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Outline
Vertical to horizontal
What are the reasons?
Permeability md
Well Type
Completion Traditionally, Plug and Perf (PNP) procedures offered a method to place fractures where the practices
designing engineer wanted them The cost became prohibitive, both in equipment but mainly due to time
Most stimulation service companies incentivize the use of multi-stimulation valves to better utilize time on location
Some had higher Capital costs, but all allowed quicker completion time
Frac Length Xf
Perforation Spacing
50 0.01-0.0006 8 35 0.44
The Cleveland
Permeability (md) Porosity (%) Water saturation (%) Reservoir pressure gradient (psig/ft) Top of pay (ft TVD) GOR (SCF/bbl) Length of lateral (ft) Reservoir temperature (0F)
Analysis Approach
Surveyed 55 wells recently completed in the Cleveland Created a statistical database, and generated average values Created a P10, 50 and 90 case for Permeability Used actual fracture spacing data, with frac treatment Generated a production decline curve for each P case Weighed-in economics with discounted cash flow Reported the results
Variable (ft) Fluid volume (gal) Proppant volume (lb) and type per fracture Propped length (ft) Fcd assuming 50% damage to pack
Note: Fcd values in both cases may appear to be excessive. Because of the low-formation permeability, the high value is easy to achieve. However, multi-phase flow was not considered when assuming the damage factor.
Color by
500
Results
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Time Oil Rate_MFV k=0...., Gas Rate_MFC k=0...., Oil Rate_PNP k=0...., Gas Rate_PNP k=0....
200
727,659 1,034,149 1,393,344 1,665,456
400
145,664 226,742 382,604 503,534
1 2 5 10
Note: This case is the P50 permeability of 0.0035 md. The authors used a P90 case of 0.0006 md and P10 case of 0.01 md. Only in the P10 case did 400-ft spacing perform better than the below table represents.
$3,000,000
$2,500,000 $2,000,000
200 Completion
$1,500,000 $1,000,000 $500,000 $0 2010 ($500,000) ($1,000,000) ($1,500,000) ($2,000,000) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
400 Completion
How could this Doubling Proppant volume increased costs 15%, yet equalized the economics solution be on the NPV corrected?
Shortening the spacing to 200 improved NPV performance but increased costs 49% Shortening spacing to 231.5, using the same frac volumes surpassed the NPV set by the other jobs, but increased costs 37%
Conclusions
The main controlling factors for reservoir recovery in matrix-based reservoirs that are hydraulically fractured as part of the completion are:
Reservoir perm Reservoir pressure The combination of Fracture conductivity these variables creates a solution which effectively Propped length fit your economics Fracture spacing