06/12/2012

By Dr. Kok Boon Ching

1 2012@JEK/FKEE

Outlines
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Introduction Important Definitions in Lighting Laws of Illumination Types of lamps and their characteristics Electrical Lighting Design Requirements of Proper Lighting

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Introduction
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Light is just one portion of the various electromagnetic waves flying through space which have both frequency and length.

Introduction

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Introduction
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Light is emitted through:

a) Incandescence: Solids and liquids emit visible radiation when they are heated to temperatures about 1000K. b) Electric Discharge: When an electric current is passed through a gas, the atoms and molecules emit radiation whose spectrum is characteristic of the elements present. c) Electro luminescence: Light is generated when h electric l current is passed d through h h certain solids such as semiconductor or phosphor materials. d) Photoluminescence: Radiation at one wavelength is absorbed, usually by a solid, and re-emitted at a different wavelength.
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Introduction
Energy consumption via lighting systems is significant. g y The global electricity consumption for lighting in 2005 is estimated at 3418 TWh (terawatthours), i.e. 19% of total global electricity consumption.
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Introduction
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Today the global light production (in lumen) can be on the b divided di id d as follows f ll th different sectors:
44 % for lighting of commercial and public building, 29 % for industrial lighting, 15 % for f residential id ti l lighting, li hti 12 % outdoor lighting (streets, security, road signs and car parks).

Energy consumption in different sectors:

Introduction

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Important Definitions in Lighting

2 objectives of lighting designer:
1. 2.

to provide the right quantity of light. to provide the right quality of light.

Important Definitions in Lighting

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Luminous flux, F (lumen, lm)

Total amount of visible light emitted by g power p y a light g source. 1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt. 1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere with 1 m radius and a 1 candela isotropic light source at the centre 1 watt = 683 lumens at 555 nm wavelength

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Important Definitions in Lighting

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Illuminance, I (Lux, lx)

g arriving g on a working g plane. p The amount of light 2 1lux = 1lm/m . This value is used in light calculations and design plans. Or unit in foot-candles (1 Lux = 0.0929 fc) USA.

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Important Definitions in Lighting

For example, 1000 lumens, concentrated into an area of one square meter, lights up that square meter with an illuminance of 1000 lux. The same 1000 lumens, spread out over ten square meters, produce a dimmer illuminance of only 100 lux.
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Important Definitions in Lighting

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Luminous intensity, P (candela, cd = lm/sr)

Measure of the luminous flux emitted by a light source in a particular direction, measured in lumens per steradian.

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Important Definitions in Lighting

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Important Definitions in Lighting

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Luminance (cd/m2) Measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through h h or is i emitted i d from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle.
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Important Definitions in Lighting

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Important Definitions in Lighting

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Uniformity
The uniformity of illuminance describes how evenly light spreads over an area. Non-uniform illuminance creates bright and dark spots, which can distract and discomfort some occupants.

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Important Definitions in Lighting

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Glare
Gl i a sensation i caused d by b relatively l i l bright b i h objects bj i an Glare is in occupants field of view. The key word is relative, because glare is most probable when bright objects are located in front of dark environments.

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Important Definitions in Lighting

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Colour Rendering
g of a light g source is an indicator for its The colour rendering ability of realistically reproducing the colour of an object. Colour rendering is given as an index between 0 and 100, where lower values indicate poor colour rendering and higher ones good colour rendering. Other index used is 1A (extremely good), 1B (Very good), 2 (Moderate), 3 (Low), and 4 (Little or almost none).

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Important Definitions in Lighting

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Colour Temperature (K)

Color appearance of a lamp it pp p and the light g produces. Its expressed in degrees Kelvin (K). Below 3300K, the source is considered as warm light. Above 5300K, the source is considered as cold light. Incandescent lamps: lamps:true true value value color temperature. temperature Fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps: correlated color temperature.

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Colour Temperature in Degrees Kelvin

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Laws of Illumination
Inverse Square Law Defines the relationship between the illuminance from a point source and distance. y Lamberts Cosine Law g on any y States that the illuminance falling surface varies as the cosine of the incident angle, .
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Laws of Illumination Inverse Square Law

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The illuminance from a point source can be put in form i the h f

I= P (d ) 2

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Laws of Illumination Inverse Square Law

Example 1:

I1 (d1 ) 2 = I 2 (d 2 ) 2 d2 I1 = I2 d 1 1m 2 2 I1 = 10lm / m = 40lm / m 0.5m 24

2 2

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Laws of Illumination Lamberts Cosine Law

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The illuminance or the intensity of illumination is written as:

D1 Luminous Flux Normal

I=

F D12

I'=
D2

F cos 2 D2

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Laws of Illumination Lamberts Cosine Law

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Example:

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Laws of Illumination Lamberts Cosine Law

Example 2: p with 3000 lumens and 5000 lumens are p Two lamps placed at A and B, respectively. The arrangement is shown as follows:
A Normal B

10m

1 2

7m

D 2.5m

15m

C is the midway between the lamps. Calculate the illumination on the floor at positions C.
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Laws of Illumination Lamberts Cosine Law

Solution: Illumination at C,
= 3000 5000 COS1 + COS 2 = 15.36 + 32.41 = 47.77 Lux AC 2 BC 2

AC = 10 2 + 7.52 = 12.5m BC = 7 2 + 7.52 = 10.26m cos 1 = cos 2 = 10 12.5 7 10.26

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Types of lamps
Incandescent lamps Tungsten Halogen Lamps T H l L Fluorescent lamps High pressure sodium lamps Low pressure sodium lamps Mercury vapour Metal halide Blended lamps LED lamps
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HID lamps

Incandescent Lamps

Efficiency: 70 90 % of energy converted into heat. Bulb contains vacuum or gas filling Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt Color rendering g index: 1A Color temperature: 2500 2700 K Lamp life <2000 hrs
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TungstenTungsten -Halogen Lamps

Tungsten filament and a halogen gas filled bulb Tungsten atoms evaporate from the hot filament and move to cooler wall of bulb Efficacy: 18 lumens/Watt Color rendering index: 1A Color temperature: warm Lamp life < 4000 hrs
Advantages: More compact Longer life More and whiter light

Disadvantages: Cost more Increased IR and UV Handling problems

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Fluorescent Lamps
STEP 2 The impact diverts the electron of the
mercury atom out of its orbit. When it snaps back place, into to p ace, ultra-violet u t a v o et radiations ad at o s are a e produced. p oduced.

VISIBLE LIGHT PHOSPHOR CRYSTALS

ELECTRODE

ATOM OF VAPORISED MERCURY

STEP 1 Electron emitted by

electrode at one end of fluorescent lamp travels at high speed through the tube until it collides with one of the electrons of the mercury atom.

When the ultra-violet radiations reach the phosphor crystal, the impulse travels to one of the active centers in the crystal and here an action similar to that described in Step 2 takes place. This time, however, visible light is produced.

STEP 3

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Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Different

types (T12, , T8 and T5) ) differing g T10, in diameter and efficiency efficient at ambient temperature of 20-30 oC,

Most

Features: Halo-phosphate Efficacy 80 lumens/Watt (HF gear increases this by 10%) Color Rendering Index 2-3 Color Temperature Any Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours Tri-phosphor Efficacy 90 lumens/Watt Color Rendering Index 1A-1B Color Temperature Any Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours

Compact C

f fluorescent lamps (CFL) have much smaller luminaries

Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)
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High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps

Used in outdoor and industrial applications ballast high high- voltage electronic Consist of: ballast, starter, ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling, sodium, mercury No starting electrodes High efficacy: 60 80 lumen/Watt Color rendering index: 1 - 2 Color temperature: warm Lamp life < 24,000 hrs
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Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps

Commonly included in the HID family Highest 100 - 200 lumen/Watt Hi h t efficacy: ffi l /W tt Poorest quality light: colors appear black, white or grey shades Limited to outdoor applications C Color rendering index: 3 Color temperature: yellow Lamp life < 16,000 hours
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Mercury Vapor Lamps

Oldest HID lamp Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon gas and quartz envelope, third electrode, outer phosphor coated bulb, outer glass envelope Long life and low initial costs Very poor efficacy: 30 65 lumens/Watt Color rendering index: 3 Color temperature: intermediate Lamp life: 16000 24000 hours
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Metal Halide Lamps

Works similar to tungsten halogen lamps g , size and rating g Largest choice of color, Better efficacy than other HID lamps: 80 lumen/Watt Require high voltage ignition pulse but some have third electrode for starting Color rendering index: 1A 2 Color temperature: 3000 6000 K Lamp life: 6000 20,000 hours

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Blended Lamps

Two-in-one: 2 light sources in 1 gas filled bulb Q Quartz mercury y discharge g tube Tungsten filament

Suitable for flame proof areas Fit into incandescent lamps fixtures Efficacy: 20 30 lumen/Watt Lamp life < 8000 hours High power factor: 0.95 Typical rating: 160 W

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LED Lamps

Newest type of energy efficient lamp yp Two types: red-blue-green array phosphor-coated blue lamp Emit visible light in a very narrow spectrum and can produce white light U d in Used i exit it signs, i traffic t ffi signals, i l and d the technology is rapidly progressing Significant energy savings: 82 93% Longest lamp life: 40,000 100,000 hours
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Reflectors

Impact how much light reaches area and distribution pattern Diffuse reflectors: 70-80% reflectance but declining in time Painted or powder coated white finish

Specular reflectors: 85-96% 96% reflectance and less decline in time 85 Polished or mirror-like Not suitable for industrial open-type strip fixtures

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Gear

Ballast g device Current limiting Helps voltage build-up in fluorescent lights

Igniters Start metal halide and sodium vapor lamps

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Comparing Lamps
Type of Lamp Lumens / Watt
Avg. Range Incandescent 8-18 14

Color Rendering Index

Excellent

Typical Application

Life (Hours)
1000

Homes, restaurants, general lighting, emergency lighting Offices, shops, hospitals, homes

Fluorescent Lamps

46-60

50

Good w.r.t. coating Very good

5000

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)

40-70

60

Hotels, shops, homes, offices

8000-10000

High pressure mercury (HPMV)

44-57

50

Fair

General lighting in factories, garages, car parking, ki flood fl d lighting Display, flood lighting, stadium exhibition grounds, construction areas General lighting in factories, ware houses, street lighting Roadways, tunnels, canals, street lighting

5000

Halogen lamps

18-24

20

Excellent

2000-4000

High pressure sodium (HPSV) SON Low pressure sodium (LPSV) SOX

67-121

90

Fair

6000-12000

101175

150

Poor

6000-12000

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Electrical Lighting Design

Better lighting increased productivity Two main questions ti for f designer:
Choose correct lighting level Choose quality of light (color rendering)

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Recommended Light Levels

Illuminance level (lux)

Examples of Area of Activity

Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating g areas, , outdoor stores , stockyards Exterior walkways & platforms. Boiler house. Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc. Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms. Minimum service illuminance on the task Medium bench & machine work, general process in chemical and food industries, casual reading and filing activities activities. Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and machine assembly, colour work, critical drawing tasks. Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small precision mechanism assembly; electronic components, gauging & inspection of small intricate parts (may be partly provided by local task lighting) Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very small parts of instruments, watch making, engraving. 44

General Lighting for rooms and areas used either infrequently and/or casual or simple visual tasks

20 50 70 100 150 200 300

General lighting for interiors

450 1500

Additional localized lighting for visually exacting tasks

3000

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Example 3
An industrial plant has an incandescent lighting load of comprising 100 Nos. of 60 W and 140 Nos. of 100 W. Calculate the energy savings if each incandescent load is replaced by 1 X 40W fluorescent load. Lighting is required for 4000 hours/year and the cost of electricity is RM 0.22 per kWh. Replacement cost is RM 13.5 per unit consider ballast consumption as 15 W.
Given data: 100 W incandescent lamp 60 W incandescent lamp 40 W Fluorescent lamp = = = 2200 lumens 1320 lumens 2400 lumens

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Solution

Power required by existing incandescent lamps = 100 x 60 + 140 x 100 = 6000 +14000 =20.0 kW. One 40 W fluorescent lamp each will be required to replace one 100 W incandescent and two of 60 W lamps (as observed from given data). we require 140 nos. of 40W fluorescent lamps (to replace 100 W incandescent lamps) and 50 Nos. of 40 watts fluorescent lamps (to replace 60W incandescent lamps). T l number Total b of f Fluorescent Fl l lamps required d = 50 + 140 = 190 Nos. Power required for one of fluorescent lamp is 55 W (including conventional ballast power)
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Solution

Power required for total fluorescent load = 190 x 55 W = 10.45 kW Annual Energy Savings = (20 10.45) x 4000 = 38,200 kWh Annual cost savings = 38,200 x RM 0.22 = RM 8404.00 Replacement cost = 190 x RM13.5/unit = RM2565.00 Simple payback period = (RM 2565.00/ RM 8404.00) X 12 = 4 months

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Methods of Lighting

normally for checking use only. According to the watts/m2 of area to be illuminated. illuminated

Watts Per Square Meter Method Rough calculations and

Lumen or Light Flux Method

Most commonly used method in lighting scheme design.

Point to Point Method

Applicable to illuminate a point due to one or more sources of light is required. Normally for flood lighting calculation.

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Lumen Method
Lumens received on the working plane UF = N W OR = N W UF MF DF

N W UF DF MF

= number of lamps = wattage of each lamp = efficacy ff of f each hl lamp (l (lumens/watt) / ) = utilisation factor = depreciation factor = maintenance factor

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Utilisation Factor
UF = Lumens reaching the working plane Total lumens given out by the lamps
SemiIndirect Lighting

0.25 0.35 0.35 0.45 0.5 0.55

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Indirect Lighting

Direct Lighting

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Depreciation Factor
DF = Illumination under ideally clean conditions Illumination under normal working conditions

reflector lamp

Wall

Typical value: ranging from 1.2 to 1.4.

Dust absorb some light

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Maintenance Factor

The ratio of illumination on a given area after a period of time to the initial illumination on the same area. Lighting efficiency is seriously impaired by blackened lamps, by lamp life, and by dirt on the lamp reflecting surfaces of the luminaire. The losses are due to the physical changes on lamps, reflecting and transmitting surfaces, ceiling and walls. T i l value Typical l i is about b t0 0.8. 8

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Example 4
A lecture hall with dimension of 12 m long and 10 m wide is to be illuminated and the illuminance required is 350 Lux. Assuming a depreciation factor of 1.2 and utilisation factor of 0.6 for the lighting scheme design. If 36 W fluorescent lamps (75 l lumens/ / watt) ) were to be b used, d calculate the number of fluorescent lamps required.
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Solution
Area = 12 m x 10 m = 120 m2. Total lumens required = 350 lux x 120 m2 = 42,000 lumens. 1 x 36 W Fluorescent lamp = 75 lumens/W x 36 W = 2700 lumens. Gross lumens output by the lamps: = 42,000 x (1.2/0.6) = 84,000 lumens. Nos of lamps = 84,000/2700 32 lamps.
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