to work. Top X Terms Definition X- chromosome The sex-determining chromosome in mammals and other animal species is known as X chromosome. The XX chromosome is a pair of 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes in a female. Know more on Interesting Facts about Fragile X Syndrome. X- linked Disease The mutation on X-chromosome that causes a genetic disease is called X-linked disease. Know more on Facts About Human Chromosomes X- band The radio frequency band that extends from 5200 to 10900 MHz. Know more on Radio Frequencies. X- Ray The electromagnetic radiations that lie between ultraviolet and gamma rays with a wavelength of 0.01-10 nm is called X-rays. X-ray Crystallography The diffraction pattern seen after passing X-rays through a pure crystal substance is called X-ray crystallography. Read more on Crystal Symmetries: Base of Crystallography. Top Y Terms Definition Y-chromosome The sex-determining chromosome in mammals and other animal species is known as Y chromosome. The XY chromosome contains SRY gene that triggers the development of the embryo as a male. Know more on Inherited Genetic Disorders. Yolk The part of an egg that helps in feeding the embryo as it develops in an egg. Yellow fever The transmission of acute viral disease by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito is known as yellow fever. Top Z Terms Definition Z-DNA The region of DNA that has a left-handed helix with alternating purines and pyrimidines that may be a site for a DNA-binding protein is known as Z-DNA. Know more on Structure of Mitochondrial DNA. Zoology The branch of science under biology that studies the structure, function, behavior and evolution of animals is known as zoology. Know more on Zoology Glossary. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/science-glossary-of-science-termsand-scientific-definitions.html Scrabble Two-Letter Words List Here is a list of scrabble two-letter words acceptable worldwide and established by the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary. Read through these short scrabble words that are more than just useless babble.

Ads by Google Bedroom Furniture Beds, Sofas, Chairs, 1M+ Suppliers Contact Directly & Get Live Quotes! www.Alibaba.com A summer evening... A not-so-cool atmosphere... And the scrabble game began! I started off with a very small word that led to a non-strategic beginning. The word was XU. Yes, that's a word that is officially used in scrabble all over the world. It means - a subunit of Vietnamese currency. The fourth word onboard was qi. Qi means the traditional Chinese healing energy. This is another word that can come to your rescue whilst playing "Scrabble ON-board" and "NOT just online". Such 2-letter words can help you make a good score especially when placed for a double or a triple letter score. Here is a two-letter words list that can be used in this wonderful word game, which you can either by-heart or bring into practice one-by-one. Although making a long word or a single word with all seven tiles is an incomparable feat, nevertheless, scrabble two-letter words and 3-letter words are also equally helpful to score good points. You've got to 'Know' and experience the game to get a feel of it! Of course, the other tourneys need to assist, if not guide you through this experience. Scrabble two-letter words can especially help in a defensive game, if need arises; and are definitely a great tool for scrabble beginners. So now let's quickly browse through the following scrabble 2-letter words that will avert a possible scrambling scrabble experience, the one that I could have always avoided that evening. Another major confusion that the tourneys tend to create is about the fact that online dictionaries and printed dictionaries show an altogether different set of words. There is a very simple solution to address this issue. Follow The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (OSPD) - The Scrabble Bible, if we can call it so. There will always be new words adding up and we got to keep ourselves updated to avoid any hassles while actually playing the game. Luckily, so far there is NO such RULE that says "you need to know the meaning of the word that you make". Gradually, you can increase your vocabulary by even understanding the meanings of the above words. Till then, Rule the Game! Scrabble TWO-Letter Words List Acceptable and Official as published in Official SCRABBLE Players Dictionary - 4th Edition* Letters Words A AA AB AD AE AG AH AI AL AM AN AR AS AT AW AX AY B BA BE BI BO BY

D DE DO E ED EF EH EL EM EN ER ES ET EX F, G FA FE GO H HA HE HI HM HO I, J ID IF IN IS IT, JO K, L KA KI LA LI LO M, N MA ME MI MM MO MU MY NA NE NO NU O, P, Q OD OE OF OH OI OM ON OP OR OS OW OX OY PA PE PI, QI R, S RE SH SI SO T, U TA TI TO UH UM UN UP US UT W, X, Y, Z WE WO XI XU YA YE YO, ZA There have to be "CERTAIN SET STANDARDS" while playing a board game!! "Whoever" gets to decide what's standard and sub-standard, should therefore make their decisions with utmost caution, lest it may lead to WORD WAR III. :) For those who wish to keep these words handy, you can use a printout of the above twoletter words list. This will help you focus on your play and the printout will vouch for every word that you make. A war of words just before or in-between the game can add to the not-so-essential pressure to an already heated "Tile Battle". All the best for a scrabbling experience through this not-so-perfect world of words!! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/scrabble-two-letter-words-list.html

Scrabble Rules If you want to build vocabulary and word skills, you can do it in the best way by playing scrabble. If you are interested in learning how to play scrabble, this article will provide you information about scrabble rules. Read on... Ads by Google Industrial Automation Robotics Robots and Robot Systems that improve productivity and quality www.abb.com/robotics Scrabble helps build language skills. It is an easy way of discussing language while competing. It is of course a mental exercise but playing scrabble can be a great time too! You are expected to work through challenges in a calm and reasoned fashion. For me, scrabble is relaxing. I totally forget my everyday concerns as it acts like a pleasant mental stimulant for me. Scrabble is a social game and it can top the list of family fun activities. Two to four players can play this game together. If you play scrabble on-line, you will enjoy having friends from different parts of the world. There are on-line scrabble competitions too. If children are taught to play scrabble, by using words from everyday vocabulary, it can be the best way to get them interested in English language, without telling them that they're about to receive a word lesson. It can be the best indoor game for children.

Scrabble Board and Tiles * A square board, made up of 15 rows of 15 cells each is used to play this game. You are supposed to place the tiles within these cells, one to a cell. The tiles fit within these cells. * Exactly 100 tiles are available for players. There are letters on 98 tiles while 2 tiles are blank which can be used as a wild-card. (You can use them for any letter in the alphabet). According to the scrabble rules, if a blank tile is used to substitute an 'o', it will be considered 'o', till the end of the game. * Various letters are allotted different point values. These values depend on the rarity of the letter and the difficulty in playing it. Blank tiles have zero point value. Point Values of Scrabble Tiles * 0 Points - Blank Tile * 1 Point - A, E, I, O, U and L, N, R, S, T * 2 Points - D, G * 3 Points - B, C, M, P * 4 Points - F, H, V, W, Y * 5 Points - K * 8 Points - J, X * 10 Points - Q, Z How to Get Extra Points * Double Letter Scores: When you place a tile on a light blue colored cell, then you get points equal to 'that tile's point value multiplied by two'. * Triple Letter Scores: When you place a tile on a dark blue colored cell, then you get points equal to 'that tile's point value multiplied by three'. * Double Word Scores: Light red colored cells run diagonally towards the four corners of the board. If your word covers one of these tiles, then the point value of the entire word is multiplied by two. * Triple Word Scores: The dark red cells on the four sides of the board equidistant from the four corners of the board offer you triple word points. If your word covers one of these tiles, then the point value of the entire word is multiplied by three. According to the scrabble rules, these specific cells can offer you extra points only once. If you play a word using these cells, you will get the extra points but when next time that space(or letter placed by you) is used to make a word, the point value will not be multiplied. All the above extra point values are mentioned on the board in the respective cells. Scrabble can be called a multiple intelligence activity as you have to consider so many things at a time like the best word, correct spelling, maximum letters, maximum points, best place for the word etc. If you are looking for some simple but good family activity ideas, you will definitely enjoy this word game. How to Play Scrabble

* The tile bag contains all the tiles. Don't look into the bag, just take out a tile from it. Every player should take out one tile. The one who gets the letter closest to 'A' goes first but a blank tile is considered better than an 'A'. Place all these tiles into the bag again. * Then, each player can draw seven tiles from the bag. After looking at the tiles, the player can place a word, exchange the tiles or pass. Obviously, playing a word would be a good option. * A player can replace one, two, any number of tiles from the seven he has. He can replace all the seven tiles also. If he decides to exchange, then he cannot do anything else that hand. If the player places a word on the board, he can not exchange the tiles. * You may pass at any time. The game is supposed to continues in a clockwise direction around the scrabble board and if all players pass twice in a row, then the game ends. * The first player should place a word on the star square at the center of the board and he will get points equal to the entire point value of the word, multiplied by two. Remember, the star cell will not act as a double word score for subsequent players. After placing the word, the player can draw new tiles from the tile bag, without looking into it, until that player's number of tiles equals seven. * The second player can place a word on the board in such a manner, that his word will include one letter from the existing word on the board. The players go on placing words on the board, connecting the new words with the already placed words. If the new letters placed horizontally, are creating another new word vertically, or vice versa, the other word should also be a meaningful one. * If you can construct a word and place all seven tiles from the tile rack on the board at the same time, it is called 'BINGO' and you get a 50 point bonus for this great job done! But, at the end of the game, when the players hold less than the standard seven tiles, they won't get these 50 point bonus, even if they place all the tiles at the same time. * Turn by turn, players go on taking out tiles from the bag. When there is no tile left in the bag, the play ends when any one player has used all the tiles on his rack. * The points of the tiles left on the racks of all other players should be counted. They should be deducted from their final scores. * All the points from the tiles left on the racks, of all remaining players, should be added to the score of the player who is 'out' of tiles. The player with the highest score wins. * Official scrabble dictionaries are available in bookstores and on-line as well, but according to the scrabble game rules, players may place any word which can be found in a standard English language dictionary. * Abbreviations, prefixes, suffixes, hyphenated words, words that require an apostrophe, proper nouns cannot be played. Plurals are allowed. Don't get upset because of the long list of scrabble rules, scrabble is actually fun to play. In fact, these rules make it a more enjoyable game. Just start playing it with your friends. You will understand the rules better while playing. As you lay down the perfect word in the perfect place, you will come to know how much fun and satisfaction the game can offer. I have no words to express the joy of playing a bingo. It's like century in cricket or hitting the pin on a golf drive. What else can be better than playing a game, that gives you the satisfaction of feeling clever about yourself? Scrabble can bring all the family

members together. It can be a part of family fun activities. Enjoy it! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/scrabble-rules.html

Scrabble Hints Those of you who wish to become seasoned Scrabble players, here are some Scrabble hints you can utilize and improve your game. Ads by Google New Lenovo Laptops w/ 3rd gen Intel Core processors & latest features. Know more now www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops A lot of people liken Scrabble to a game of geeks, but if that's what it takes to enjoy a game of Scrabble, so be it. Those who are uninitiated in this game would probably have a lot of opinions and perceptions about it. However, start once and you will be addicted to this word game. That is what it has done to me. Being someone who has played Scrabble since she learned to spell words, I know how much Scrabble is loved, appreciated, and thoroughly enjoyed by fellow Scrabble players. In effect, Scrabble is a game that can be mastered only over time and practice with some seasoned players as your opponents (for me, it was my mother). By monitoring the way they play their game, and the way they strategize (this is definitely not a simple word game) to get more points, you too can get better at this game and pose a real challenge for your opponent. Scrabble, though a game of luck, is also a game of strategy. When you combine the two, there is no way you cannot emerge a winner. For those of you who want to improve their game, here are some simple Scrabble hints and tips that will help you through. Take a look. Hint #1: Start off Right All of you know that the star is to be utilized while making a word at the start of a Scrabble game. If you have noticed, this star is surrounded by a double letter score, 4 blank spaces away, on all 4 sides. When you start, use this double letter score by placing a high score letter on it. For instance, if you can make the word 'BUILT', place the 'B' on the double letter score. This gives you 6 points instead of 3 for the letter 'B' and increases your overall score. Even if it is a simple word such as 'STAND', place the 'D' on the double letter. And if you are blessed with a 'Q' or a 'J' and can make words such as 'QUIET', 'JUICE', 'QUALM', etc., you are off to a great start. Remember if you have two letters that have individual points higher than one, always try to place the letter with the higher score on the double letter. For instance, if you can make a word such as 'CAGED', place the 'C' on the double letter and not the 'D'. Hint #2: The Power of Double and Triple Letter/Word Score You have already witnessed the power of double letter score in the first Scrabble hint. A lot of people either underestimate or overlook these spaces on a Scrabble board, and make the greatest words without getting the appropriate points. Imagine placing a 'C' on the double letter score that is just above or beside a triple word score, or making the word 'QUIZ' (if you are really lucky) in the exactly same spot. You have a whopping 96 points from a word that in effect only adds up to 22 points. The same goes for a double word score. If you notice, double word scores are surrounded by triple letter and double letter

scores too. If you can make the most of these by placing high score letters on them, your score is bound to increase. Hint #3: Points are more Important than Words We're all out to prove that we have a great vocabulary when it comes to playing Scrabble. Thus, we would rather make 'VERSE' instead of 'SERVE' even if simply by interchanging the letters on a double or triple letter score you will get more points for the latter than for the former. Keep in mind, sometimes simple words get you more points than the fancy ones, and so does the method of using lesser letters to make a word with higher points, than using more letters. 'CUB' will give you more points than 'STUB'. However, there may be times when you simply need to exhaust your letters so that you get better letters. At the cost of a turn, you could make a 6 letter word instead of a 4 letter word so that you can get rid of all those letters that are not helping you. Hint #4: Utilizing High Score Letters (K, J, X, Q, Z) Well When all these letters are placed on a double or a triple letter score, their value increases greatly, and so does your overall score. As has been mentioned earlier, making the word 'QUIZ' by placing the 'Q' on a double or triple letter and getting it with a double or triple word score will help you score far better. Now you would think that you can make only a few words with these letters, but there are a whole lot of words that can be made. Some examples have been given here. * K: Knife, Knives, Kite(s), Kit, Kind, Kinder, Kindest, Stink, Brink, Clink, Click, Clicked, Licked, Ticked * J: Juice, Juicer, Juices, Jumble, Jagged, Joint, Joined, Joinery, Jester, Jut, Jutting, Jet, Jetty * X: Excuse, Exotic, Oxidize, Anxious, Axis, Axial, Dexter, Exit, Tax, Taxed, Taxi, Oxen, Exodus, Boxing, Box, Boxed, Coax, Hoax * Q: Quirk, Quiet, Quite, Quiz, Aquatic, Acquire, Squid, Squirt, Equip, Quip, Quire, Quest, Qualm, Quail, Query, Inquire, Require * Z: Zone, Zoom, Zany, Zest, Zesty, Azure, Dazed, Haze, Raze, Gaze, Graze, Prize, Gauze, Zipper, Fazed, Size These were just some examples of bigger and better words you can make with high score letters. There are many more that you can come up with. The more you play, the better you will be able to utilize these letters. Hint #5: Keeping an Eye Open for 'S', 'ED', 'LY', 'ING' Various words can be modified to mean different things, and this can be utilized to enhance word play in Scrabble. For one, if you are getting more points simply by adding an 'S' or a 'D' to the world 'BONE' it is a better idea to go for this rather than making a futile 2-3 letter word. The same goes for the other suffixes such as 'ED', when added to words such as 'LIVEN', or 'LY' added to the word 'WEEK', or 'ING' added to the word 'DAWN'. A lot of us are known to hang on to 'ING' when we get these letters in the hope of making a 7 letter word. However, this is sometimes not possible. For instance, when you have the letters 'V, I, S, E, I, N, G', there is no possibility of making a seven letter

word. However, you can make words such as 'GIVEN', 'GIVES', 'SING', that will get you some points rather than trying to make words only with 4 letters. Always understand the implications of such moves before you make them. Hint #6: The Power of Multiple Words Making two, three, and even four words at one time is possible in Scrabble, but you must have a keen eye to observe where such a possibility can occur, and how you can utilize this Scrabble tip. Using an 'S' or a 'D' to connect two words, or making smaller two letter words such as 'HE' and 'IT' while making the word 'HINGE' against a word that ends with 'ET' such as 'SOCKET' will get you more points than the word 'HINGE' alone. This was just an example, and you can do that with a lot of words. Adding 'Z' against 'ONE' to make another word such as 'ZOOM' gives you 20 points with the 'Z' alone, and more if it is placed on a double or triple letter score. Hint #7: Making 7 Letter Words Sometimes, time constraints do not allow you to think clearly, and you miss out on the opportunity to make a 7-letter word. Always be on the lookout for the ability to make a 7 letter word, in conjunction with other letters already on the board. It gives you a 50 point bonus over and above your score for the word. For instance, if there is an 'E' on the board and an opening around, and if you have the letters 'G, R, E, I, N, E, N', you can make the word 'ENGINEER' by using all your 7 letters, even though it is an 8 letter word. Sometimes, you may not be able to make the most of double or triple letter or word scores to make a 7 letter word. However, a 50 point bonus in addition to any score is always helpful, so try to utilize it whenever you can. There are some other great 7 letter words you can make with high scoring letters too, such as 'OXIDIZE', 'QUIETER', 'EXAMPLE', 'JUSTIFY', etc. Making these words obviously depends on the kind of luck you have in getting these letters. But these words have been made, so it can't be said that it is impossible. Hint #8: Block Opponent Moves Even in Scrabble, you can definitely weaken your opponent's position if you can't strengthen your own position. This you can do by making words that cannot be lengthened by adding additional letters in strategic locations. For instance, if you have 4 blank spaces before a triple word score, and you cannot use all the spaces because you don't have enough letters, you can make a word that will not allow your opponent to use the triple word score either. Like if you make the word 'THE' before this point, your opponent can easily add 'RE' to make 'THERE' and get 24 points from the triple word score. However, if you make 'THEN', nothing can be added to this word, which means the triple word is blocked for the opponent as well. Hint #9: Exchange Letters You Can't Use There are times when you have only consonants or only vowels on your tile rack, and you are unable to make any words. At times like these the best way is to exchange one or more letters for another one, even if it is at the cost of one chance. If you try to exhaust these letters one by one, and if your opponent has all the right letters, she/he will go way ahead of you while you try to get better letters. This opportunity is permissible only twice

in a game, per player. Use it wisely. Hint #10: Use Up High Score Letters Before the Game Ends The rule in Scrabble is that if you don't exhaust all your letters at the end of the game before your opponent does, the points of the remaining letters on your tile rack get added up to your opponent's score, and subtracted from your own score. To avoid that, use up the high score letters before the game ends. This can easily strip you off your winning position and lead to a sorry defeat. Scrabble is a game that you can master only by playing regularly. Now there are a lot of places online where you can play Scrabble and improve your skills in this game. There are some words that are acceptable on online Scrabble, which may not be acceptable otherwise. There is also a specific list of two letter words that are allowed in Scrabble, which you can go through in order to increase your points if you can't use the letters in another way. There are different versions of Scrabble that will accept and not accept these words. Based on the predetermined rules, you can use these words in your game. Hopefully, these Scrabble hints will prove helpful, and make you an undisputed master of the game! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/scrabble-hints.html 7 Wonders of the Ancient World List Have you ever wanted to know about the 7 wonders of the ancient world and where are they located? If yes, then read on the following article that dwells on the past and covers the 7 wonders of the ancient world list. Ads by Google Two View Camera - ST600 Dual LCD screen cameras 14MP, 5X Optical Zoom Samsung.com/in/DigitalCameras In the recent past, people across the world were asked to vote for their favorite seven wonders of the world. This is the time I realized I knew little almost nothing about the 7 wonders of the ancient world. I began to find some answers to the question what are the 7 wonders of the world and where are they located? I could find a fascinating list and learned a lot about the wonders of the by-gone era. You too can learn a few facts from the following 7 wonders of the ancient world list. What are the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World The ancient Greeks loved art and architecture. They were the first people to compile the 7 wonders of the ancient world list. These wonders included the marvels of the 4th century BC. The Greeks had conquered much of the world and traveled far and wide. As they were patrons of beauty, they took fancy to the landmarks and unique architecture of various lands. They compiled a list that contained places that were 'theamata', that is, 'things to be seen'. Let us have a look at the original seven wonders of the world according to the best known and the earliest surviving notes of Greek historians. The Great Pyramid of Giza

2584-2561 BC The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only surviving member of the 7 wonders of the ancient world list. It is located at Giza Necropolis, Egypt. This pyramid is about 800 feet long, 450 feet high and is built of over 2 million blocks of stone. It is said to have been built as the tomb of the 4th dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Around 600 BC It is said, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built by King Nebuchandnezzar. He built the garden for his wife Amytis of Media to enjoy a private, terrace garden without any disturbance. It was built in Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq. These gardens were said to be about 400 feet wide, 400 feet long and were over 80 feet in height. Some historians are under the impression that these gardens were built on a series of platforms. Each platform put together made the garden over 75 to 80 feet high. These platforms were connected by a series of steps and paths that made the queen happy, loved and got rid of home-sickness. It is also is said to have a complete system in place for the circulation of water. The garden is supposed to have been destroyed by a massive earthquake. Temple of Artemis at Epheus c. 550 BC The Temple of Artemis had a brush with bad luck plenty of times. It was destroyed and rebuilt several times on the same site. Every time it was destroyed, it was built more lavishly and with even more impressive architecture. The first time the temple was built it was destroyed in a war in 550 BC. Then it was rebuilt only to be burned down by a man. This man wanted people to remember his name till eternity. But, his plan did not quite work out as he had planned. After the temple was destroyed an official decree was passed, anyone who took that man's name would be put to death! Alexander the Great, was born on the same day this great temple was burned down. When Alexander visited the temple after many a years, he offered funds to build the temple better. It was built about 425 feet long, 225 feet wide and 60 feet in height. There were 127 columns to support the structure. The Goths, destroyed the temple around 262 AD and this time the temple was not rebuilt due to lack of funds. Statue of Zeus at Olympia 435 BC The Greeks completed building the statue of Zeus in his temple to honor the Greek Olympic Game. The statue was a gigantic structure that occupied the whole width of the aisle of the temple. It was about 40 feet tall and was said to be destroyed in a fire during the 5th and 6th century AD. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 351 BC It is said, King Mausolus ruled a small kingdom in Asia Minor. His queen Artemisia was a beautiful woman who loved the king a lot. After the death of King Mausolus, she got the most beautiful mausoleum built in the memory of her loving husband. It was known as the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus and people from far and wide came to visit it. By the

year 1494 AD, it was destroyed by a flood. It was rebuilt but was damaged by an earthquake and plunders of the European Crusaders destroyed it forever. Colossus of Rhodes 292-280 BC After the death of Alexander the Great, his three generals fought over his land. Everyone wanted to rule the island of Rhodes. It had potential for trade and thus desired by all. But, the people supported General Ptolemy and helped him drive away the army of one of the enemy generals. In order to celebrate their victory, they build a huge bronze statue from metal of the war machinery left behind by the losing party. This was a statue of their patron god, Helios. Every morning the bronze statue glistened under the sun. After about 56 years it was built, the statue was toppled by an earthquake. It fell into the harbor and just the thumb of the statue was visible over the water surface. The king of Egypt offered to rebuild the statue, but the people of Rhodes refused. This is because they believed Helios himself threw the statue in water in a fit of rage. Around 600 AD, Arab traders removed the remains of the statue and sold it as scrap metal. Lighthouse of Alexandria c. 280 BC The Island of Pharos was a harbor in Alexandria, Egypt. This lighthouse was built in this harbor and helped ships enter the harbor safely. This lighthouse is said to have survived for 1500 long years and finally destroyed by an earthquake in the 1300's. During its era, it was the tallest man-made structure at about 380 to 440 feet high. So, these were some interesting facts about the 7 wonders of the ancient world. Just reading about the 7 wonders of the ancient world list makes us give out a sigh in awe. Just imagine, what an impact they may have created in the minds of the people of that age. Except the Pyramid of Giza, all the other wonders have long gone. We can just imagine more about these magnificent structures based on the writings by people of ancient Greece. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/7wonders-of-the-ancient-worldlist.html Original Seven Wonders of the World There have been different versions of seven wonders of the world over the past two and a half millenniums. However, the original seven wonders of the world are most noteworthy as they were constructed in an era that was devoid of modern engineering techniques. Let us view the creations that made it to this list. Ads by Google Furniture Bedroom Search Largest China Supplier Base. Verified Global Exporters-Join Free www.Alibaba.com The first mention of the 'Seven Wonders' was made by Herodotus between 484 and 425 BC. Callimachus of Cyrene, a renowned architect, made references to these seven wonders

at the Museum of Alexandria during the period 305-240 BC. Since the original list of seven wonders was created by the Greeks, it only includes extraordinary structures present in the Mediterranean region. Why Do We Have "Only" Seven Wonders? Have you ever wondered, why we have a list of seven wonders of the world and not eight, nine, or a round figure ten? The answer is simple. It was the Greeks, who first started creating this list of extraordinary structures. They associated the numeral seven (7) with worship of Apollo, one of their principal deities. To them, this numeral was a sign of abundance, rarity, perfection, and respect. Without any doubts, the seven wonders of ancient world possessed most of these qualities. This is how we got the list of 'seven' wonders. Let us now have a look at all of them. Click the images for an enlarged view. The Great Pyramid of Giza Location: Giza plateau, Egypt Year of Creation: c. 2560 BC Details of Construction: It took almost 20 years to construct the Great Pyramid. Historians estimate that, as many as 200,000 skilled laborers and slaves were employed for its construction. With a height of approximately 455 ft., it remained the tallest man-made structure for over 3500 years. The structure is known to house three chambers inside it, namely, the king's chamber, the queen's chamber and the underground chamber. Originally, the outer surface of the structure is said to have been smooth as it was covered in casing stone. However, it got worn out over the past centuries. Interesting Facts: * From the original seven wonders, the Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one still standing. * It is also known as Pyramid of Khufu, since it was built as a tomb for King Khufu. Sometimes, it is also referred as Pyramid of Cheops. * The total mass of the pyramid is estimated to be close to 6 million tons. Assuming that it took 20 years to construct this structure, it would mean moving 250 tons of limestone a day. How these massive stones were mined down the river Nile, shaped, and shipped to the construction site still remains a mystery.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon Location: Al Hillah city, Babil province, Central Iraq Year of Creation: c. 600 BC Details of Construction: According to Diodorus Siculus, an ancient historian, the Hanging Gardens were terraced in several tiers. These tiers comprised garden plots admeasuring approximately 100 x100 ft. in size. These ascending terraces resembled an amphitheater. Vaults constructed at each level carried the entire weight of the planted garden. The highest vault was approximately 30 ft. high, in level with the highest point of Babylon city wall. The base of these vaults, on which the gardens were laid out, were constructed out of long stone beams. On these, thick weeds set in tar were laid out. These were covered by a layer of bricks and cemented together with a final covering of lead to prevent any seepage of water. The mud placed on each vault was thick enough to hold a huge number of plants and large trees. There were hidden water passages through which the garden was watered. It is believed that a system similar to Archimedes' Screw might have been implemented to irrigate the gardens. Interesting Facts: * These gardens are said to have been commissioned by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon to please his wife, Amytis of Media, who longed for the fragrant plants and trees of her homeland. * The existence of lush green Hanging Gardens in Babylon was first documented by Greek historians Strabo and Diodorus Siculus. Since then, they have captured our imagination for centuries. In spite of this, their actual location has been an issue of controversy. Also, there are no authentic proofs documenting details of its construction. * Considering the garden's massive size, it is estimated that it required approximately 36500 liters of water each day to keep it lush green. This water was most likely transported from river Euphrates which was close by. The Statue of Zeus Credit: Maarten van Heemskerck/ Wikimedia Commons (PD)

Location: Olympia, Greece (Hellenic Republic) Year of Creation: c. 432 BC Details of Construction: The statue of Greek god Zeus was 39 feet tall and depicted in a sitting position. It is said to have occupied the entire width of the temple. The statue was made of primarily of bronze with inlay work of ivory. It was plated with gold, ebony and precious stones. A very detailed description of the statue and its throne was recorded by the traveler Pausanias in the second century. As per his description, the sculpture depicted the Greek god Zeus holding a small statue of Nike, the goddess of Victory in his right hand and a scepter inlaid with gold in his right. For several centuries, people from all over the civilized world visited Olympia to see this unique statue. Interesting Facts: * This famed statue was sculpted by a renowned Greek sculptor known as Pheidias. * How and when the statue perished is a subject of debate. Some historians record that the statue was carried to Constantinople where it was eventually destroyed in a fire in 475 AD. Others argue that the statue perished when the temple of Zeus was burned in 425 AD. * A confirmation of its existence and its location was authenticated when excavations were being carried out at Olympia in 1954-58. Archeologists found sculpting tools, terracotta molds and a cup with an inscription meaning 'I belong to Pheidias' at the excavation site. Mausoleum of Mausolus Location: Bodrum (old name Halicarnassus), Turkey Year of Creation: c. 350 BC Details of Construction: The mausoleum is expected to have been approximately 45 meters in height. There were intricate sculptured reliefs by famous Greek sculptors on all its four sides. On top of the walls of the structure were 36 columns (nine per side), and standing between each column was a statue. On top of the columns stood a massive pyramid shaped roof. The structure was so beautiful and unique that it became one of the seven wonders.

Also, the word 'Mausoleum' has been derived from the name of this structure and used in reference to burial chambers constructed above the ground. Interesting Facts: * Mausolus was a wealthy king (satrap) of a small kingdom which had its capital at Halicarnassus. Fond of grandeur, his wife Artemisia II of Caria planned to construct a grand tomb to be used as a final resting place for her husband and herself after their death. * This tomb was built between 353 and 350 BC and was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius. * Unfortunately, before the construction was completed, Mausolus died. Depressed and heartbroken, Artemisia died two years later. After cremation of their bodies, urns containing their ashes were placed inside the unfinished tomb. According to historians, the craftsmen working on the tomb decided to stay back and complete the work after the death of Artemisia. * Despite many invasions, the Mausoleum stood undamaged for almost 16 centuries. However, a series of earthquakes shattered it around the year 1404 AD. Temple of Artemis Location: Seluk, Izmir (old name Smyrna), Turkey Year of Creation: c. 323 BC Details of Construction: It is said that, two earlier temple structures stood at the same site. The first was destroyed by floods and the second was destroyed by arson. Finally, the third Artemis temple was built around 323 BC. Popular sculptors of that era, namely, Endoeus, Scopas, Cresilas, Rhoecus, Phradmon, etc., contributed by sculpting the temple's pillars and sculptures of the deity. The temple was also adorned with beautiful paintings and gilded columns of precious metals. Except for the roof, the temple was built entirely of white marble. The roof stood on huge marble pillars to make a wide ceremonial passage with an approximate height of 60 ft. It is estimated that the structure consisted of approximately 130 pillars. At present, only the foundations and a few fragments of this temple remain. Interesting Facts: * This temple was dedicated to Artemis, the Greek Goddess who was venerated with great passion. At times, it was also referred to as the Temple of Goddess Diana.

* It became a tourist attraction and was visited by merchants, kings and pilgrims who made offerings in money and kind to the goddess. * The temple was severely damaged and destroyed around 270 AD during a raid by the Goth tribe. * Broken pieces of sculpted pillars and marble stones were later shipped and used in construction of Hagia Sophia, the famous mosque and museum located in present day Istanbul, Turkey. Colossus of Rhodes Location: Rhodes island, Dodecanese, Greece (Hellenic Republic) Year of Creation: c. 280 BC Details of Construction: The statue was approximately 30 meters tall and straddled the Mandraki harbor (according to descriptions by many historians), though ancient accounts differ on the size, shape and it's very existence. The statue was mounted on white marble pedestal estimated to be at least 15 meters high. The structure was built using iron tie bars. Brass plates were fixed above the tie bars as the skin of this statue. It is said that much of the metal used to construct the statue was from various weapons left behind by Demetrius's army when they withdrew after a failed invasion. It is believed that, layers of stones had been filled in the hollow structure of the statue's legs up to its knees. This was done to keep the statue stable at all times. As the construction of the statue progressed upwards, the workers employed might have created earthen ramps by piling heaps of mud around the pedestal and the statue. On completion of the statue, these mud layers and ramps might have been cleared off to reveal the beautiful statue. Although this is just a speculation, modern engineers and historians believe it to be the only available technique for constructing such tall and massive structures in ancient times. Interesting Facts: * The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of Greek god Helios and was constructed by Chares of Lindos. * The statue stood for about 56 years, until Rhodes was hit by an earthquake in 226 BC. The statue snapped at its knees and is said to have lain on the ground for as many as 800 years. Even in its fallen state, the statue continued to attract visitors. * In 654 AD, the Arab Muslim caliph Muawiyah captured Rhodes, dismantled the fallen

statue and carried away the bronze and metal scrap back home on approximately 900 camels. Lighthouse at Alexandria Location: Pharos island, off the coast of Alexandria, Egypt Year of Creation: c. 247 BC Details of Construction: The building was square, measuring approximately 8.5 meters on each side and a height of anything between 115 to 135 meters. It was constructed from large blocks of light colored stone and rose in three stages: the lower section was square, the middle was octagonal and the top-most section was cylindrical. The Romans are said to have mounted mirrors on the structure, which reflected sunlight during the day. A fire was lit on top of the structure by night to guide sailing ships. The walls of the lighthouse were strengthened by using molten lead to hold the masonry work. This helped the structure to withstand ravages of the sea. This was possibly the reason why among the original seven wonders of the world, this one survived for several more centuries. Interesting Facts: * Construction of this lighthouse was started by Egypt's first Macedonian ruler Ptolemy and completed by his son during 3rd century BC. * Since the Egyptian coastline was very flat and devoid of any prominent landmarks, it was initially constructed as a landmark indicating the location of the harbor to sailing ships. Many years later (around the 1st century), it was converted into a lighthouse by the Romans. * There are ancient claims that the lighthouse could be seen as far off as 35 miles. * This structure was severely damaged in earthquakes that took place in 1303 and later in 1323. Subsequently, Sultan Qaitbay of Egypt constructed a fortress at the same location, using several large stone remnants of the lighthouse. Several times, the very existence of such wonderful structures in ancient times has been disputed. However, the Pyramids of Giza stand to this day as a testimony and representation of the original seven wonders of the world. They help us have a glimpse at the ancient grandeur and skill of craftsmen who lived during the bygone era. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/original-seven-wonders-of-theworld.html

Seven Wonders of the World There have been many different criteria in choosing wonders of world. The information about the ancient and modern seven wonders of the world is provided in short, in the article below. Ads by Google Pregnancy Allow Pampers to help you though Your Pregnancy online today! www.in.pampers.com The most remarkable or amazing creations by mankind are included in the list of seven wonders of the world. The number 7 is said to symbolize perfection and hence is used to list the wonders. The seven wonders of the ancient times, due to destruction are no longer available for people to see. Thus, the need to find out new wonder may have arisen. The information about both ancient and new seven wonders is provided in the paragraphs below. Seven Ancient Wonders of the World Here is a list of seven ancient wonders of the world. It provides information in short about the oldest seven wonders known as of today. Pyramids of Egypt The three pyramids located in Giza near Cairo are one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. Among the three pyramids, the largest was built in ancient Egypt by a king of the fourth dynasty, called Khufu. Approximate height of the largest pyramid is 450 feet and its construction was completed in 2680 B.C. Temple of Artemis The construction of temple of Artemis had started in 350 B.C. and was built in the honor of Diana, a non-Hellenic goddess. The need to state the word, 'non-Hellenic' arises due to the fact that, the name Diana got associated with a Greek goddess later on. The Temple of Artemis which is located in Ephesis was destroyed by Goths during the invasion in 262 A.D. Colossus of Rhodes The colossus of Rhodes depicts the sun god, Helius and was built by Chares from Rhodes (formerly known as Lindus). This 105 feet statue was destroyed during an earthquake which occurred in 224 B.C. It is said that ships which came to the harbor passed between the legs of this huge statue. The Statue of Zeus The statue was built around 432 B.C. and erected in the Zeus (Jupiter) temple of Olympia. This 39 feet high statue was made of ivory and gold. Wooden frames were used in the construction by the sculptor Phidias who created this statue. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Built around 600 B.C. by Nebuchadnezzar II, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was built

by king Nebuchednezzar in 600 B.C (circa), in an attempt to please his wife, Amytis (also known as Amuhia). The Hanging Gardens which was laid above a vaulted building had the facility of raising water. The height of different terraces on the Hanging Garden varied from 75 to 300 feet. The Pharos of Alexandria The Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria was built in Alexandria, Egypt on an island called Pharos. It was constructed by Soatratus, a Greek architect. Estimates of the height of this building vary between 115 m and 135 m. During an earthquake which occurred in the 13th century building got destroyed. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus This monument was built by Queen Artemisia in the memory of king Mausolus, her husband. The mausoleum at Halicarnassus which is actually a tomb has an approximate height of 45 m. Seven Modern Wonders of the World The modern wonders include 6 new and an ancient world wonder. The Giza Pyramid complex is the only ancient wonder to feature in this list. The remaining 6 wonders are enlisted below. Christ the Redeemer A statue of Jesus Christ located in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, Christ the Redeemer has a height of 39.6 m and is the largest 'Art Deco' statue. The Great Wall of China A series of walls built on the northern border of China, it was constructed and maintained during the period between 5th and 16th century. The Great Wall of China that we see today was constructed in the Ming dynasty. Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China had built a wall, the remains of which are found even today. It was built between 220 B.C. and 206 B.C. Taj Mahal It is a mausoleum built by Shah Jahan a Mughal emperor in the memory of Mumtaz Mahal, his wife. The Taj Mahal is located at Agra, India and was constructed between 1632 A.D. And 1648 A.D. Chichen Itza The word Chichen can be broken into 'chi' and 'ch'e'en', which means 'mouth' and 'well' respectively. Itza is an ethnic group of northern peninsula of Mexico. The name, Chichen Itza thus, translates as, 'at the mouth of well of Itza'. This pyramidal structure was built during the Mayan civilization. Petra A rock city carved in red stone at Jordan by Nabataens, is one of the major tourist attractions. It has been described as a "rose-red city half as old as time". It remained

hidden from the western world till 1812, when Swiss explorer Johann Burckhardt discovered it. UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage". Machu Picchu An archaeological site located at a height of 2,430 m in the Urubamba Valley, Peru, Machu Picchu is 80 km. away from Cuzco. The construction of Machu Picchu started in 1400 A.D. during the Inca civilization, however, the site was abandoned later on. Apart from the ancient and modern wonders, the seven natural wonders of the world include Mount Everest, Victoria Falls, Great Barrier Reef, Harbor of Rio de Janeiro, Paricutin Volcano, Aurora and Grand Canyon. The list of ancient and modern seven wonders of the world presents before us the richness of culture and architecture of our ancestors. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/seven-wonders-of-the-world.html New 7 Wonders: What are the Seven Wonders of the World? Wonders of the world, there are so many of them. No list can comprehend everything. Some of them are man-made and some are natural. And for reasons unknown, people love to club them in the groups of seven. Like me, are you wondering 'what are the seven wonders of the world?'? Let us learn together, what they are and what makes them qualify to the top seven. Ads by Google Latest Lenovo Laptops Powered by 3rd gen Intel Core processors. Starting from Rs.30,990 www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops Centuries ago one man dreamed, designed and constructed a breathtaking monument and then, it went on to become a wonder. Egyptian people building the pyramid, would have never imagined that their work will one day be studied and listed in the wonders of the world, wonders that people will keep wondering about. Funny? May be, but it is a fact. It is tough to imagine how people with minimum tools and equipment could build a pyramid of such a size or a complete village at the height of 8000 ft. Yes, everyone is wondering, that is why may be, man decided to make a list of these wonders, so that, there is something common to wonder about. The history of making lists of 7 wonders of the world goes back to the times of Herodotus (a Greek historian who lived in 5th century BC) and Callimachus (another Greek scholar who lived in or around 3rd century BC). They were the first people, known to have made a list of the wonders, of which, only one remains and that is the Great Pyramid of Giza. Rest of them were destroyed due to natural calamities or some other reasons. There are a number of lists in which man has included the seven wonders of the world. The categorizing criteria these days is different for every one of them. Like, there is a list of ancient world, there is another list dedicated to seven wonders of industrial world, and so on. Like I said, there are so many wonders around us and hence, there has to be so many lists, so as to have some systematic arrangement. Here in this article, let us have a brief look at some of them and a detailed look at 'what are the new seven wonders of the

world?'. New Seven Wonders The list of New 7 Wonders consists of man-made monuments from all over the world. It is a list compiled by a Swiss-based company called 'The New Open World Corporation'. These seven wonders of the world are spread across continents and were selected by people throughout the world using a voting method. The organizers thought that this will promote global harmony, along with increasing people's knowledge about these historical monuments some of which are not in their own continent. The list of the seven wonders, is given below. Chichen Itza The name 'Chichen Itza' means 'At the mouth of the well of Itza'. Here, Itza refers to a political clan of people, who were at their political and economical best in the northern peninsula. Chichen Itza was the political focal point for a long time in the Mayan history. This wondrous monument is located in Yucatan, Mexico. The historical site consists of many stone buildings which are connected by a network of paved roads called Sacbeob. Most of these buildings have been restored and some are still under the process. These buildings have been grouped into sets of architectonic series (based on their architecture). And these sets are believed to be once separated by walls. The three famous sets out of them are, Great North Platform, the Osaario Group and the Central Group. These sets individually consist of various buildings, which are wonders in themselves. Chichen Itza consists of numerous temples, pyramids, and some interesting monuments like Steam Bath and the Great Ball Court. Each of the building had its own importance and was used for some specific purpose. One particular area of Chechen Itza is open to archeologists only, in a way it is still under observation and research. Christ the Redeemer Christ the Redeemer is the statue of Jesus Christ, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is situated at a height of 700 meters on the Carcovado mountain, in the Tijuca forest National Park. It weighs 635 tons and stands at a height of 39.6 meters. It is built of reinforced concrete and soapstone and is the symbol of Christianity, as well as Rio de Janeiro. The construction of a historical monument on Corcovado was suggested first in 1850, then again in 1921. A lot many designs were considered for the religious monument, which included, the representation of the Christian cross and the statue of Jesus with a globe in his hand. The Christ the Redeemer was finalized and the construction began in 1922 and continued till 1931. The cost of construction is estimated to be $250,000. The statue was opened to public on 12th of October, 1931 and in 2007 it became a part of the seven wonders of the world. In February 2008, the statue was struck by lightening, during a storm but was saved because of the outer layer made of soapstone, which acted as an insulator. This particular storm is known to have caused a lot of damage in the city of Rio, but the statue stood unhurt. Colosseum Colosseum, also known as the Roman Coliseum is situated in the city of Rome, Italy.

Coming from such a strong background, it was a really strong contender to be included among the seven wonders of the world. It is an elliptical amphitheater and was originally known as Flavian Amphitheater. It is said to be one of the largest buildings of the Roman empire. Construction of this amphitheater took around 10 years, starting from 70 AD and once ready the Colosseum was used for various public events and fights between gladiators. Gladiatorial fights were the major source of entertainment during those times and the public events consisted of mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, reenactments of famous battles, etc. The amphitheater was capable of seating a total of 50,000 spectators. It is estimated that some 500,000 people and over a million animals died in the events held at Colosseum. In the early medieval era, the building was stopped being used as a place of entertainment and then on, it is believed to have been used for various other purposes. The ancient building now stands partially ruined by earthquakes. Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is a stone wall built from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in the west of China and it stretches over a distance of 8,851.8 kms. This includes manmade walls as well as natural trenches and the natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. This wall was built between 5th century BC and 16th century BC, in order to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from the nomadic tribes. This wall was not built by one particular dynasty. It is the result of the contribution of various dynasties, across various periods of time. Initially, the construction was done using locally available raw materials. That is, the section over the mountains was built using locally available stones. On land, the walls were made using earth or wood, but with the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the walls were made using bricks. Other materials like lime, tiles and stones were also widely used. With the use of bricks the construction is believed to have fastened and the brick walls were more stronger. The wall is now in ruins at most of the places and only a few parts remain in good condition. Parts of it have sustained years of erosion, human attacks, modern-day construction and even graffiti at a lot of places, in order to find a place in the 7 wonders of the world. Machu Picchu Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian Inca site in Cuzco, Peru. It is located at a height of 8,000 feet above the sea level on the crest of the mountain Machu Picchu. The name Machu Picchu means 'Old Peak' and is often referred to as 'The Lost City of the Incas'. Its construction started in AD 1430 and the city was abandoned a hundred years later. It remained hidden from the outside world for hundreds of years, until it was discovered by Hiram Bingham, an American historian in the year 1911. Because of its location, Machu Picchu remained hidden from most of the world, including the Spanish conquerors. But now that it is in the seven wonders list, it is a famous tourist attraction and is visited by people from all across the world. Machu Picchu is believed to have been built at the peak of the Inca empire and is the proof of their royalty and religious beliefs. Incas were basically sun worshipers. Inti in Peruvian means the Sun and hence, it can be easily understood that one of its primary buildings is "The Temple of the Sun". The other main buildings are the Intihuatana and the Room of the Three Windows. Most of the buildings in Machu Picchu are in some or the other way related and dedicated to their God, 'The Sun'. Machu Picchu is on the list of endangered 'World Heritage Sites'. And that is why

tourism in Machu Picchu is of great concern. Scientists believe that more the people, more will be the damage. Petra Petra is located in Arabah, Ma'an Governorate, Jordan, on the slope of Mount Hor. It was constructed by Nabataeans as their capital city and is well-known for its rock cut architecture. It was constructed in 100 BC and surprisingly remained unknown till 1812, when it was discovered by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Petra was made a World Heritage Site in 1985 and in 2007 it qualified to the list of seven wonders. It is believed that inhabitation of Petra began during the 18th dynasty of Egypt. It grew economically and politically because of its important location on the trade routes. Petra's geography gave it a fortress like protection and it remained protected for ages. The people of Petra are known to have conserved water using dams and hence, enabling the city to grow exponentially. It is believed that the people of Petra stored water for the droughts and had created an artificial oasis. The downfall of Petra began under the Roman empire. The basic reason being the change of trade routes. Most of the Petra was destroyed by earthquakes, which damaged buildings and fractured the lifeline of Petra; the water management system. Taj Mahal Taj Mahal famously known as the 'Symbol of Love' is a mausoleum, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is located in Agra, India. Taj Mahal's construction began around 1632 and it took around 21 years to be completed. It was constructed according to the Mughal architecture, which is a combination of Persian, Indian and Islamic architectural styles. The mausoleum was built solely in marble, while other buildings in the complex were made of red stone. For the decoration purposes, 28 types of precious and semi precious stones were used and the raw material is believed to be ordered from as far as Afghanistan in the North and Sri Lanka in the South. It is said that nearly 20,000 workers were employed from all across the country for the construction work. These included, skilled artisans, carvers, sculptors and stone cutters of excellent rapport. All in all, 37 people formed the creative unit of the project. Some of them were from foreign countries too. The approximate cost of construction is estimated to some 32 million rupees (Indian currency). It is considered as one of the master pieces of Mughal Empire and attracts tourism from all over the world. Statistics suggest that approximately 2 to 4 million people visit Taj Mahal annually. These were the 'New 7 Wonders of the World'. Now, let us have a look at one other wonder that needs to be mentioned and has been considered as the honorary candidate, just because it is the last surviving wonder of the ancient 7 wonders of the world. It has been chosen in order to honor its sustainability of natural and human tortures, equally. Giza Pyramid Complex Giza Pyramid Complex also known as Giza Necropolis, consists of three pyramids, which are known as the Great pyramids and one huge sculpture called Sphynx. This is the last remaining monument of the ancient wonders. This complex is situated some 25 kms southwest to the city of Cairo and some 8 kms from the ancient city of Giza. The three

pyramids found in this complex are of different sizes. The biggest of them is known as the Great Pyramid of Giza or the Pyramid of Chepos or the Pyramid of Khufu. The one smaller to this is called Pyramid of Khafre or the Pyramid of Chephren and the smallest is known as the Pyramid of Menkuare. These three pyramids are surrounded by some very smaller structures, which are known as queen pyramids, causeways or valley pyramids. The Sphinx is situated at the eastern side of the complex. These pyramids are believed to have been constructed in and around 25th century BC, by an army of some 35,000 skilled and non skilled laborers. It is said that the Pyramid Of Khufu itself took some 20 years to be built and it's the tomb of the Fourth dynasty Egyptian King Khufu. The workers who worked night and day, were slaves or not, is still a debated concept. Most believe they were and many researchers believe they were not. Not going into this debate, one interesting thing to note is that the researchers/archeologists working on Egyptian history are known as Egyptologists and the study is known as Egyptology. Some other lists worth mentioning are: Seven Wonders of the Ancient World * Great Pyramid of Giza * Hanging Gardens of Babylon * Statue of Zeus at Olympia * Temple of Artemis at Ephesus * Mausoleum of Maussolos at Halicarnassus * Colossus of Rhodes * Lighthouse of Alexandria Seven Wonders of the Medieval World * Stonehenge * Colosseum * Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa * Great Wall of China * Porcelain Tower of Nanjing * Hagia Sophia * Leaning Tower of Pisa Seven Wonders of the Modern world * Channel Tunnel * CN Tower * Empire State Building * Golden Gate Bridge * Itaipu Dam * Delta Works/Zuiderzee Works * Panama Canal

Listing all the wonders of the world is nearly impossible. I can go on and on and on, on this topic, thanks to man and his wondering. But with this article, I am hoping I have sufficiently answered your query. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/new-7wonders-what-are-the-sevenwonders-of-the-world.html Shrubs and Bushes Identification Have you become interested in gardening? Then here are some handy tips and various common shrubs chart, that will help in shrubs and bushes identification... Ads by Google Latest Lenovo Laptops Powered by 3rd gen Intel Core processors. Starting from Rs.30,990 www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops Different shrubs and bushes are used for different purposes. Most popular are evergreen bushes, which provide a green foliage throughout the year. Then there are deciduous shrubs and bushes which provide a great fall foliage, which makes them popular among cultivars. Then there are everyone's favorite the flowering plant bushes, which produce beautiful blooms of various colors during the spring and fill up the garden with beautiful fragrance. Certain flowering bushes, produce cherries throughout a season, which adds up to their value. Also, some people like to plant tree shrubs in their landscapes. If you want to learn how to distinguish between these shrubs and bushes, then here are various shrubs and bushes identification chart and tips that will help. Chart for Identification of Shrubs and Bushes Carrying a hand book, some pencils, a camera and importantly a good horticulture guidebook with you, can greatly help you while trying to identify the various shrubs and bushes. This way you can take pictures, carry leaves of a certain bush with you for identification, and study these species of plant even at home. Here is a chart of the common shrubs and bushes, which you can refer to for identifying shrubs and bushes. To view the images better, click on the thumbnail pictures to open larger pictures. Common Name Scientific Name Attributes Picture White Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii 'Alba' This bush grows 5 feet tall and 5 feet wide. It shows panicles of fragrant white flowers that have orange ends on the branches from the mid summer till mid of fall. It has grayish green foliage throughout the season, and has fuzzy narrow leaves. This bush attracts butterflies. White Butterfly Bush Thumbnail Purple Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii These bushes get beautiful purple blooms, and have dark gray-green leaves which are large. The flower heads are of 6-8" with beautiful fragrance, these bushes attract butterflies, hummingbirds and other beneficial insects. Purple Butterfly Bush Thumbnail Red Twig Dogwood Cornus alba 'Elegantissima.' This bush grows to a height of 8', and 8' width. It bears variegated leaves, which are greenish gray with a white edge, and has small white flowers which together form a flat cluster. The flowers then transform into berries which are white with hints of blue and green. During fall, it will get a rose or gold

foliage. Red Twig Dogwood Thumbnail Common White Lilac Syringa Vulgaris Lilac bush is a beautiful and fragrant deciduous shrub, and can be used as a hedge. It gets white flowers in clusters and has dark green leaves which are heart-shaped. Common White Lilac Thumbnail Aphrodite Rose of Sharon Hibiscus syriacus This is a deciduous shrub, which has a green foliage and long-lasting flowers which can be rosy-pink in color. It grows to a height of 10 feet tall and 6 feet wide. It's funnel-shaped blooms resemble tropical hibiscus plant. Aphrodite Rose of Sharon Thumbnail Daphne Laurel Daphne laureola This evergreen shrub forms a plant, which looks like a small tree of 2-4 feet tall. It's leaves are densely whorled near the top of the stem, and are very dark green, shiny and smooth. The twigs have a stout odor when they are cut, and the flowers are small and grow in clusters of 2-10. Daphne Thumbnail Mountain Laurel Kalmia latifolia For mountain laurel shrub identification, remember these attributes. This shrub is a broad leaf evergreen, which has deep green glossy leaves. During spring the shrub displays small pink and white flowers. Mountain Laurel Thumbnail Boxwood Buxus sempervirens Boxwood shrubs are common bushes used for landscaping. They have tiny foliage and a dense texture, which makes it good as a landscape plant. It can be pruned into any desired shape. Boxwood Thumbnail Black Chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa Michx. This is a woody shrub, which grows 3-6' high with the same width. This shrub gets shiny pendulous clusters of black berries, and has lustrous green leaves, and the flowers are white-pink in color, which grow in loose clusters. Black Chokeberry Thumbnail Burning Bush Euonymus alata Burning bush is hard to miss plant, as it gets bright red foliage during the autumn. It also bears reddish-orange berries during autumn. It can grow over 15 feet tall, and so needs to be pruned regularly. Burning Bush Thumbnail Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii This is a dense deciduous shrub, that has deeply grooved brown, spiny branches which have a single spine at each shoot note. The leaves of this shrub are oval-shaped and very small, and the flowers are pale yellow, which produce edible glossy bright red berries, that contain a single seed. Japanese Barberry Thumbnail Red Rum Honeysuckle Lonicera maackii This is a deciduous shrub which grows to a height of 8-12'. It produces lots of white flowers which mature to yellow followed by bright red fruits throughout the winter. Red Rum Honeysuckle Thumbnail Common Spice Bush Lindera benzoin This is a 5-20 feet tall shrub which is a native to the laurel family. It has smooth-edged, oval and pointed alternate leaves which are oblong. It gets red berries, and when you crush the twigs or any part of this bush you will get a lemony-spicy smell. Spice Bush Thumbnail Variegated Yucca Yucca filamentosa This plant has greenish-blue leaves, which have white margins. During winter, the leaves get a tinge of pink. This evergreen shrub is slow-growing and forms massive tufts of foliage up to 30 inches, and it gets large white flowers which are edible. Variegated Yucca Thumbnail Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia This is one of the longest blooming tree, which grows as

short as 18 inches and as tall as 40 feet. It has smooth alternate leaves, and the flowers in summer are big showy cluster of pink, purple, lavender or red color. The fruits followed by the flowers are of brown or black color. Crape Myrtle Thumbnail Redosier Dogwood Cornus sericea This species of dogwood, is a deciduous shrub, which grows 1.5-4 m tall, and 3-5 m wide. It branches and twigs are dark red, and the dark green leaves are opposite, and ovate to oblong shape. The flowers are small dull white, and appear in clusters, which are followed by white berries. Redosier Dogwood Thumbnail Hydrangea Hydrangea These are beautiful flowering plants, which get white, blue, pink, etc. colors of flowers in attractive clusters. These are small shrubs, which have large dark green leaves which are pointed. Hydrangea Thumbnail Privet Ligustrum Vulgare This plant makes excellent tall and sound barriers, and has thick foliage which is dark green. It is a fast growing plant, and gets tiny white flowers. Privet Thumbnail Viburnums Viburnums There are many species of viburnum, and the foliage can be rounded, lance-shaped or toothed, it can be velvety smooth or rough in texture. The flowers of viburnum shrubs are mostly white or pink in color, and often are fragrant. Leatherleaf Viburnum Thumbnail Leatherleaf Viburnum Viburnum rhytidophyllum These are large shrubs which can reach 10 feet height, and spread 6 feet or more. They have leathery leaves which are dark lustrous green, and are fuzzy gray below. These leaves droop limply from the stems. During late spring clusters of tiny white flowers can be seen, which are followed by oval red berries. Viburnums Thumbnail Azalea Azaleas These are flowering plants, which bloom in spring with big pinkish-white flowers. The plant has long bright green leaves, which are slender. Azalea Thumbnail Identification of Evergreen Shrubs and Bushes Given above chart shows various shrubs and bushes and their attributes. The first sign in evergreen shrub identification is that evergreen shrubs retain their leaves throughout the year. First scrutinize the leaves of the plant, conifers have needles or scales. Measure the length of the conifer needles, look at how many needles make a bundle. To check for angiosperms flowering plants, look at the configuration of the leaves along the branch. Check if they are paired oppositely, or alternate on the either side. Also, check how is the shape of the leaves, is origination from a single node. Is the shape of the leaf oblong, triangular, circular or lance like? Rhododendron's plant has more bulbous, darker and rubbery leaves. Also, checking the bark can give you some hint, such as mountain laurel has a reddish-brown trunk, while of odorless bayberry is pale or white, the texture of mountain laurel is scaly while that of bayberry is smooth. Checking height can also give you some clues. Looking at the reproductive features can also give you some hints, flowers and seed are often flashy of evergreen shrubs and bushes. Identification of Flowering Shrubs and Bushes There are various types of flowering plants, here are some hints on guessing some of the

popular flowering bushes. To identify butterfly bushes, check the butterflies flock. This is a small bush which has colorful flowers which bloom in cone shape flowers. Azaleas get vibrant clusters of flowers, and the foliage stays green all the year. The flowers are tube like and come in variety of colors. Lilac bushes get fragrant purple, red or white colored flowers, which bloom during spring. The flowers are small in shape and bloom in clusters. Tree Shrubs Identification To identify tree shrubs you need time and experience, here are some tips that will help you to spot difference between deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and bushes. You can consider getting a horticulture guidebook, and look at the various tree shrubs and bushes pictures, to see if you can match the shrub which have in front of you with the one present in the guidebook. This will make the job of identifying different types of evergreen shrubs and deciduous shrubs easier. Examine the leaves of the shrub, the deciduous shrubs lose their leaves during the fall, and many species can be identified due to their distinct leaf shape and color of the foliage. Evergreen trees leaves don't change color, and can be of different shapes like start shaped, elongated, oval or obtuse. Check out the flowers, many shrubs during spring produce variety of colors. Smell the leaves, certain trees have a specific scent like that of eucalyptus and cedar tree. So, remember the above tips visit gardens, local nurseries, shrubs and bushes for sale stores, and other landscapes where you can see various types of shrubs and bushes, and look at them closely to identify them. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/shrubs-and-bushesidentification.html

Sign Languages Sign language is necessarily a non-verbal language used for some special reason or with special purpose. This language, like any other language, requires a good understanding before one could use it. Sign languages generally evolve in the deaf communities whose people are unable to communicate through speech as if the common people do. They use a combination of hand shapes, incorporate gestures and move their hands and body to evince their ideas fluently. In the earlier days, deaf people and people who could barely hear used visual prompts to communicate to their folks. As these people grew larger in number, they found ways to build a good vocabulary by normalizing the signs and symbols. However, there are numerous sign languages and people in different regions have a unique grammar of their own. Nevertheless, the interesting fact is that when people from different regions using different ones get to meet, they could very easily communicate unlike the languages we speak.

American Sign Language (ASL) The American Sign Language is predominantly used in more than ten countries of the world including Zimbabwe, Kenya, Malaysia, Madagascar, Mauritania, not to mention the United States, Mexico and parts of Canada. There are schools widely spread in parts these countries that offer classes on ASL. More than 1 million people are estimated to have adopted ASL in the States alone. In ASL, most of the signs are represented visually, which resembles the idea behind each sign. For instance, to express the idea of a 'snake', the palm of the hand is bent to represent the head of a snake when it is in a striking position. Basic actions, such as to eat, to sleep and to drink are conveyed through hand signals. As far as ongoing actions are concerned, the sign for the very word is represented twice in succession. Baby Sign Language Baby sign language is an effective tool to impart skills to the child and to improve their communication abilities. This language can be taught to the children when they are only six months old. Babies can learn a handful of words at the beginning. As the child gets used to this sign language it becomes eager to learn new words. However, parents are more interested teaching their children to express the basic needs such as to eat, to drink and on things that they find their child is interested in. Ironically, there is a myth that if child is used to sign language, its speaking abilities tend to retard. However, scientists have proved that young ones who are used to it had more skills in grasping new languages that involve speaking compared to other children who were not taught. Etiquette During a sign language conversation, the listener is expected to wait till the speaker is done making his/her gestures. Upon his completion of a statement, the speaker would look at the listener indicating the latter has to respond. In contrast, if the speaker looks away from the listener, it means that he/she has still something to convey and will do so in a while. There are situations in which the speaker might be a deaf person whereas the listener is not. In such places, the listener must be patient enough to grab what the speaker means and respond in a polite and understandable way. Ignoring the speaker intentionally or unintentionally might be offensive to the speake Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/sign-languages.html Learn Sign Language All the alphabets in the sign language are mentioned here. Have a look... Ads by Google New Lenovo Laptops w/ 3rd gen Intel Core processors & latest features. Know more now www.lenovo.com/in/Laptops Sign language is rich, natural, visual-gestural-spatial language. It has been highly developed by fluent Signers in the past centuries. This is the 3rd most used language in the U.S. In this, manual communication, body language and lip patterns are used rather than sound to transmit the meaning. Hand shapes are combined, orientation and

movements of the hands, arms and body and facial expressions to express correctly a speaker's thoughts. Sign languages generally develop in deaf communities. These can include interpreters, friends and families of deaf people and those who are deaf or hard of hearing themselves. Learning sign language A indicated by a fist with all fingers folded against the palm, thumb is straight and alongside the index finger. B indicated by all fingers are straight and thumb is folded across palm. C indicated by all fingers are partially folded, thumb is partially folded and hand is turned slightly to the left so viewer can see backward "C" shape formed by thumb and index finger. D indicated by middle, ring and little fingers are partially folded, tip of thumb is touching tip of middle finger, index finger is straight and hand is turned slightly so viewer can see "d" shape formed by thumb, middle and index fingers. E indicated by thumb is folded across in front of palm but not touching it, all fingers are partially folded with the tips of index, middle and ring fingers touching the thumb between the knuckle and the tip. F indicated by tip of index finger is touching tip of thumb and middle, ring and little fingers are straight and slightly spread. G indicated by middle, ring and little fingers are folded down across the palm, thumb is straight but pulled in so that it is in front of the index finger. The index finger is maintained in a straight position. It points forwards slightly in such a way that it is parallel to the thumb. The thumb and index finger do not touch each other. The entire hand is moved towards the left and turned slightly in such a way that the thumb and index finger are in the direction of the viewer and pointed at about 45 degrees. H indicated by ring and little finger are folded down, thumb is folded over ring and little finger, index finger and middle finger are straight and together and the hand is tilted over so that the fingers are horizontal and pointing to the left. I indicated by index, middle and ring fingers are folded down, thumb is folded across index, middle and ring fingers and little finger is straight. J indicated by index, middle and ring fingers are folded down, thumb is folded across index, middle and ring fingers and little finger is straight. The hand is arranged so that little finger draws a "J" shape. The hand rotates towards the right. K indicated by ring and little fingers are folded down and index and middle finger are straight and slightly spread. Thumb is kept straight and points towards the middle finger. L indicated by middle, ring and little finger are folded down over palm and index finger and thumb are straight. Thumb sticks out sideways at an angle of 90 degrees to the index finger so as to form "L" shape. M indicated by little finger is folded and thumb is folded across to touch little finger. Index, middle and ring fingers are folded so that they are over the thumb. N indicated by little and ring finger are folded. Thumb is crossed across ring and little finger. Index finger and middle finger are placed downwards over the thumb. O indicated by all fingers are partially folded. Thumb is folded and simultaneously the tip of thumb touches tip of index finger. The hand is turned slightly so viewer can see "O" shape formed by thumb and index finger.

P indicated by ring and little finger are folded down and index finger is straight. Middle finger is straight but pointing forward in such a way that it is at 90 degrees to index finger. Tip of thumb touches the middle of the middle finger. Hand is turned to the left and twisted over so that the index finger is horizontal and middle finger is pointing down. The middle finger and thumb form a "P" shape. Q indicated by ring and little fingers are folded down across palm. The thumb is placed straight. However, it is pulled so that it is in front of the index finger. The index finger is straight and pointing forwards slightly in such a way that it is parallel to the thumb. The index finger and thumb do not touch each other. The middle finger is bent downwards and moves across towards the right of the thumb. The whole hand is turned towards the left and tilted so the thumb and index finger are towards the viewer and pointing nearly downwards. R indicated by ring and little finger folded against the palm, held down by thumb, index and middle finger are straight and crossed, index finger in front. S indicated by clenched fist and all fingers folded tightly into palm. Thumb is placed across the index and middle fingers. T indicated by middle, ring and little fingers folded down across palm. Thumb is crossed across the middle finger. Index finger is placed above the thumb. U indicated by ring and little finger folded against the palm and held down by thumb, index and middle finger are straight and together. V indicated by ring and little finger folded against the palm, held down by thumb, index and middle finger are straight and spread to form a "V" shape. W indicated by tip of little finger touching tip of thumb. Index, middle and ring fingers are maintanied in a straight position and slightly spread. X indicated by middle, ring and little fingers folded down. Index finger is kept bent at both the joints. Thumb is pulled inwards and slightly bent near the joint. The hand is turned to the left so thumb and index finger can be seen. Y indicated by index, middle and ring fingers folded against palm. Little finger and thumb are kept straight and widespread in both directions. Z indicated by middle, ring and little fingers folded. Thumb is kept overlapped across middle and ring fingers. The index finger is maintained in a straight position. The hand is moved in such a way that the tip of index finger makes a "Z" shape. Appreciation of communication * This is a natural, rich, 4-dimensional, unique, graceful and beautiful language. * It is a good efficient gestural communication for professional civic servants like scuba drivers, police officers, firefighters and other professionals. * It becomes possible to communicate with animals like apes, dogs and others or entertain the guests with intelligent animals comprehension of language. * The communication becomes holistic. * It becomes possible to communicate with a baby before they can speak and boost intelligent advance. * Being a bilingual or trilingual enhances the cognitive processes. * It becomes possible to efficiently talk to other people with special needs like autism or communication problems or use signs when temporarily unable to vocally speak in

hospitals. * It is possible to ensure that nobody can overhear through doors or whisper in signs in a library or church or have lively talk in noisy bars and discos. Benefits * When a deaf student has a strong foundation in American Sign Language, the capacity to develop English literacy skills improves. * The child has a sense of cultural identity that enables them to make a good relationship with other individuals. * It is possible for many deaf students to be literate in both languages and they need to work with knowledgeable and skilled professionals. * There is a greater self-esteem and curiosity of the world. Both of these would enrich the student academically and socially. American manual alphabet The American manual alphabet increases the vocabulary of American Sign Language when spelling individual letters of a word is the preferred or only option like with proper names or the titles of works. Letters have to be signed with the dominant hand and in a majority of cases with palm facing the viewer. The ASL alphabet is based on an old Spanish manual alphabet which originates at least in the seventeenth century. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/learn-sign-language.html

How Does the Skeletal System Work Ever wondered how we manage to move around? How, one minute we can stretch and the next minute curl up into a tight ball? What provides the framework to our organs, muscles? All this is done by the human skeletal system. If you want to know how this skeletal system works, read on... Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core www.Dell.Com/Business/Laptops The human skeletal system is a complex structure that is not just a solid frame. The bones are actually living, calciferous structures which work in coordination with other major systems like the muscular system, circulatory system and many other systems, to help our body to function efficiently. The bones have a hollow shaft down the middle which consists of a substance called bone marrow, which is basically an important energy source for our body. One of the main functions of the skeletal system is to provide a framework to our bodies, without which we would be a heap of skin, organs, blood vessels etc. The main skeletal system is divided into two parts: The Axial Skeleton This part consists of 80 bones. It is further divided into:

* Skull * Spinal Cord (The Vertebral Column) * Rib Cage The Appendicular Skeleton This part consists of 126 bones. It is further divided into: * Upper Extremity: This is made up of the pectoral girdle (scapula and shoulder) and the upper limbs (hands, forearms, elbows and arms). * Lower Extremity: This is made up of the pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx and hip bone) and the lower limbs (thighs, knees, legs, ankles, toes). Working of the Skeletal System Coordination with Circulatory System The circulatory system transports blood, with the help of blood vessels, to all the parts of the body, right from your head to your toes. The main constituents of blood Hematocytes, i.e Red and White Blood Cells are produced by the Bone Marrow. The bone marrow is located in the hollow shaft of the bone. The newly formed marrow is red, whereas the older marrow is yellow in color. The bone marrow produces approximately 2.6 million hematocytes per second! If the marrow stops the production of these blood cells, we wouldn't be able to survive for long, since the white blood cells account for the body's immunity to various diseases. In the absence of these white blood cells, even a common cold could assume gigantic proportions and prove fatal. This marrow is also one of the main sources of energy for our body. Thus, the circulatory system will not have any cells to circulate if the bone stops making hematocytes. Coordination with Muscular System The main work of the human skeletal system, along with the muscular system, is to provide movement. The skeletal system is mainly made up of calcified bones and a softer mass called cartilage, and is connected to the muscles by tendons. When the bone has to move, the muscle attached to it contracts or releases, thus causing the bone attached to it, to move. The muscles by themselves cannot cause any movement. They need the help of the skeleton to do so. The cartilage also helps in the smooth movements of joints without causing too much wear and tear. The cartilage forms a padding/layer between the bones of a joint, so that they can move comfortably without too much friction. The cartilage can wear away or thin down over a period of time, due to friction caused by excessive use of the joint. The skeleton provides the basic framework for the body and also controls the growth of our body. Osteoblasts, which are growth cells, release proteins when the bone moves, in response to the contraction or expansion of muscles, resulting in growth. Coordination with Other Systems The skeletal system is a store of calcium and phosphorous. It replenishes these minerals

in the blood when their supply is depleted. Also, when there are build-ups of these minerals, the bones absorb the excess minerals, thus, maintaining the balance of mineral levels in blood. The skeletal system also protects all the organs in the body with the help of the other systems. It is a strong system capable of withstanding most impacts from accidents without causing injury to the organs encased in them. It protects the fragile lungs, and the very crucial brain and heart. Nutrient canals are tiny openings through which the nerves pass in and out of the bones. They supply the bone tissue with oxygen and nutrients. Bones also have the ability to regenerate and heal themselves when they break. Bone cells are also responsible for the release of osteocalcin hormone, which regulates fat deposition and glucose levels. Since the skeletal system is very important, it is best to take care of it and keep it strong by replenishing the calcium levels in the body. Exercising is another good method of strengthening this system. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-does-the-skeletal-systemwork.html Skeletal System Diseases and Disorders The article presents before us, few of the common skeletal system diseases and disorders. Apart from fractures and arthritis, many disorders and diseases affect the skeletal system. Here is a short account of different skeletal problems. Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core www.Dell.Com/Business/Laptops Skeletal system being the framework of our body, any problem affecting it can bring about great changes in the functioning of our body systems. The skeletal system diseases and disorders are mainly characterized by pain, inflammation and other such problems. Information given below should help in becoming aware of few such problems. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System The problems like arthritis, osteoporosis and physical injuries in the form of fractures are commonly observed problems. However, there are many other diseases and disorders associated to skeletal system. Osteoporosis: In this skeletal system disease, the bone tissue is lost. Calcium from cancellous bones is lost and therefore, becomes thinner. Such a problem in bones due to osteoporosis results into increase in chances of bone fractures. Technically speaking, Bone Mineral Density (BMD) reduces in this problem. Arthritis: In this disorder of skeletal system, joints of bones get damaged. The swelling & reddening of skin, joint pain and restricted bone movements are the commonly observed symptoms of arthritis. More than 200 diseases are included in the list of causes of arthritis. In one of the types of arthritis, i.e. osteoarthritis, wear and tear of the articulatory

cartilage takes place. Rheumatoid arthritis is a condition in which swelling of joints is observed and pain is experienced. Gout: The condition of gout results from disturbances in the metabolism process which causes uric acid imbalances in the body. Salts and uric acid produced in excess amount get deposited in between the joints. Gouty arthritis attacks, urate deposition in cartilage, chronic joint destruction are few of the problems experienced by patients of gout. Scoliosis: In this disorder of skeletal system, the spinal cord gets deviated sideways. The acquired abnormalities of vertebrae, nerves and muscles result into scoliosis. Surgical correction, osteoctomy or fusion is used in dealing with the problem. Lordosis: It is the inward curvature of spinal cord. Curvature in cervical and lumbar regions is commonly observed. The different causes of lordosis include diseases of spinal muscles & vertebrae and faulty posture. Kyphosis is a condition similar to lordosis in which the spine curves outward. Fracture: A physical injury which affects the bones is termed as fracture. The different types of bone fractures along with their descriptions are enlisted below. * Simple Fracture: In this form of fracture, the bone breaks without causing any damage/cuts in the overlying skin. * Compound Fracture: In this type of fracture, the skin which lies over the fractured bone is ruptured by this very bone. * Impacted Fracture: The impacted fracture is one in which broken bones get driven into each other. * Greenstick: The greenstick fracture of bones, in most cases takes place in children. The outer cortex of bones is not damaged and just the inner bone breaks in this type of fracture. Osteomyelitis: It is a form of bone infection which has two main causes. An infectious agent which is blood-borne causes osteomyelitis in most cases. A secondary infection may be the other cause of osteomyelitis. Such infections result from penetration of skin by fractures. Staphylococcus aureus is the causal organism of osteomyelitis in most cases. Bone tenderness of a high degree is an important symptom of osteomyelitis; the other symptoms being difficulty in limb movement, fever and loss of appetite. List of Skeletal Problems The list presented below, includes names of different diseases and disorders related to skeletal system, left out in the paragraphs above. * Neoplasm * Osteopenia * Bursitis * Leukemia

* Metabolic bone disease * Ewing's Sarcoma * Skeletal Dysplasias * Bone Cancer * Slipped Epiphysis * Coxa Vara * Osteomalacia * Legg-Perthes' Disease * Paget's Disease * Osteosarcoma * Osteogenesis Imperfects The important skeletal system diseases and disorders are dealt in this article. Many of the skeletal disorders are not included in this list. However, those presented above are observed commonly. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/skeletal-system-diseases-anddisorders.html

Labeled Human Skeleton Diagram Are you looking for a labeled human skeleton diagram with a description on the various bones in the body? The following article will help you learn more in detail about the bones. Ads by Google Dell Business Laptops Dell Business Laptops w/ Intel Core. Shop Dell Online www.Dell.Com/Business/Desktops It is a common fact that the human body consists of 206 bones. But do you know what are the names of the major bones that make up the human skeleton? We know the common names of bones like the knee cap, shin bone, collarbone, but do you know what are the medical terms for these bones used by doctors? The doctor might say, this is a minor fracture of the ulna or dislocation of the carpal bones. Do you have any idea what is he referring to? If not, then the following diagram will prove to be very useful. The human skeletal system functions include providing the body with structure, flexibility and protection. It also helps in production of red blood cells and white blood cells. It is also a storehouse of minerals and fat tissues. The skeletal system is able to grow very quickly and can adapt to the movement patterns of the body. Therefore, people who are involved in sports and other physical activities have their skeletal system adapting to the various physical movement of the athletes and becomes stronger with every workout. Bones are mostly confused as dead cells, but the human body skeleton consists of living cells, blood vessels and nerves. The point where two bones meet results in a joint that helps in the movement of the body. The muscles and ligaments are attached to the bones. The contraction and relaxation of the muscles and ligaments along with the joints result

in movement of the body. The contraction of muscles and the bones to which they are attached, act as levers. Skeleton Diagram with Labels This skeleton diagram for kids will help explain the different bones of the human body clearly. labeled skeleton diagram Main Bones of the Human Skeletal System Cranium The cranium is a skull bone that covers the brain, as seen in the skeleton diagram with labels given below. The facial bones are not a part of the cranium. The bones that are just above the ear or in front of the ear are known as temporal bones. Stapes Srapes is the smallest and the lightest bone in the human body. It is stirrup-shaped bone found in the middle ear. It helps in transmitting the sound to the inner ear membrane. Facial Bones There are 12 facial bones that form a part of the human skull. These bones include inferior nasal concha (2), lacrimal bones (2), mandible, maxilla, nasal bones (2), palatine bone, vomer and zygomatic bones (2). Mandible The mandible is the jawbone and one of the strongest and the largest bones of the facial skeletal system. You are born with a mandible which is divided into two separate halves. As you grow, the median plane of symphysis of fibrous tissue help joining the mandible into one. Vertebrae The vertebrae consists of the various bones of the spinal cord, which you can observe in the skeleton diagram. The vertebrae includes the cervical vertebrae of the neck, the thoracic vertebrae that is the point of attachment for ribs. It also consists of the lumbar vertebrae that includes the vertebrae of the lower back, the sacrum, that is, the five fused vertebral bones that are joined to the pelvis. The end point of the vertebrae column is the coccyx. It consists of four fused vertebrae that makes the tail bone. Ribs The twelve pairs of ribs form a cage like structure, which you can observe in the skeleton diagram with labels. It helps in protecting the chest cavity and the major organs like lungs and heart. Sternum The sternum or breast bone is divided into three parts. The manubrium, body of sternum

and xiphoid process. Of the twelve pairs of ribs, the first seven pairs are connected to the sternum through the costal cartilages. Clavicle The clavicle or the collarbone runs horizontally from the base of the neck to the shoulder. The main function of the clavicle is to support the shoulder and provide mobility to the arm. It also helps in partly transferring the weight to the shoulder. Scapula The scapula or shoulder blade is a large flattened, triangular-shaped bone. It is located in the posterolateral part of the thorax. The shoulder bone is thin, fragile and can be easily broken. Humerus The longest and the robust bone of the arm as observed in the following labeled diagram is called the humerus. It is a cylindrical shaft-like bone that has a flattened distal end and a rounded articular surface on the proximal end. Ulna The ulna is the median bone in the forearm that runs parallel to the radius. On the proximal end, it has a hook-like articular surface. The distill end consists of a rounded head and a styloid process. Radius The radius along with ulna makes up the bones of the forearm. These bones articulate with the humerus at the proximal end and the wrist bones at the distal end. The radius is the lateral bone of the forearm. Carpals The 7 bones of the wrist are called carpals. There are eight small bones that are present at the distal end of the radius and ulna. Metacarpals The five metacarpals are bones that make up the palm bones present between the distal row of the carpal bones and the proximal phalanges. Phalanges The fourteen bones that make up the fingers and toes are called phalanges. There are three phalanges in each finger and two in the thumb. They are called the distal phalanx, the middle phalanx and the proximal phalanx. Coxa The medical term for anatomical region or joint in the hip region is called coxa or hip. The hip region is present in the buttock region and is inferior to the iliac crest and overlies the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. The ilium is the big bone of the hip, the ischium is the bone on which one sits and the pubis forms the lower frontal hip bone as

seen in the diagram. Femur The longest and the strongest bone in the human skeletal system as you can observe in the following labeled skeleton of the human body. The femur or the thigh bone is closest to the body. It is a part of the hip and the knee. Patella The patella or the knee cap is the thick triangular bone of the knee. It articulates with the femur and covers the knee joint to protect it. It is the largest sesamoid bone of the human skeletal system. Tibia The shinbone or tibia is the larger and stronger of the two bones that make up the bones of the leg below the knee joint as observed in the following labeled skeleton of the human body. The word 'tibia' in Greek means flute. Fibula The calf bone or fibula is the smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg. It is placed laterally to tibia and is the most slender of all the long bones. Tarsus The tarsus or heel bone consist of 7 bones that make up the posterior part of the foot, that is present between the tibia, fibula and metatarsals. The tarsus and tibia and fibula joint is commonly known as the ankle joint. Metatarsus The five long bones of the foot are called the metatarsus. They are located between the tarsal bones and the phalanges of the toes. Phalanges of the Foot There are two phalanges in the great toe and three in the other toes. This was a short description of the various bones of the human skeletal system. You can explain the various bones of the body to children with the preceding skeleton diagram for kids. You can even download the following blank skeleton diagram to label, which will prove useful for students learning about the human skeletal system. Just print the following blank skeleton diagram to label. Blank Skeleton Diagram to Label blank skeleton diagram to label I hope you have discovered how bones make a huge difference in our overall functioning and existence with the help of this article.

Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/labeled-human-skeletondiagram.html

ntroduction to Human Skeletal System The human skeletal system is a framework that gives proper shape and provides protection to the body. For an overview of the human skeletal system, read on... Ads by Google Get Dell Latitude Laptop View our Latitude Range w/ Intel Core Buy Direct from Dell. www.Dell.Com/Business/Notebooks Imagine a building without its steel framework. It would just be a mass of cement. Similarly, the human body without a skeletal system, will just be a bag of muscles, without any shape or structure. The human skeletal system is made up of different types of bones and joints. Here's a brief introduction to the human skeletal system is given below. Formation of Human Skeletal System The process by which bones are formed is called ossification. Ossification is a life-long process. There are two types of ossification: Endochronal Ossification: When the fetus is in the early phase of development, it has a skeleton made up of cartilages. These cartilages develop gradually into bones, by the process of endochronal ossification. Bones like femur (thigh bone) are formed from this process. Intramembranous Ossification: Here, bones are formed from a connective bone tissue made of cells called mesenchyme cells. Skulls bones are formed by this process. Organization of Human Skeletal System The human skeletal system is perpendicularly symmetrical in nature. It consists of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones. The main function of the axial skeleton is the protection of organs, like heart, brain and lungs and maintaining the upright position of the body. 633 skeletal muscles act on the axial skeleton. The following table gives information about the organization of the axial skeleton. Name of the Group of Bones Total Number of Bones Vertebral column 26 Thoracic cage 12 pairs of ribs Sternum 1 Skull 29 Appendicular Skeleton

It is made up of 126 bones and is attached to the axial skeleton. It protects the organs involved in reproduction, excretion and digestion. Body movements are possible because of these bones. The following table gives brief information about the organization of the appendicular skeleton. Name of the Group of Bones Total Number of Bones Pectoral girdles (Shoulder portion) 4 Upper limbs (Arms) 60 Pelvic girdle (Hip portion) 2 Lower limbs (Legs) 60 Functions of Human Skeletal System An introduction to human skeletal system will be incomplete without a description of its functions. These functions are listed below. Support: The human skeletal system gives proper shape to the body. It is a framework that supports body organs and muscles. Body Movements: The joints present between different bones allow body movements. Producing Stem Cells: Stem cells are produced in the bone marrow, which is a part of the skeleton. These stem cells further develop into RBCs, WBCs and platelets. Storage of Calcium and Iron: Bones can store calcium and iron. About 99% of the calcium in the body is stored in bones. They help in iron and calcium metabolism. Role in Endocrine System: Osteocalcin is the hormone which regulates fat deposition and glucose. This hormone is released by the bones. Protection: It's the most important function of the human skeletal system. The following table illustrates the organs and the bones which protect them. Organs Bones Brain Skull Lungs, Heart Rib cage Shoulder Clavicle, Scapula Knee, Elbow Patella, Ulna Wrist, Ankle Carpals, Tarsals Difference between Male and Female Human Skeletal Systems There are number of differences between the male and the female skeletal system. The pelvis (bone in hip portion) is larger and flatter in females, so as to make it easy for childbirth. Bones in females are rounder and smaller than in males. Men have more squared jaws and pronounced eyebrow ridges. Shoulder blades in females are rounder than in their male counterparts. Bones A newborn baby has approximately 230 bones; while an adult, on an average, has 206 bones. Human skeletal system is made up of 5 types of bones. These are: Long Bones: Their length is greater than their width. Limb bones are long bones.

(Carpals or wrist bones and tarsals or foot bones are exceptions.) Short bones: Their length and width is approximately equal. Carpals and tarsals are small bones. They help in little movements. Flat Bones: Their main function is to protect body organs. They are flat and act as a base for muscle attachments. Sternum or breast bone, scapula or shoulder blade and the skull are some examples of flat bones. Irregular Bones: Bones in the vertebral column and mandible (lower jaw) fall under this category. They have an irregular shape. Sesamoid Bones: These are small bones present in the joints to protect the tendons (fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to the bones). Patella or knee cap is an example of such bones. Joints When two or more bones meet, a joint is formed. They enable different body movements. There are 3 types of joints, they are: Immovable Joints: They are also called fibrous joints. As the name suggests, they cannot move. Skull bones are immovable joints. Slightly Movable Joints: These are also called cartilaginous joints. The intervertebral discs come under this category. Freely Movable Joints: Also called synovial joints, these joints are freely movable and help the body to move. Limbs are an example of synovial joints. The human skeletal system is equally important, when compared to other body systems. It gives our body a definite shape, structure and protects the vital organs. It can be called the basic infrastructure of our body, without which the human body would have been a ball-like structure rolling on the floor. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/introduction-to-human-skeletalsystem.html

What is a Solar Eclipse A short write-up on solar eclipse which will answer some of the most FAQs about this celestial event without getting into the intricate details of the same. Continue reading...... Ads by Google Industrial Automation Robotics Robots and Robot Systems that improve productivity and quality www.abb.com/robotics Our ignorance about basic facts about solar eclipse is quite surprising, considering that most of us have had it as a part of our elementary school curriculum. The fact that as many as five solar eclipses can take place in a single calendar year is bound to come as a surprise for many, and that's just one of the numerous facts about this event which continue to elude our minds. Watching this celestial event is an amazing experience, but you need to brush your knowledge about this event if you are to make sure that you make the most of the opportunities coming your way in near future.

What is a Solar Eclipse and How Does it Occur? In astronomy, solar eclipse is a celestial event wherein the moon - while orbiting the Earth, comes in between the Sun and the Earth in such manner that it blocks the view of the solar body when seen from a particular location on the planet. As moon lies between the Sun and the Earth, its shadow falls on the planet. If you happen to reside in the particular area where the shadow falls, you will not be able to see the Sun - and hence it is referred to as the eclipse of the Sun. Solar eclipses can be divided into three different types: * Total solar eclipse - wherein the Sun appears to be totally covered by the moon. It only lasts for 3 minutes on an average. * Partial solar eclipse - wherein a part of the Sun appears to be covered by the moon. All the four solar eclipses scheduled for 2011 are partial eclipses. * Annular solar eclipse - wherein the moon is placed in such a manner that the Sun appears like a diamond ring. In this case, the moon is located at the farthest point in its orbit. Technically speaking, it's the moon's shadow that causes a solar eclipse. This shadow of the lunar body has two parts - umbra (dark inner portion) and penumbra (faint outer portion). When umbra falls on the planet we get to experience a total eclipse, and when the penumbra falls on the planet we get to experience a partial eclipse. A minimum of two or a maximum of five solar eclipses can occur in a single year. When five solar eclipses occur in a single year, only two of them can be total solar eclipses. Less Known Solar Eclipse Facts Those who have heard that the moon passes between the Sun and the Earth once every 29.5 days must be wondering how can we only have a maximum of five solar eclipses in a year. It's absolutely true that the moon passes between the solar body and our planet after an interval of 29.5 days, but it is also true that the moon's orbit is slightly titled (approximately 5) owing to which its shadow either passes from above or below the planet. For a solar eclipse to take place i.e. for the moon's shadow to hit the Earth, it has to be in conjunction with the Sun and Earth, and that only happens 2-5 times a year. Even though the presence of new moon is a basic requirement for solar eclipse, we don't get to see a solar eclipse on every new moon day owing to the same 5 tilt of moon's orbit. Irrespective of whether you happen to be a spiritual person or you are inclined towards science, you cannot ignore the fact that solar eclipse, especially the total solar eclipse, is one celestial occurrence which you cannot afford to miss. There also exist some people, who call themselves the 'eclipse chasers' or 'umbraphiles', who travel to various corners of the world to witness this amazing event. If you happen to be one of these eclipse chasers, Serbia is where you need to head next - as the eclipse scheduled for 1st June will be at its visual best in this very region. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-a-solar-eclipse.html

Solar Eclipse! Eclipsing the Sun, the Earth and us all! The day began like a routine morning. The Sun, the Moon and other planets were busy revolving around themselves and around others like they usually did. It was a daily mission for them, and the moon happened to pass between the Sun and the Earth. All of a sudden, several groups of astronomers and stargazers who happened to supervise the happenings in the outer space, spotted an eclipse in the offing. It was a huge relief for most of the terrestrial beings who got an opportunity to 'look up to' something after a long time. It was a solace 'out and away' from the daily grind. For astrophysicists, it was a celestial show in the galaxy. The common people were informed (read bombarded) through various media about the rarity of the event. Each one of them thought about being a part of this peculiar event in their own ways. Special glasses were swapped to view the moon transiting the Sun. There were others who arranged for social gatherings to watch for the astronomical imaging through UV filters. Superstitions cast their freaky shadows over people's day-to-day activities. Shutter bugs were busy chasing those unstable stills. There were still others who never got a chance to 'see', since they were too busy telling others how important it is to get hold of that sight. The Sun and Moon went as per the designated routes leaving us revolving, yet 'grounded' to our planet, the Earth. Thus, a day was eclipsed... which left people content and flabbergasted with nature's amazing animation. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/solar-eclipse-a-differentperspective.html

How Solar Energy Works The article stresses on the concept of solar energy, with a special emphasis on how solar energy works? Read on to know how solar power works and whether solar energy is capable of replacing fossil fuels as a major source of energy. The need for an alternative source of energy was never as important for mankind as it is today. Fossil fuels, which are being used since thousands of years, are about to get exhausted. More importantly, they are contributing to various hazards on the planet, prominent ones being global warming and pollution. In such a scenario, searching for an alternative source of energy, which is a clean, efficient and renewable energy, has become the utmost priority for mankind. One such source of energy is solar energy. Before we move on to how solar energy works, we need to know what is solar energy and whether it's the right alternative source of power. What is Solar Energy?

Solar energy is the power generated from the light and heat of the Sun. Solar energy is no doubt an ideal alternative source of energy which can replace notorious fossil fuels. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is renewable and if we are successful in harnessing the solar power to its capacity, we can easily solve the power crisis and the related politics all over the world. Solar Energy as an Alternative Source of Energy Now, there are a few questions which need to be answered! Is it so easy to harness solar power? Is solar power cost-efficient? Can it replace fossil fuels as the prime source of energy? What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar power? More importantly, how solar power works? Most of these questions are debatable at present, but with numerous experiments going on, the answers will become clear very soon. As of now, it's a major contender for the top spot among the alternative fuels and as we know that fossil fuels are going to exhaust some day or the other, we need to be prepared with an alternative. Let's move on to see how solar energy works? How Solar Power Works? Solar energy works on a simple concept - sunlight is captured, converted to solar power and distributed in the form of electricity. Photovoltaic cells, popularly known as solar cells, are used to capture sunlight. How Solar Cells Work Solar cells are generally made from semiconductors, most often silicon. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be converted from one form into another. In case of solar energy, the energy emitted in the form of heat and light from the sun is captured by the solar panels and turned into electrical energy that is suitable for our use. Solar cells are strategically exposed to the suns rays, so as to derive the maximum possible output. The cells absorb the heat radiated from the sun and convert it to electrical energy. Coming back to solar power, when the solar rays come into contact with the silicon cells, these cells absorb the energy and free up the electrons. Basically, silicon is filled with impurities, most often phosphorus, to create a negative charge and free electrons. Once freed, the electrons seek positive connections. They get these positive connections on the other side of the solar cell which is positively charged, most often by boron. As the electrons continue going to the other side, an electric current is created. This current then travels to the electrical contacts on the solar cell and creates voltage. The voltage flows in the form of direct current (DC), and can be stored either in a battery or used with the help of an inverter. Solar batteries store solar energy for later use, while inverters transform DC to AC (alternating current) which can be used through the wiring system in the house. Assessing how solar energy works is the first step towards the milestone of creating an alternative to the exhaustible sources of energy. Solar power has come a long way as a major contender among the alternative energy sources. Today, we have cars, road lamps, signals, cooking appliances... (the list is quite long) running on solar energy, and it won't be long before solar energy entirely replaces all the other energy sources, as a major

source of energy. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-solar-energy-works.html Solar Energy Pros and Cons All of us would have been introduced to the basics of solar energy in our schools. Now, let us have a look at various solar energy pros and cons. Ads by Google Tata Swach Water Purifier No Need to Boil. No Electricity. No Running Water Required. Buy Now! www.Tataswach.com Coal, petrol, diesel, kerosene, natural gas - all of them are nothing but finite sources of energy. The rate at which they are being used by people all over the world, they are surely on the verge of drying up sooner than later. So, is there a solution to this problem? Well, yes there is. Didn't we all learn way back in school about wind, water and sunlight being sources of renewable energy? And how wind energy, hydro energy and solar energy would in time prove to be the only solution to man's energy woes? Yes we did. In spite of both wind and hydro energy regularly being used all over the world in quite a few application areas, it is in fact solar energy that is being targeted as having the highest potential among all three. Therefore, on that note, let us have a look at all the pros and cons of solar energy. Understanding Solar Energy When evaluating the positives and negatives of solar energy, we need to look at the usability of solar energy from the perspective of industrial requirements as well as home requirements. Keeping this in mind, let us see the different benefits and shortcomings that are associated with solar energy. Pros Here are some advantages that solar energy has to offer: * First and foremost, solar energy is a renewable and a never-ending source of energy in the truest sense of the term. As long as the sun remains in existence, there will be solar energy available; so you need not worry about solar energy not being available for your great grandchild's great grandchild. * Secondly, solar energy is not location specific unlike certain other forms of energy. Regardless of whether a person is in a crowded city or in a remote village, in an arid desert or in a lush green forest, at sea or up in the mountains...solar energy is available to one and all. * Massive pumping stations and drilling grids are required to be set up for the extraction of fossil fuels from under the earth's surface. This results in an enormous setup cost and an equally high running cost as well. No such thing is required in case of solar energy. This energy is omnipresent, all that is required is a solar panel to tap it. * Fossil fuel prices constantly fluctuate since they are dependent on certain global demand-supply factors. Solar power is completely devoid of any such complexities, simply because it is free!

* Burning of fossil fuels results in the release of harmful gases and other byproducts many of which result in ozone layer depletion. At the same time, they also cause additional damage to the environment. There is no question of any harmful byproducts whatsoever in case of solar energy. It causes zero pollution and is one hundred percent a clean and an environment-friendly source of energy. * Solar energy is what you should aim at if you're thinking of financial as well as energy savings. Other than the one-time purchasing cost of the solar panel, solar power is completely free for the rest of your life! Can you believe that? It is something that will forever be exempt from any sort of government tax or duty! Aha! Now I see you snapping to attention, with eyes wide open. Cons As the saying goes, "every advantage has a corresponding disadvantage". Well, it does apply to solar energy to a certain extent. * The main disadvantage of solar power is the initial cost. Solar panels are comparatively quite expensive mainly due to the material cost and the complexity of design involved. This can at times, prove to be a deterrent especially in case of homemakers and individuals who are contemplating a shift towards solar power. * Cloudy weather, rainy conditions, etc., can interfere in the amount of sunlight that reaches the solar panel. This in turn affects the amount of energy and the power that is produced. * Thirdly, what about the time when there is no sunlight? How will solar energy be produced at night? Of course it won't be produced at night, after all it is solar energy and not 'lunar' energy. The only solution to this problem is storing enough of it during the daytime which can then be used during the night. However, this is easier said than done. Though solar energy does have its share of shortcomings, there is hope that in due course of time, they will be eliminated through advances in technology. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/solar-energy-pros-and-cons.html

Facts About Solar Energy Solar energy is the energy derived from the radiations of sun and has the great potential of becoming the primary source of energy in near future for mankind. Here are few facts about Solar Energy. Ads by Google Dell Vostro Laptops Buy Vostro Top Class Business Laptops. All w/ Intel Core. Order www.Dell.com/Laptops Solar energy is as natural it can get. The energy radiating from the sun is called solar energy and there is never a shortage of it. It can be obtained abundantly from the sun, and virtually every living organism on planet earth to survive and gather energy and keep the daily processes going smoothly uses it. Solar energy is one of the oldest and traditional renewable energy resource that is used for running many modern technologies.

Solar energy is in fact better for the Environment than other usual traditional energy forms. Solar energy can be used for many day-to-day jobs like heating, cooking, drying of clothes etc. It can be directly used to make food. It also is a useful electricity source, which can be both cheap and reliable. Thus its worldwide demand is increasing and its actually gradually becoming more than its supply. Another interesting fact is that, an average American family spends 70$ per month in energy cost of which more than 30% is for heating. By solar energy, the heating can be done much cost-effectively & efficiently. So, solar energy always saves you money, which is good for all! However, solar systems setting-up may require high costing initially, in the long run it saves you money in using it rather than the traditional technological energy sources. The multicolored Solar panels, which need a large area for installation, having proper battery back up can work 24*7 even on cloudy nights & imperfect weather conditions! Environmentally speaking, solar energy is accountable for various weather patterning & Ocean currents. The modern technology may be wonder to few but they are also very much involved in developing a large chunk of the pollution in our earth, which harms us in the end. Solar energy is efficient here as well as it is pollution free and eco-friendly. It doesn't emit harmful green house gases and saves the earth from the menace called global warming which is currently all around the globe affecting the earth as a whole. Some Interesting Facts 1. In 1 hour the sunlight which reaches the earth's surface is greater than what the total population of the earth use in 1 year. 2. Among the renewable sources, Solar Energy is believed to be the best and most efficient choice. This statement is consolidated by the fact that Shell oil predicts solar energy to be the main contributor to the total amount of renewable energy sources, which is believed to command half of the total energy in about 30 years. 3. A World Record was set in 1990, when a solar energy powered aircraft flew across USA without using any fuel. Though, in case of solar energy powered cars, they may be eco-friendly and cheaper but it's unsure that the comparatively slower car will appeal to modern people in the age of fast, swanky cars in their daily rat race called life. 4. Near 2 billion people in the world are without electricity at the moment. Their only hope of power or electricity comes from solar energy systems, which can be set up at remote places serving to the unlucky few. 5. Americans consume 26% of the earth's energy though they account for the population for as low as 5% of the earth's population. So an average American family consumes a lot of energy, which in turn emphasizes the need for solar energy that is available in quite an abundant quantity.

6. Amazingly, solar energy is to some extent dependent on nuclear energy. However, the nuclear plant for solar energy is located 93 million miles away! 7. It's a good thing that due to solar energy we are able to run technology and various machines like aircraft, car etc. without using fuels because according to many scientists, the world will run out of fuel in 5 billion years. 8. If we covered a portion of the Sahara Desert with the photovoltaic cells, we could muster all the requirements of the earth! 9. All TV and communication satellites use photovoltaic cells, which use solar energy. It is also used for electricity production and water heating by the help of photovoltaic cells and can also dry clothes. 10. Besides all these, Solar energy can be used amazingly stunning ways like in solar homes, solar ponds, solar power satellites, solar chemicals etc. It seems like solar energy is everywhere in one way or the other. So, we can safely say that solar energy is a thing for the future, which may save us from the innumerable difficulties that may plague the earth and squeeze the earth of its many necessary resources, fuel to name one among many others. Its eco-friendly nature will also help us save the earth, as many believe it to be affected a lot by global warming which is actually a justified yet potential warning for our future. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-solar-energy.html Uses of Solar Energy Solar energy is not only used in households but it's also employed in industries for generating water supply. The advantages and utilities of solar energy are elaborated in this article. Read on. Ads by Google Residential RO Systems Leaders in RO Equipment Residential Filtration Systems www.Aquadeluxews.net We all know that solar energy is one of the most powerful and inexhaustible sources of energy. The need to explore alternative sources of energy arose when large-scale consumption of energy started taking place in the form of fossil fuels, coals, gas, etc. These are forms of exhaustible energy as they are limited in supply and will end some day. Solar energy or in layman's language, the energy derived from sunrays can not only be replenished but it will never get exhausted. After considerable research and analysis, scientists started utilizing solar energy for various purposes. How does Solar Energy Work Before going into the usefulness of solar energy, we shall study how this system works. Solar energy or the radiant energy is harnessed by human beings to serve a plentiful purposes. This energy is put forth to use by techniques that utilize various theories of

physics and chemistry. The crude form of energy gets converted to useful source by the photovoltaic cells or heat engines. The energy captured by the solar cells (mostly made up of silicon) is converted to electrical energy that is useful for many purposes. The mechanism by which the solar cells work is a physicochemical process that helps in production of energy. Now this energy is harnessed to carry out a wide range of day-today works. Solar Energy Uses The concept of utilizing solar power has large industrial applications. If you consider solar energy over exhaustible sources of energy, then the advantages are many. Solar energy is cost-effective and it requires no additional expenses in harnessing. The only cost incurred is in manufacturing the cells. The biggest advantage is that solar energy is an infinite source and we would never run short of in near future. Unlike other sources of energy (carbon dioxide and coal), solar energy doesn't cause pollution. Thus, it is completely environment friendly. It is due to these facts that future uses of solar energy are on the positive side. * Micro hydro system is a mechanism by which photovoltaic (PV) cells are used for running turbines to generate hydro power. PV systems are largely incorporated in remote areas for distribution of drinking water. The use of solar pumps is very common in such areas. Hospital and water supply zones are also equipped with PV systems for carrying out desalination. The only thing that they need to do is to keep battery storage to prevent running out of supply. * Solar energy being the cheapest source of energy is also used in small scale industries for running low duty machines. If it's used for heavy duty electrical loads then a hybrid power system is set up that serves to connect the photovoltaic cells to diesel generators. It is also used in radio stations and TV signaling stations to garner power for generating electricity. Solar energy finds a large application in the power light houses and in aircraft warning lights. Being considerably cheap, it's also used for lighting traffic signals, buoys and offshore navigation purposes. * Photovoltaic mechanism is employed for making solar cookers and home heating appliances. The advantage of solar energy is best employed for this purpose. Solar panels are raised on roof tops for harnessing solar energy. Some other home appliances that run on solar energy are solar cookers, solar water heaters, solar refrigerators and solar composting toilets. You can check out the utility of these products from home improvement shops marketing solar energy products. Apart from scientific inventions of solar devices, government is also taking conscientious steps in making solar energy more popular among masses. Using solar appliances at home also saves a lot of money on electric bills and industries that run on solar power are flourishing at a large pace. I hope after reading the aforementioned benefits and uses, the significance of solar energy is clear to you. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/uses-of-solar-energy.html

Facts about the Solar System The planet Mercury takes 88 Earth days to orbit the Sun while it takes Neptune 165 Earth years to do so. More such facts about the solar system coming your way in the article below. Keep reading. Ads by Google Residential RO Systems Leaders in RO Equipment Residential Filtration Systems www.Aquadeluxews.net All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them. ~ Galileo Galilei I'm always mesmerized by the abstruseness of this ever expanding Universe! It's like a labyrinth of celestial bodies, alluring human beings to go deeper into its infinite world! From the beauty of twinkling stars, to the super power of the Sun and to the ethereal beauty of the moon, our solar system is an enigma, one that we always try to explore, to the best of our technological abilities. But the more we go deep into it, the farther and farther the horizon seems to be. With a gratitude and a salute to the master creator (I don't know who he is, but if he is there, he is a phenomenal architect), this write up attempts to present before you some astonishing, wonderful and eye-popping facts about our solar system. I bet you'll be awestruck after reading this information. Basic Facts There are 8 planets in the solar system that revolve around the Sun. These are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Here are some realities about the solar system and the planets for you. * The Sun is almost 4.6 billion years old and its diameter is 1.4 million kilometers. * The Sun is, in fact, an average-sized middle-aged star that was formed by a huge cloud of dust and gases. * The temperature at the core of the sun is 15 million kelvins and it spins on its axis from east to west. * It takes around eight minutes for the light to reach the Earth from the Sun. The Earth receives only one billionth of the total energy that the sun produces. * Mercury, the smallest planet, is 58 million kilometers away from the Sun. Its diameter is 4,880 kilometers. * It rotates on its axis in 59 Earth days and revolves around the Sun in 88 Earth days. * Due to its proximity to the Sun, Mercury has huge variations from as high as 870F to as low as -300F. Its crust is believed to be rocky, thin and is covered with craters, and its core is thick and metallic. * Venus, the brightest planet, is 67 million miles away from the Sun with a diameter of 7,521 miles. * It rotates in 243 Earth days and revolves around the Sun in 225 Earth days. Its surface temperature is as high as 900F and it is covered with craters, mountains, lava plains, volcanoes, etc. * Earth, the blue planet has a diameter of 7,926 miles and is 93 million miles away from the Sun. * It spins on its axis in 23 hours and 56 minutes, and revolves around the Sun in 365

days. * The average surface temperature is around 60F and it is covered mostly with salt water in the form of oceans. * Mars, the red planet, is 142 million miles away from the Sun and has a diameter of 4,212 miles. * It rotates on its axis in 24 hours and 37 minutes and takes 687 Earth days to revolve on its orbit. * Its temperature ranges between -190F to 90F. The surface has canyons, volcanoes, dry ice and a lot of rust (iron oxide) that gives it the red color. * Jupiter, which is the biggest planet in the solar system, has a diameter of 89,000 miles and is 483 million miles away from the Sun. * It takes 12 Earth years to go round the Sun but only 10 Earth hours to spin on its own axis. * Jupiter has a gaseous surface which becomes denser with depth, and the temperature of its uppermost cloud is -244F. * Saturn is the second largest planet in the system with a diameter of 74,900 miles and is around 888 million miles away from Sun. * It spins on its axis in 11 Earth hours and takes 29.4 Earth years to orbit the Sun. * It does not have a solid surface and the average temperature is around -300F. * Uranus is the third largest planet in the solar system with 31,800 miles diameter and is 1.8 billion miles away from the Sun. * It orbits around the Sun in 84 Earth years and rotates on its own axis in 17 hours. * Its average temperature is around -350F which makes it very cold and it too, does not have a solid surface. * Neptune is almost as large as Uranus with a diameter of 31,000 miles and is 2.8 billion miles away from the Sun. * It spins on the axis in 16 Earth hours but takes 165 Earth years to orbit the Sun. * The gaseous surface of Neptune which makes it appear blue, has a temperature of -370F. Fun Facts Here are some fun solar system facts, that would surely interest you. * 99.86% mass of the solar system is that of the Sun. * Saturn, if put in water, would float due to low density. * The nearest star to the Sun is the Proxima Centauri which is still 4.2 light years away. * Mars has the highest volcano 'Olympus Mons' (it is 14 miles above the surface) and the largest canyon 'Valles Marineris' (1300 miles long, 300 miles wide and 5 miles deep) in the solar system. * The 'Great Comet' seen in 1843 has the longest tail that stretched over 800 million kilometers which is almost the distance between Earth and Jupiter. * Some pieces of Mars are found on Earth which are present in the form of rocks. * Pluto takes 248 Earth years to complete one round of the Sun. * Jupiter's moon 'Io' is known as the 'pizza moon' because the sulfur emitted from its volcanic activities makes its surface resemble a pepperoni pizza. * Asteroid 1950 DA has an orbit that intersects Earth's orbit and hence, it is considered to

be the greatest threat. * Saturn's moon Titan is the only moon that has an atmosphere thicker than Earth. * It would be a bad idea to try to land on the giant planets of our solar system as there is nothing to land on. They are all gaseous and have molten liquid core that is hot. * We only see one side of the Moon at any given time because it takes almost the same time to rotate on its axis and revolve around the Sun. * It is believed that Uranus had a collision with another big object that resulted in its side tilt. Due to this it has 21 years of nighttime and daytime in winter and summer respectively, and 42 years of day and night in the spring and fall at its north pole. * Pluto has 1,000 times dimmer sunlight as compared to Earth. * Ceres makes for almost of the mass of main asteroid belt and even some asteroids have moons like asteroid 'Ida'. * It would take almost 800 years to reach Pluto and 26 years to reach the Sun in a commercial airplane. Hence, the speed of a spaceship is 30 times more than that of the fastest jet plane. * Uranus and Neptune appear bluish because the red light of the visible spectrum is absorbed by the methane present in their atmosphere and blue is reflected. * Jupiter gives off more energy than it absorbs from the Sun. * A day on Venus is longer than a year; it orbits the Sun faster than it rotates on its axis. Interesting Facts Now we move on to some interesting facts about the solar system. * There are 5 Dwarf planets in our Solar system namely, Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. Out of these, we only know enough about Ceres and Pluto. * There are 168 moons that orbit around the 8 planets of our solar system where the numbers are Earth(1), Mars(2), Jupiter(63), Saturn(62), Uranus(27), Neptune(13). * 6 moons orbit the dwarf planets where each have - Pluto(3), Haumea(2), Eris(1). * There is an asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and the number of asteroids discovered till date are 537,161. * There are around 3976 known comets in our solar system and another estimated 1,000,000,000 comets held by the Sun's gravity. * Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune all have rings but Saturn's rings are the most prominent and Neptune's rings are in the shape of an arc. * All the planets spin on their axis like a top, except for Uranus that spins like a barrel on its side. * Venus spins in the opposite direction as that of the earth. * The Kuiper belt is present beyond the orbit of Neptune and consists of the leftovers of the solar system formation which includes mostly frozen methane, ammonia and water collectively termed as 'ices'. * It's interesting to know how exactly did the solar system come into existence. Phew! So, this was just the tip of the iceberg. I am saying this because there is still a plethora of information that we haven't unveiled about the universe in general, like is there life on other planets, and our solar system in particular. One of the reasons is that our universe is still expanding. There is so much we have explored and still so much

more to learn and understand, and for us mere mortals to bow to the Creator and his master plan. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-the-solar-system.html How Was the Solar System Formed The widely accepted theory about the formation of the solar system is the Nebular Hypothesis, which states that it was formed by the gravitational collapse of a massive giant cloud called the Solar Nebula. Ads by Google Industrial Automation Robotics Robots and Robot Systems that improve productivity and quality www.abb.com/robotics The solar system is a collection of heavenly bodies comprising a star, with planets and other objects orbiting around it. Our solar system consists of the Sun which is orbited by 8 planets (including our very own Earth), and many other objects like moons (which orbit planets), asteroids and meteors. Several heavenly bodies like the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are visible to the naked eye, while the rest of the planets are visible through telescopes. There are also various bright asteroids, comets and meteors which are visible. The Sun is the most important member of the solar system because it provides most of the light, heat and other energy vital for existence of life. The eight known planets orbit around the Sun in slightly oval orbits, of which the first four planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are rocky planets, whereas the next four: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are gaseous planets. Pluto was the ninth planet earlier and as it is very small in size, scientists from around the world collectively demoted it. Hence, now it is no longer considered to be a planet. Formation of the Solar System By analyzing the radioactive decay of radioactive elements in the meteorites, astronomers have said that the origin of the solar system can be traced back to 4.6 billion years ago. This was when a gravitational collapse of a small portion of a giant molecular cloud occurred. This is known as 'Nebular Hypothesis' which was developed for the first time by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace in the 18th century, and is a theory widely accepted across the globe. However, this theory has been challenged and refined after the dawn of the space age and the discovery of extra solar planets in the 1950s and 1990s respectively. According to this Nebular theory, the solar system was formed from a massive, rotating cloud of dust and gas called the Solar Nebula. It so happened that the Solar Nebula began collapsing under its own gravitational force. Several scientists believe that the collapse of this giant gas cloud was triggered by a supernova (exploding star) near it, resulting into the contraction of the Nebula. As the cloud collapsed, heat increased causing the dust particles to vaporize and resulting in the compression of the cloud at the center.

As the Nebula collapsed, a large fragment separated itself from it to form the solar system. The Sun emerged from the largest collection of mass at the center of the Nebula. The pressure at the center of the Nebula became high enough to trigger nuclear reactions that could power the Sun. As the Nebula shrunk in size, it spun faster and faster and got flattened into a disk. Therefore, the mass around the Sun aggregated and formed a disk around it. Further, the particles within the flattened disk collided against each other with increased frequency and got fused, so as to form asteroid-shaped objects known as planetesimals. Some of these planetesimals further collided and combined with each other to form the planets that we know today. The rest of the planetesimals combined to form moons, meteors, comets and asteroids. As solar eruptions took place, solar winds were created. These winds were so powerful in nature that they swept away most of the lighter elements such as helium and hydrogen from the solar system. However, these winds were weaker in the outer regions, and thus the outer planets were left with a large amount of Hydrogen and Helium. This explains the gaseous nature of the outer planets and the contrasting rocky nature of the inner four planets. Scientists believe that stars continue changing and do not remain constant. They believe that in the next 5 billion years, the outer layers of the Sun will expand, making the Sun larger and hotter. The expansion of the Sun will cause it to become a red ball of fire which will consume all the inner planets including the Earth. Scientists also believe that after a period of 100 million years, the Sun will lose its capacity to make energy and will end up as a small planet. The above mentioned 'Nebular Hypothesis' is the most widely accepted theory of formation of the solar system. However, it has not been agreed upon as the ultimate theory due to the emergence of various theoretical problems which is causing difficulties to reconcile it with new observations. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-was-the-solar-systemformed.html Facts about Space Shuttles Space shuttles are spacecraft used by NASA for human spaceflight missions. Space shuttle missions have been undertaken by NASA for nearly 30 years. To know more facts about space shuttles, read on through this article. Ads by Google Industrial Automation Robotics Robots and Robot Systems that improve productivity and quality www.abb.com/robotics The NASA space shuttle program, officially known as the Space Transportation System of the US government, began in late 1960s. In 1981, Columbia was the first space shuttle to travel into space. Since then, NASA has launched five space shuttles for numerous missions. It cannot be said that the space shuttle was invented by a single person. It is

actually a large project developed by NASA. George Mueller played a key role in its invention. Therefore, he is sometimes referred as the 'Father of the Space Shuttle.' A space shuttle is made up of three parts: orbiter, external tank and two solid rocket boosters. The orbiter is the place, where the crew lives and works. It is also the only part to go into orbit. The external tank (that is orange in color) is filled with fuel for the shuttle and is connected to the orbiter. The two solid rocket boosters (that are thin and long) are used to send out thrust during the space shuttle launch. The launching of a space shuttle is like a rocket. The boosters burn, thrust and then, are dropped from the shuttle. The external tank also falls off, once the fuel is used up by the orbiter. The orbiter alone goes into the orbit. After its mission is accomplished, the orbiter moves out of orbit and enters the Earth's atmosphere, like a glider. Space Shuttle Facts and Information * Space shuttles are the most advanced and complex machines ever made by human beings. They are the only vehicles to carry humans into space. * Space shuttles are world's first reusable space crafts. * They are used to launch satellites and also to fix other spacecraft. They are like a science labs in space. They are also used to launch space telescopes, like the Hubble Space Telescope. Space shuttle applications include crew rotation and servicing of Mir and International Space Service (ISS). * The International Space Service was established in 1997, to help government organizations to conduct space activities. Mir was Russia's space station located in space. It was accessible to astronauts and cosmonauts of many countries. Space shuttles Discovery, Endeavor and Atlantis have docked into Mir, during their missions. In 2001, the Russian Space Agency guided Mir back to Earth. * The weight of a space shuttle is 240,000 lb (110,000 kg); while its entire length is 184 ft (56 m). * The speed of a shuttle is 17,500 mph. * Around $150-$175 billion is the total cost of a space shuttle program. * Columbia made its debut from Kennedy Space Center and was used only for testing. It was sent into the orbit and it landed safely. * In 1996, Columbia landed on Earth after 17 days, ending the longest space mission in history. * Columbia was used for 27 missions, till 2003. During its 28th mission, Columbia was destroyed while landing on Earth, killing all seven crew members. * Challenger, NASA's second space shuttle, was launched in 1983. It carried the first American woman, Sally Ride, in space. * In 1986, during its 10th mission, Challenger disintegrated immediately after its launch, causing death of all the seven crew members. * Space Shuttle Discovery, launched in 1984, has made 36 trips in space. It was also the first space shuttle to be launched after nearly two years, since the Columbia disaster. * Endeavor and Atlantis, till date, have completed 22 and 30 missions, respectively. Endeavor was launched amid tight security in 2001, after the terrorist attacks. * The food eaten by astronauts is stored in packages that prevents it from 'flying away'. It

consists of peanut butter, fruits, nuts, chicken, beef, etc.; mostly ready-to-eat food is used. Salt and pepper in powder form is never used, as it floats away on sprinkling. An oven is provided for heating food. Although faced with many criticisms about its costs and safety issues, space shuttle is a real wonder that has benefited mankind in many ways. It enthralls millions of people all over the world! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-space-shuttles.html

Facts about Space Shuttles Space shuttles are spacecraft used by NASA for human spaceflight missions. Space shuttle missions have been undertaken by NASA for nearly 30 years. To know more facts about space shuttles, read on through this article. Ads by Google Industrial Automation Robotics Robots and Robot Systems that improve productivity and quality www.abb.com/robotics The NASA space shuttle program, officially known as the Space Transportation System of the US government, began in late 1960s. In 1981, Columbia was the first space shuttle to travel into space. Since then, NASA has launched five space shuttles for numerous missions. It cannot be said that the space shuttle was invented by a single person. It is actually a large project developed by NASA. George Mueller played a key role in its invention. Therefore, he is sometimes referred as the 'Father of the Space Shuttle.' A space shuttle is made up of three parts: orbiter, external tank and two solid rocket boosters. The orbiter is the place, where the crew lives and works. It is also the only part to go into orbit. The external tank (that is orange in color) is filled with fuel for the shuttle and is connected to the orbiter. The two solid rocket boosters (that are thin and long) are used to send out thrust during the space shuttle launch. The launching of a space shuttle is like a rocket. The boosters burn, thrust and then, are dropped from the shuttle. The external tank also falls off, once the fuel is used up by the orbiter. The orbiter alone goes into the orbit. After its mission is accomplished, the orbiter moves out of orbit and enters the Earth's atmosphere, like a glider. Space Shuttle Facts and Information * Space shuttles are the most advanced and complex machines ever made by human beings. They are the only vehicles to carry humans into space. * Space shuttles are world's first reusable space crafts. * They are used to launch satellites and also to fix other spacecraft. They are like a science labs in space. They are also used to launch space telescopes, like the Hubble Space Telescope. Space shuttle applications include crew rotation and servicing of Mir and International Space Service (ISS). * The International Space Service was established in 1997, to help government organizations to conduct space activities. Mir was Russia's space station located in space.

It was accessible to astronauts and cosmonauts of many countries. Space shuttles Discovery, Endeavor and Atlantis have docked into Mir, during their missions. In 2001, the Russian Space Agency guided Mir back to Earth. * The weight of a space shuttle is 240,000 lb (110,000 kg); while its entire length is 184 ft (56 m). * The speed of a shuttle is 17,500 mph. * Around $150-$175 billion is the total cost of a space shuttle program. * Columbia made its debut from Kennedy Space Center and was used only for testing. It was sent into the orbit and it landed safely. * In 1996, Columbia landed on Earth after 17 days, ending the longest space mission in history. * Columbia was used for 27 missions, till 2003. During its 28th mission, Columbia was destroyed while landing on Earth, killing all seven crew members. * Challenger, NASA's second space shuttle, was launched in 1983. It carried the first American woman, Sally Ride, in space. * In 1986, during its 10th mission, Challenger disintegrated immediately after its launch, causing death of all the seven crew members. * Space Shuttle Discovery, launched in 1984, has made 36 trips in space. It was also the first space shuttle to be launched after nearly two years, since the Columbia disaster. * Endeavor and Atlantis, till date, have completed 22 and 30 missions, respectively. Endeavor was launched amid tight security in 2001, after the terrorist attacks. * The food eaten by astronauts is stored in packages that prevents it from 'flying away'. It consists of peanut butter, fruits, nuts, chicken, beef, etc.; mostly ready-to-eat food is used. Salt and pepper in powder form is never used, as it floats away on sprinkling. An oven is provided for heating food. Although faced with many criticisms about its costs and safety issues, space shuttle is a real wonder that has benefited mankind in many ways. It enthralls millions of people all over the world! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-space-shuttles.html Facts about Space Shuttles Space shuttles are spacecraft used by NASA for human spaceflight missions. Space shuttle missions have been undertaken by NASA for nearly 30 years. To know more facts about space shuttles, read on through this article. Ads by Google Industrial Automation Robotics Robots and Robot Systems that improve productivity and quality www.abb.com/robotics The NASA space shuttle program, officially known as the Space Transportation System of the US government, began in late 1960s. In 1981, Columbia was the first space shuttle to travel into space. Since then, NASA has launched five space shuttles for numerous missions. It cannot be said that the space shuttle was invented by a single person. It is actually a large project developed by NASA. George Mueller played a key role in its invention. Therefore, he is sometimes referred as the 'Father of the Space Shuttle.'

A space shuttle is made up of three parts: orbiter, external tank and two solid rocket boosters. The orbiter is the place, where the crew lives and works. It is also the only part to go into orbit. The external tank (that is orange in color) is filled with fuel for the shuttle and is connected to the orbiter. The two solid rocket boosters (that are thin and long) are used to send out thrust during the space shuttle launch. The launching of a space shuttle is like a rocket. The boosters burn, thrust and then, are dropped from the shuttle. The external tank also falls off, once the fuel is used up by the orbiter. The orbiter alone goes into the orbit. After its mission is accomplished, the orbiter moves out of orbit and enters the Earth's atmosphere, like a glider. Space Shuttle Facts and Information * Space shuttles are the most advanced and complex machines ever made by human beings. They are the only vehicles to carry humans into space. * Space shuttles are world's first reusable space crafts. * They are used to launch satellites and also to fix other spacecraft. They are like a science labs in space. They are also used to launch space telescopes, like the Hubble Space Telescope. Space shuttle applications include crew rotation and servicing of Mir and International Space Service (ISS). * The International Space Service was established in 1997, to help government organizations to conduct space activities. Mir was Russia's space station located in space. It was accessible to astronauts and cosmonauts of many countries. Space shuttles Discovery, Endeavor and Atlantis have docked into Mir, during their missions. In 2001, the Russian Space Agency guided Mir back to Earth. * The weight of a space shuttle is 240,000 lb (110,000 kg); while its entire length is 184 ft (56 m). * The speed of a shuttle is 17,500 mph. * Around $150-$175 billion is the total cost of a space shuttle program. * Columbia made its debut from Kennedy Space Center and was used only for testing. It was sent into the orbit and it landed safely. * In 1996, Columbia landed on Earth after 17 days, ending the longest space mission in history. * Columbia was used for 27 missions, till 2003. During its 28th mission, Columbia was destroyed while landing on Earth, killing all seven crew members. * Challenger, NASA's second space shuttle, was launched in 1983. It carried the first American woman, Sally Ride, in space. * In 1986, during its 10th mission, Challenger disintegrated immediately after its launch, causing death of all the seven crew members. * Space Shuttle Discovery, launched in 1984, has made 36 trips in space. It was also the first space shuttle to be launched after nearly two years, since the Columbia disaster. * Endeavor and Atlantis, till date, have completed 22 and 30 missions, respectively. Endeavor was launched amid tight security in 2001, after the terrorist attacks. * The food eaten by astronauts is stored in packages that prevents it from 'flying away'. It consists of peanut butter, fruits, nuts, chicken, beef, etc.; mostly ready-to-eat food is used. Salt and pepper in powder form is never used, as it floats away on sprinkling. An oven is provided for heating food.

Although faced with many criticisms about its costs and safety issues, space shuttle is a real wonder that has benefited mankind in many ways. It enthralls millions of people all over the world! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-space-shuttles.html