SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

A PROJECT REPORT ON : TYPES OF ENGINES AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Submitted by:Khushwant Choudhary Submission date: 11/06/2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my profound gratitude to the company, Hindustan Zinc Limited for giving me the opportunity to conduct my project work. I would also like to give sincere thank to my project advisor Mr. R.P.Vagela whose interest and inspire action and expert guidance help in the completion of the project. I wish to give special thank to all other for their unconditional support and co-operation, who have made this project possible.

INDEX
S.No Title Page

1.

Engine

2.

External combustion engines i) Applications of EC engines

2 3

3.

Internal combustion engines

4.

Classification of IC engines i. Cycle of operation ii. Method of charging iii. Type of ignition iv. Type of cooling v. Cylinder arrangement

6 6 13 13 13 16

5. Applications of IC engines 6. Bibliography

19

TYPES OF ENGINES AND ITS APPLICATION

ENGINE
An engine is a device which transforms one form of energy into another form. Normally most of the engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work and therefore they are called heat engines. Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work. Thus, thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy in a heat engine. Heat engines can be broadly classified into two categories: 1. Internal Combustion Engines(IC Engines) 2. External Combustion Engines(EC Engines)

External combustion engines are engines in which combustion takes place outside the engine and the products of combustion are used as the working fluid. For example, in a steam engine or steam turbine, the heat generated due to combustion of the fuel is employed to generate high pressure steam which is used as working fluid in a reciprocating engine or a turbine.

Internal combustion engines are engines in which combustion takes place inside the engine. Internal combustion engines are further classified into 2stroke and 4-stroke engines & SI and CI engines.

EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

(EC Engines) An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where an (internal) working fluid is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work. The fluid is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle), or (less commonly) dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine). Powered by the same technology as their more popular internal counterparts, External Combustion Engines use a comparable amount of energy and are similar in nearly all characteristics. Their efficiency comes from what they do with energy, namely igniting a spark in a vehicle's fuel tank, thereby resulting in a larger and far superior combustion. Because a greater amount of potential energy is converted to kinetic energy with the same energy input, the External Combustion Engine is theoretically more efficient. Steam Engine is an example of external combustion engine. A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. Water turns to steam in a boiler and reaches a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then released into the atmosphere or condensed and pumped back into the boiler. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. Most mobile steam engines and some smaller stationary engines discard the low-pressure steam instead of condensing it for reuse. In general usage, the term 'steam engine' can refer to integrated steam plants such as railway steam locomotives and portable engines.

Advantages of External Combustion Engines over Internal Combustion Engines are: The strength of the steam engine for modern purposes is in its ability to convert heat from almost any source into mechanical work, unlike the internal combustion engine. Steam locomotives are especially advantageous at high elevations as they are not adversely affected by the lower atmospheric pressure.

APPLICATIONS OF EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Steam engines have been applied to a variety of practical uses. At first it was applied to reciprocating pumps, but from the 1780s rotative engines (i.e. those converting reciprocating motion into rotary motion) began to appear, driving factory machinery such as spinning mules and power looms. Now a days, steam-powered transport on both sea and land began to make its appearance becoming ever more dominant as the century progressed. Steam engines can be classified by their application: Stationary applications Stationary steam engines can be classified into two main types: 1. Winding engines, rolling mill engines, steam donkeys, marine engines, and similar applications which need to frequently stop and reverse. 2. Engines providing power, which rarely stop and do not need to reverse. These include engines used in thermal power stations and those that were used in pumping stations, mills, factories and to power cable railways and cable tramways before the widespread use of electric power. Transport applications Steam engines have been used to power a wide array of transport appliances: Marine: Steamboat, steamship, steam yacht Rail: Steam locomotive, fireless locomotive Agriculture: Traction engine, steam tractor

Road: Steam wagon, steam bus, steam tricycle, steam car Construction: Steam roller, steam shovel Military: steam tank (tracked), steam tank (wheeled), steam catapult Space: Steam rocket

A steam engine locomotive

Steam powered vehicle

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

(IC ENGINES) The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. This force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. The principle behind any reciprocating internal combustion engine: If you put a tiny amount of high-energy fuel (like gasoline) in a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released in the form of expanding gas. A large number of different designs for ICEs have been developed and built, with a variety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by an energydense fuel (which is very frequently gasoline, a liquid derived from fossil fuels). While there have been and still are many stationary applications, the real strength of internal combustion engines is in mobile applications and they dominate as a power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats. Although various forms of internal combustion engines were developed before the 19th century, their use was hindered until the commercial drilling and production of petroleum began in the mid-1850s. By the late 19th century, engineering advances led to their widespread adoption in a variety of applications.

CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
Internal combustion engines are usually classified on the basis of thermodynamic cycle of operation, number of strokes, type of fuel used, method of charging the cylinder, type of cooling, and cylinder arrangement etc. 1. CYCLE OF OPERATION: According to cycle of operation, IC engines are classified into two categories: 1. Constant volume heat addition cycle or Otto cycle engine. It is also called a spark ignition engine (SI engine) or Gasoline engine.

An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle which describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition reciprocating piston engine, the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines. The Otto cycle consists of adiabatic compression, heat addition at constant volume, adiabatic expansion, and rejection of heat at constant volume. In the case of a four-stroke Otto cycle, technically there are two additional processes: one for the exhaust of waste heat and combustion products (by isobaric compression), and one for the intake of cool oxygen-rich air (by isobaric expansion); however, these are often omitted in a simplified analysis. Even though these two processes are critical to the functioning of a real engine, wherein the details of heat transfer and combustion chemistry are relevant, for the simplified analysis of the thermodynamic cycle, it is simpler and more convenient to assume that all of the waste-heat is removed during a single volume change.

The term spark-ignition engine refers to internal combustion engines, usually petrol engines, where the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark from a spark plug. Spark-ignition engines are commonly referred to as "gasoline engines" in America, and "petrol engines" in Britain and the rest of the world. However, these terms are not preferred, since sparkignition engines can (and increasingly are) run on fuels other than petrol/gasoline,suchas autogas (LPG), methanol, ethanol, bioethanol, com pressed natural gas (CNG), hydrogen, and (in drag racing) nitro methane.

The working cycle of both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines may be either two-stroke or four-stroke. A four-stroke spark-ignition engine is an Otto cycle engine. It consists of following four strokes: suction or intake stroke, compression stroke, expansion or power stroke, exhaust stroke. Each stroke consists of 180 degree rotation of crankshaft rotation and hence a four-stroke cycle is completed through 720

degree of crank rotation. Thus for one complete cycle there is only one power stroke while the crankshaft turns by two revolutions. 4 stroke SI engine:

The four cycles refer to intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust cycles that occur during two crankshaft rotations per power cycle of the four-cycle engines. The cycle begins at Top Dead Centre (TDC), when the piston is farthest away from the axis of the crankshaft. A cycle refers to the full travel of the piston from Top Dead Centre (TDC) to Bottom Dead Centre (BDC). 1. INTAKE stroke: on the intake or induction stroke of the piston, the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air, or just air in a diesel engine, is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s) then close. The volume of air/fuel mixture that is drawn into the cylinder, relative to the volume of the cylinder is called, the volumetric efficiency of the engine. 2. COMPRESSION stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air, or fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head. 3. POWER stroke: this is the start of the second revolution of the engine. While the piston is close to Top Dead Center, the compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline engine is ignited, usually by a spark plug, or fuel is injected into the diesel engine, which

ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the compression stroke. The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down toward bottom dead centre. 4. EXHAUST stroke: during the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is open. This action evacuates the burnt products of combustion from the cylinder by expelling the spent fuel-air mixture out through the exhaust valve(s). 2 stoke SI engine:

A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes the process cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft (an up stroke and a down stroke of the piston, compared to twice that number for a four-stroke engine). This is accomplished by using the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke to perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions. In this way, two-stroke engines often provide high specific power, at least in a narrow range of rotational speeds. The functions of some or all of the valves required by a four-stroke engine are usually served in a two-stroke engine by ports that are opened and closed by the motion of the piston(s), greatly reducing the number of moving parts. Gasoline (spark ignition) versions are particularly useful in lightweight (portable) applications, such as chainsaws.

2. Constant pressure heat addition cycle or Diesel cycle engine. It is also called a Compression Ignition engine (CI engine).

P-V Diagram The Diesel cycle is the thermodynamic cycle which approximates the pressure and volume of the combustion chamber of the Diesel engine, invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1897. It is assumed to have constant pressure during the first part of the "combustion" phase ( to in the diagram, below). This is an idealized mathematical model: real physical Diesels do have an increase in pressure during this period, but it is less pronounced than in the Otto cycle. The idealized Otto cycle of a gasoline engine approximates constant volume during that phase, generating more of a spike in a p-V diagram. The image on the left shows a p-V diagram for the ideal Diesel cycle; where is pressure and is specific volume. The ideal Diesel cycle follows the following four distinct processes:

Process 1 to 2 is isentropic compression of the fluid Process 2 to 3 is reversible constant pressure heating Process 3 to 4 is isentropic expansion Process 4 to 1 is reversible constant volume cooling

The Diesel is a heat engine: it converts heat into work. The isentropic processes are impermeable to heat: heat flows into the loop through the left expanding isobaric process and some of it flows back out through the right depressurizing process, and the heat that remains does the work.

Work in ( ) is done by the piston compressing the working fluid Heat in ( ) is done by the combustion of the fuel Work out ( ) is done by the working fluid expanding on to the piston (this produces usable torque) Heat out ( ) is done by venting the air 4 stroke CI Engine

o INTAKE stroke: on the intake or induction stroke of the

piston, the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air, or just air in a diesel engine, is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s) then close.. o COMPRESSION stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air, or fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head. o POWER stroke: this is the start of the second revolution of the engine. While the piston is close to Top Dead Center, the compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline engine is ignited, usually by a spark plug, which ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the compression stroke. EXHAUST stroke: during the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is open. This action evacuates the burnt products of combustion from the cylinder by expelling the spent fuel-air mixture out through the exhaust valve(s). 2 stroke CI Engine Two-stroke internal combustion engines are more simple mechanically than four-stroke engines, but more complex in thermodynamic and aerodynamic processes.

Intake begins when the piston is near the bottom dead center. Air is admitted to In the early phase of intake, the air charge is also used to force out any remaining combustion gases from the preceding power stroke, a process referred to as scavenging. As the piston rises, the intake charge of air is compressed. Near top dead center, fuel is injected, resulting in combustion due to the extremely high pressure and heat created by compression, which drives the piston downward. As the piston moves downward in the cylinder it will reach a point where the exhaust port is opened to expel the high-pressure combustion gasses.

2. METHOD OF CHARGING: According to the method of supercharging, the engines are classified as i. ii. Naturally aspirated engines: admission of air or fuel-air mixture at near atmospheric pressure. Supercharged engines: admission of air or fuel-air mixture at a pressure above atmospheric pressure.

3. TYPE OF IGNITION: Spark ignition engines requires an external source of energy for the initiation of spark and thereby the combustion process. A high voltage spark is made to jump through the combustion process. In order to produce the required high voltage there are two types of ignition systems which are normally used. They are: i. ii. Battery ignition system Magneto ignition system

4. TYPE OF COOLING: Cooling is very essential for satisfactory running of an engine. There are two types of cooling in use and according to them, engine are classified as: i. ii. Air cooled engine Water cooled engine

5. CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT: Another common method of classifying reciprocating engines is by the cylinder arrangement. The cylinder arrangement is only applicable to multi cylinder engines. Two terms used in connection with cylinder arrangements must be defined first

Inline engines: The inline engine is an engine with one cylinder bank, i.e. all cylinders are arranged linearly, and transmit power to a single crankshaft. This type is quite common with automobile engines. V engines: In this engine there are two banks of cylinders inclines to each other to the crankshaft. Most of the high powered vehicles use 8 cylinder v engine, four in line on each side of the v. Opposed cylinder engine: This engine has two cylinder banks located on the same plane on opposite sides of the crankshaft. It can be visualised as two inline arrangement 180 degrees apart. It is inherently a well balanced engine and has advantage of a single cylinder. Opposed piston engine: When a single cylinder houses two pistons, each of which driving a separate crankshaft, it is called an opposed piston engine. The movement of the pistons is synchronised by coupling the two crankshafts. It is also well balanced engine. It has an advantage of having no cylinder head. The engine usually functions on principle of two stroke engine. Radial engine: Radial engine is one in which there is more than two cylinders in each row are equally spaced around the crankshaft. The radial arrangement of cylinder is most commonly used in conventional air cooled aircraft engines. Pistons of all the cylinders are coupled to same crankshaft. X type engine: This design is a variation of v type. It has four banks of cylinder attached to a single crankshaft. H type engine:

The h type is essentially two opposed cylinder type utilizing two separate but interconnected crankshafts. U type engine: The u type engine is a variation of opposed piston arrangement. Delta type engine: The delta type is essentially a combination of three opposed piston engine with three crankshafts interlinked to one another.

APPLICATIONS OF IC ENGINES
The most important application of IC engines is in transport on land, sea, and air. Other applications include industrial power plants and as prime movers for electrical generators. IC engines Type Gasoline engines Applications Automotive, marine, aircrafts Type Steam engine EC engines Applications Locomotive , marine applications

Gas engines

Industrial power generation

Stirling engine

Experimental space vehicles

Diesel engines

Automotive, railway, power

Steam turbines

Power, large marine applications

Gas turbines

Power, aircraft, industrial, marine

Close cycle Power, marine gas turbine

Some other applications of IC engines are: Two stroke gasoline engines Small two stroke gasoline engines are used where simplicity and low cost are of prime importance. In such applications lesser fuel

consumption is the main consideration. The smallest engines are used in mopeds and lawn movers. Scooters and motorcycles are generally having 100-150 cc gasoline engines having a maximum brake power of 5kw at 5500rpm. High powered motorcycles have 250 cc engines , developing a max brake power of 10kw. Two stroke gasoline engines may also be used in very small electric generators, pumping sets, and outboard motorboats. Two stroke diesel engine Very high power diesel engines are used for ship propulsion are commonly two stroke diesel engines. Four stroke gasoline engine The most common use of small four stroke gasoline engine is in automobiles. A typical automobile powered by four stroke gasoline engine develops about 30-60kw at 4500 rpm. Four stroke gasoline engines were also used in buses and trucks. They were generally 4000cc with maximum rake power of 90kw. Another application of small four stroke gasoline engine is in small and mobile electric generator sets. Small aircrafts uses radial four stroke gasoline engines.

Four stroke diesel engine Four stroke diesel engine is one of the most efficient and versatile prime movers. It is manufactured in sizes from 50 mm to 1000 mm of cylinder diameter.

Small engines are used as pump sets, construction machinery air compressors, drilling rigs and many other miscellaneous applications. Tractors for agriculture application use 30kw diesel engines whereas jeep, buses, trucks uses 40 to 100kw engines. Generally they give high power outputs when supercharged. Earthmoving machines uses supercharged four stroke diesel engines in output ranging 200 400kw. Marine applications, from fishing vessels to ocean going ships use diesel engines from 100- 3500kw. Diesel engines are used both for mobile and stationary electric generating plants of varying capacities. Compared to gasoline engines, these engines are more efficient. However, the vibrations from the engine and the unpleasant odour from the exhaust are the main drawbacks as compared to gasoline engines.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS: Internal Combustion Engines by V GANESAN

Internal Combustion Engines by MATHUR & SHARMA

WEBSITES: http://www.wikipedia.org/ http://images.google.com/