Tutorial 11/12/2012

Design an appropriate strengthening system for the simple supported beam with a T-cross
section with span of 5m under uniform distributed load, shown in Figure 1.















Figure 1: Simple supported beam with T-cross section

Simply supported beam
Span of the beam = 5 l m =

Uniform distributed load =
q =
65 kN/m


Geometry of the cross section
Width of flange =
b = 1200 mm

Width of web = 250
w
b mm =
Depth of flange = 150
f
d mm =
Depth of section = 500 h mm =
Distance of compression reinforcement from the top surface =d
2
= 40 mm
Distance of tension reinforcement from the bottom surface =
1
50 d mm =
Distance of the tension reinforcement from the top surface = 450 d mm =

Steel reinforcements
No of bar compression bars = 2
c
n =
Diameter of the compression bar = 16
c
d mm =
Area of top reinforcement =

No of bar compression bars = n
t
= 3
Diameter of the compression bar = d
t
= 20
Area of bottom reinforcement =

5 m



Mechanical properties of Concrete
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete = f
ctm
= 2.2 MPa
Mean tensile strength of concrete = 2.2
ctm
f MPa =
Design strength of concrete = 13.33
ck
cd
c
f
f MPa

= =

Material safety factor of concrete = 1.5
c
=

Modulus of elasticity of concrete = E
c
= 29 MPa


Mechanical properties of Steel
Characteristic yield strength of steel = 500
yk
f MPa =
Design yield strength of steel = 435
yk
yd
s
f
f MPa

= =

Material safety factor of steel = 1.15
s
=
Modulus of elasticity of steel = 210
s
E GPa =

Ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete = 7
s
s
c
E
E
o = =

Strengthening material =CFRP
Modulus of elasticity of CFRP = E
f
=150 MPa
Ultimate fracture strain of CFRP = 0.01
u
c =
Width of CFRP strip = b
f
=50mm
Thickness of CFRP = t
f
=1.1mm

Service Moment = M
o
= 47 kNm (before strengthening)
Resistant moment = M
Ed
= 203 kNm (after strengthening)

SOLUTI ON
I nitial conditions:
In order to take into account the effect of the loads prior to the strengthening, the initial strain
in the concrete is computed by the following steps.

The service moment M
o
, due to the uniform distributed load is 47 kN.
Assuming that the neutral axis lies in the flange, its depth is identified by considering the
equilibrium at translation of the cross section by using the equation (2).
2
0 2 0 2 1 0
1
( 1) ( ) ( ) 0
2
s s s s
bx A x d A d x o o + =

(1)


This equation has been solved by an iterative procedure implemented in an Excel spread
sheet by using the function Goal seek.
By using the mentioned iterative procedure the neutral axis depth
0
x is 63.9 mm, which being
smaller than the depth of the beam flange, implies that the initial hypothesis on the position
of the neutral axis is correct.
The moment of inertia of the transformed cracked section is computed by equation (2)


(2)

Therefore, I
o2
=1072603692 mm
4

The concrete strain at the extreme compression fiber is
co =
0.00010, much smaller the
ultimate strain of the concrete and it is calculated by equation (3)



(3)

Since the strain in the cross section above and below the neutral axis for Bernoullis theorem
are proportional to their distance from the neutral axis the equation (4) is valid and the strain
at the extreme tension fiber
o
is equal to 0.000658978.



(4)


Ultimate limit state
The FRP design for flexural strengthening of a cross section in RC aims at
- Having ductile failure by steel yielding (
s
=
y
); no crushing of concrete (
c
<
cu
) and
no fracture of FRP (
,
min( , )
f u fb fl
c c c = ).
- Preventing debonding between FRP and RC member, by calculating an adequate bond
length of the FRP.


Figure 2: T-cross section; Strain and strength distribution

3
2 2 9 4 0
02 2 0 2 1 0
( 1) ( ) ( ) 1.08 10
3
s s s s
x
I b A x d A d x mm o o = + + =

02
0.00011
o o
co
c
M x
E I
c = =

0
0
0.00071
o co
h x
x
c c

= =


I dentification of FRP strain
The strain in the FRP is limited by the minimum value of
u
: ultimate strain of the FRP and

fb,fl:
debonding strain calculated for flexure:
f,lim
= min (
fu
,
fb, fl
).

Assuming that l
b
: available bond length of the FRP is longer than l
b,max
: optimum bond length
(l
b
l
b,max
) the strain for debonding in the FRP is calculated by equation (5) :

,
0.6
f l
ctm b
fb fl
fb f f
f k
E t
o
c

=

(5)

where 2.5
f l
o = , 1.5
fb
= and
b
k is given by equation (6).

1.5 2
1
1
100
f
b
f
b
b
k
b
| |

|
\ .
= >
+



(6)

Therefore
fb,fl
= 0.004714045.

Since, in order to prevent rapture of the FRP,
f
: strain in the FRP, should be smaller than

f,lim
(
f

f,lim
= min (
fu
,
fb, fl
)), where
fu
is 0.01, the strain of the FRP is governed by the
debonding strain:
fb, fl-sh
.

I dentification of the number of strips required to strengthen the RC member
The number of strips of FRP required for the beam to support a resistant design moment M
Rd

= 203 kN is calculated by considering the equilibrium at translation of the cross section,
expressed in equation (7)

2 2 1
0.85 0
cd s sd s yd f fd
f bx A f A f A o + =

(7)

From equation (7) the area of FRP can be calculated as follows

A
f
(x) = ( 0.85 f
cd
b x+A
s2
f
sd2
- A
s1
f
yd
)/
fd

(8)

where
1000
1000 0.5 0.002
12
2
1 0.002 0.0035
3000
c c c
c
c
if
if
c c c
c
c
| |
= s
|
\ .
= s s



(9)

The strain in the concrete
c
, since the concrete is not crushing, can be expressed as follows:
( )
c f o
x
h x
c c c = +

(10)

The stress of the steel reinforcement in compression: f
sd2,
being smaller than the yielding
strength, since the steel reinforcement on the top of the cross section is not yielding, is
calculated by the equation (11).

2
2 sd s c
x d
f E
x
c
| |
=
|
\ .


(11)

The stress of the fibre:
fd
, being smaller than the maximum strength of the FRP, since the
FRP is not failing, is calculated by the equation (12).

fd f c o
h x
E
x
o c c
| |
=
|
\ .


(12)

All equations from (8) to (12) are expressed as functions of the position of the neutral axis
(x); therefore once the depth of the neutral axis is calculated from equation (13), where
G
is
obtained by equation (14), the area of FRP which is required for the cross section to support
the resistant design moment M
Rd
, is known.

1 2 2 2
1
( ) ( ) ( )
Rd s yd G f fd G s sd G
Rd
M A f d x A h x A f x d o o o o

( = + +



(13)

( )
8 1000
0.002
4(6 1000 )
1000 3000 4 2
0.002 0.0035
2000 (3000 2)
c
G c
c
c c
G c
c c
if
if
c
o c
c
c c
o c
c c

= s

+
= s s

(14)


The equations from (8) to (14) have been solved by an iterative procedure implemented in an
Excel spread sheet by using the function Goal seek.

By using the mentioned iterative procedure the neutral axis depth x is 77.15 mm and by
substituting this in

equation (9), = 0.410075817
equation (10),
c
= 0.000980324
equation (11), f
sd2
= 94.41 MPa
equation (12),
fd
= 707.12 MPa
equation (12),
G
= 0.349608027

Calculated these parameters, and substituting them in equation (8) the FRP area for
strengthening the T-cross section is 91.23mm
2
.
Since the area of a single FRP strip is 55 mm
2
, 2 strips are required to cover the FRP area of
91.23mm
2
. These strips will be placed one next to the other in order to avoid a multilayer
FRP.

For this reason, by taking into account that the total FRP area used to strengthen the cross
section is 110 mm
2
, the new resistant design moment, depth of the neutral axis and strain of
the concrete are recalculated by using equations from (8) to (14), and they are the following:

M
Rd
209 KNm
x 79.50 mm

c
0.001016


I dentification of anchorage length
The next step aims at calculating the total length of the FRP.

Known that M
Rd
is 203kNm and z (=0.95d) is 427.5 mm, the total tensile force (M
Rd
/z=N
Rsd
+N
fad
) in the middle span is 475 kN, where N
Rsd
(=A
s1
f
yd
= 408.9 kN) is the tensile force
carried by the steel reinforcement and N
fad
(= 66 kN) is the tensile force carried by FRP.


Figure 3: Anchorage length

Verification of anchorage 1/2
the acting moment is M
ed
203 kNm
in the middle span
z 427.5 mm
Med/z = N
sd
+ N
fd 475 kN
N
sd
408.9 kN
N
fd
66 kN
in the section A: the total tansion force M
ed
/z
intersects the line corrisponding to the maximum
force carried by the steel N
rsd
=A
s1
f
yd
.
in this location the FRP tension force ids Nfsdand
the corrisponding anchorage length is lb
the anchorage force (design value) N
fad
can be
estimated on internal force equilibrium as follows
Total tension force
=M
ed
/z= N
sd
+ N
fd
due to the steel and FRP
(z = 0.95d = lever arm)
A B
In the section A, the total tensile force (M
ed
/z) intersects the line corresponding to the
maximum force carried by the steel (N
rsd
), as it can be observed in Figure 3. This means that
in this section the total tensile force (=N
fad
) is only carried by the FRP and it can be
calculated by equation (15). Therefore the amount of the tensile load N
fad
carried by the FRP
at this section is 33 kN.



(15)

Since N
fad,
should be
,max fad
N = 31.11kN: maximum tensile force carried by the FRP with
optimal bond length, calculated by equation (16), the section A needs to be repositioned in
the direction where the bending moment tends to decrease. Therefore a new section position
of A should be identified, where N
fad
is reduced to
,max fad
N .


(16)

The identification of the new position of section A entails the following steps.
The amount of shift on each side of the beam support is assumed to be 0.4
l
m o = , therefore
the new span is given by ' 2 5.8
l
l l m o = + =
In order to have the same maximum moment on the critical section, considering that q is the
intensity of the design load and q the modified intensity distributed on the simple supported
beam, q is 48.31kN/m according to equation (17).



(17)

By considering the shift rule, the shifted value of
Ed
M is given by equation (18) where x is the
unknown which represents the distance between the beam support and the new position of the
section A.

( ) ( )
2 ' ' '
2 2
Ed l l
q l q
M x x o o = + +

(18)

Consequently, the corresponding tensile force is given by equation
(19)

( ) ( )
2 ' ' '
2 2
Ed
l l
M q l q
x x
z z z
o o = + +

(19)

Knowing that Med/z hasa maximum value that is the following:

1 1
75
1
ed
fad
s s
f f
M
z
N kN
A
A E
c
= =
| |
+
|
|
\ .

,max
0.6 76.47
fad b f ctm f
N bf k E f t kN = =

2
' 57 /
'
l
q q kN m
l
| |
= =
|
\ .
Med/z = N
Rsd
(= 408.9 kN) +
,max fad
N (= 31.11kN)

= 377.79 kN,
equations from (17) to
(19) have been solved by an iterative procedure implemented in an Excel spread sheet by
using the function Goal seek.
By using the mentioned iterative procedure x is 1.19 m, and the points from where the bond
length is provided are the following:
x
1
=1.19m (distance from the left support beam)
x
2
= 3.81m (distance from the left support beam)
Therefore the new position of the section A is given by (x
2
-x
1
)*0.5=1.3m which corresponds,
to section B in Figure 3.

The optimum bond length is 0.20 m and it is calculated by equation (20) and the total length
of the FRP is given by 3.0 m



(20)




2 1 ,max
2 3.46
FRP b
l x x l m = + =

,max
0.6 0.23
f f
b
ctm b
E t
l m
f k
= =