TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE
List of Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables Abstract

PAGE NO.
v vi xi xii

1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Introduction Objective Project methodology Summary 1 3 4 5

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Research issues and observations Summary 6 6 10

3.

SOURCE, GROWTH AND LIFE CYCLE OF SOYABEAN OIL

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Introduction Physical properties of soya bean oil Alternative refining Methods Oxidative quality of Soya bean oil Trans-esterification process 3.5.1 3.5.2 General aspects of trans-esterification Trans-esterification of vegetable oils 11 12 12 13 13 13 14

CHAPTER NO
3.6 3.7

TITLE

PAGE NO.
16 16

Estimation of conversion to ester Summary

4.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction Trans-esterification process of Soya bean oil Gas chromatography / Mass spectrometry Summary 17 17 18 20

5.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
5.1 5.2 Introduction Details of investigation 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3 Electrical DC Generator Dynamometer Test Rig Crypton Gas Analyzer Experimental setup 21 21 21 21 22 24

Summary

6.

FORMING OF BIODIESEL
6.1 6.2 6.3 Introduction Preparation of biodiesel Results of the esterification test separation of soya bean oil Fames by GC/MS 6.4 6.5 6.6 General uses Common applications Summary 26 33 33 37 25 25

7.

PISTON SHAPE DESIGNS

7.1 7.2 Introduction Existing piston design
ii

38 38

CHAPTER NO
7.2.1 7.2.2 7.3

TITLE
Shallow toroidal piston design Deep toroidal piston design

PAGE NO.
39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41

Stages of machining 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 First stage of machining Second stage of machining Third stage of machining

7.4 7.5

Calculating compression ratio Summary

8.

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

8.1 8.2 Introduction Variation in brake thermal efficiency 8.2.1 8.2.2 Comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency in Toroidal piston Comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency in Shallow toroidal piston 8.2.3 Comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency in Deep toroidal piston 8.3 Variation in specific fuel consumption 8.3.1 8.3.2 Comparison of Specific Fuel Consumption in Toroidal piston Comparison of Specific Fuel Consumption in Shallow Toroidal piston 8.3.3 Comparison of Specific Fuel Consumption in Deep Toroidal piston 8.4 Comparison of in-cylinder pressure 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 Comparison of in-cylinder pressure in existing piston Comparison of in-cylinder pressure in shallow toroidal piston Comparison of in-cylinder pressure in deep toroidal piston 50 50 51 53 56 49 48 48 49 47 42 44 46

iii

CHAPTER NO
8.5

TITLE

PAGE NO.
58 59 61 64 66 67 69 74 74 77

Comparison of Rate of Heat Release 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 Comparison of heat release in toroidal piston Comparison of heat release in shallow toroidal piston Comparison of heat release in deep toroidal piston

8.6

Variations in Emission results 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.3 8.6.4 Influence of hydrocarbon emission Influence of CO2 emission Influence of CO emission Influence of NOX emission

8.7

Summary

9.

CONCLUSION

78

iv

LIST OF NOMENCLATURE
AMP Kg Gm KW Min PPM RPM MT CO NOX Hrs RT CRD GC/MS PG BTDC CAD DI SOME BTE Ampere kilogram Gram Kilowatt Minutes Parts Per Million Revolution Per Minute Metric Ton Carbon mono-oxide Oxide of nitrogen Hours Retention time Computer Randomized Design Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Percent Green Before top dead center Crank angle degree Direct Injection Soya bean oil methyl ester Brake thermal efficiency

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1

TITLE

PAGE NO.
18 23 24 24 26 26 26 28 29 30 31 32 38 39 39

GC/MS Mass spectrum for SOME Block diagram of experimental setup Deep Toroidal piston Shallow Toroidal piston Methoxide solution Mixture Settling time Extracted Biodiesel GC/MS of Soya bean methyl ester Mass spectrum of tetradecanioc acid Mass spectrum of l-tryptophan acid Mass spectrum n-Hexacdecanoic acid Mass spectrum of Octadecanic acid Schematic diagram of existing piston Schematic diagram of shallow toroidal piston Schematic diagram of deep toroidal piston Comparison of BTE for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% blend at full load

46

8.2

Comparison of BTE for Shallow toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% blend at full load 47

vi

FIGURE NO.
8.3

TITLE

PAGE NO.

Comparison of BTE for deep toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% blend at full load 48

8.4

Comparison of SFC for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% blend at full load 49

8.5

Comparison of SFC for Shallow toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% blend at full load 49

8.6

Comparison of SFC for Deep toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% blend at full load 50

8.7

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 20% load 51

8.8

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 40% load 52

8.9

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 60% load 52

8.10

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 80% load 53

8.11

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Shallow Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 20% load 54

8.12

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Shallow Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 40% load 54

8.13

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Shallow Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 60% load 55

8.14

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Shallow Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 80% load
vii

55

FIGURE NO.
8.15

TITLE

PAGE NO.

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Deep Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 20% load 56

8.16

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Deep Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 40% load 57

8.17

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Deep Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 60% load 57

8.18

Comparison of In-cylinder pressure for Deep Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 80% load 58

8.19

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 20% load 59

8.20

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 40% load 60

8.21

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 60% load 60

8.22

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 80% load 61

8.23

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Shallow Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 20% load 62

8.24

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Shallow Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 40% load 62

8.25

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Shallow Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 60% load 63

8.26

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Shallow Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 80% load
viii

63

FIGURE NO.
8.27

TITLE

PAGE NO.

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Deep Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 20% load 64

8.28

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Deep Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 40% load 65

8.29

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Deep Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 60% load 65

8.30

Comparison of Rate of Heat release for Deep Toroidal piston with Diesel, SOME 5%, 10% and 15% Blend at 80% load 66

8.31

Comparison of HC emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel at various loads 67

8.32

Comparison of HC emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 5% Blend at various loads 68

8.33

Comparison of HC emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 10% Blend at various loads 68

8.34

Comparison of HC emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 15% Blend at various loads 69

8.35

Comparison of CO2 emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel at various loads 70

8.36

Comparison of CO2 emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 5% Blend at various loads 70

8.37

Comparison of CO2 emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 10% Blend at various loads 71

ix

8.38

Comparison of CO2 emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 15% Blend at various loads 71

FIGURE NO.
8.39

TITLE

PAGE NO.

Comparison of CO emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel at various loads 72

8.40

Comparison of CO emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 5% Blend at various loads 73

8.41

Comparison of CO emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 10% Blend at various loads 73

8.42

Comparison of CO emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 15% Blend at various loads 74

8.43

Comparison of NOX emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel at various loads 75

8.44

Comparison of NOX emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 5% Blend at various loads 75

8.45

Comparison of NOX emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 10% Blend at various loads 76

8.46

Comparison of NOX emissions for different shape of pistons with Diesel, SOME 15% Blend at various loads 76

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 8.1

TITLE
Fatty acid Methyl Ester in SOME Properties of Diesel and SOME blends Specification of test engine Properties of SOME 5% blend with diesel Properties of SOME 10% blend with diesel Properties of SOME 15% blend with diesel Comparison of Brake thermal efficiency and Load for Toroidal piston Comparison of Brake thermal efficiency and Load for Shallow toroidal piston Comparison of Brake thermal efficiency and Load for Deep toroidal piston Comparison of Brake power and Load for Toroidal piston Comparison of Brake power and Load for Shallow toroidal piston Comparison of Brake power and Load for Deep toroidal piston

PAGE NO.
19 19 22 34 35 36 43

8.2

43

8.3

44 45

8.4 8.5

45

8.6

46

xi

ABSTRACT
The project aims at analyzing and evaluating the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of soya bean biodiesel blended with straight diesel in a naturally aspirated, direct injection compression ignition engine. The effect variable piston geometry is also studied with deep and shallow toroidal pistons. Soya bean biodiesel was prepared through trans-esterification process of soya bean oil with 2.2 grams of sodium hydroxide and 250 ml of methanol and 85% of soya bean methyl ester was achieved by this method.GC/MS analyze was carried out in which myristic acid,Niacin acid,Palmitic acid and stearic acid were found in various properties SOME was blended with straight diesel in 5%,10% and 15% blend ratios for its used in CI engine. The combustion, performance and emission analyze was studied using the blends of SOME with toroidal, shallow toroidal and deep toroidal pistons. The results showed that SOME biodiesel exhaust better combustion characteristic with shallow toroidal piston geometry. The In-cylinder peak pressure was found to increase 4 to 6% in shallow toroidal where as deep toroidal piston showed 3 to 5% negative improvement. The rate of heat releases also showed positive improvement with shallow toroidal piston geometry. The performance characteristics also showed 2 to 3% increase in brake thermal efficiency with marginal increasing specific fuel consumption. Emission analyses also supported the performance and combustion parameters by reduced HC emissions at high loads. And increased NOX emission at all loads with increased CO2 for shallow toroidal piston.

xii

xiii