1.

Thermal energy is transferred through the glass windows of a house mainly by

A.

conduction.

B.

radiation.

C.

conduction and convection.

D.

radiation and convection.

(1)

2.

This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running.
When running, a person generates thermal energy but maintains approximately constant
temperature.
(a)

Explain what thermal energy and temperature mean. Distinguish between the two
concepts.
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(4)

The following simple model may be used to estimate the rise in temperature of a runner
assuming no thermal energy is lost.
A closed container holds 70 kg of water, representing the mass of the runner. The water is
heated at a rate of 1200 W for 30 minutes. This represents the energy generation in the runner.
(b)

(i)

Show that the thermal energy generated by the heater is 2.2 106 J.
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(2)

(ii)

Calculate the temperature rise of the water, assuming no energy losses from the
water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg1 K1.
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(3)

(c)

The temperature rise calculated in (b) would be dangerous for the runner. Outline three
mechanisms, other than evaporation, by which the container in the model would transfer
energy to its surroundings.
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(6)

A further process by which energy is lost from the runner is the evaporation of sweat.
(d)

(i)

Describe, in terms of molecular behaviour, why evaporation causes cooling.

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(3)

(ii)

Percentage of generated energy lost by sweating: 50%

Specific latent heat of vaporization of sweat: 2.26 106 J kg1
Using the information above, and your answer to (b) (i), estimate the mass of sweat
evaporated from the runner.
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(3)

(iii)

State and explain two factors that affect the rate of evaporation of sweat from the
skin of the runner.
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(4)
(Total 25 marks)

3.

The kelvin temperature of an object is a measure of

A.

the total energy of the molecules of the object.

B.

the total kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.

C.

the maximum energy of the molecules of the object.

D.

the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.

(1)

4.

Which of the following will not affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid?
A.

The temperature of the liquid

B.

The surface area of the liquid

C.

The mass of the liquid

D.

Convection currents of air above the liquid surface

(1)

5.

During an experiment, a solid is heated from 285 K to 298 K.

Which one of the following gives the rise in temperature, in deg C, and the final temperature,
in C, of the solid?
Rise in temperature in deg C

Final temperature in C

A.

13

571

B.

13

25

C.

286

571

D.

286

25
(1)

6.

(a)

A small lump of ice (a hailstone) at 0C falls to the Earths surface. When the hailstone
hits the surface, all of the kinetic energy of the hailstone is transferred to thermal energy
in the ice. Calculate the minimum speed of the hailstone so that it just melts when it hits
the surface. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 340 kJ kg1.
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(3)

(b)

By reference to your answer in (a), suggest whether hailstones are likely to melt on
hitting the Earths surface.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

7.

The Kelvin temperature of an ideal gas is a measure of the

A.

average speed of the molecules.

B.

average momentum of the molecules.

C.

average kinetic energy of the molecules.

D.

average potential energy of the molecules.

(1)

8.

This question is about specific heat capacity and a domestic shower.

(a)

Define the term specific heat capacity.

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(1)

(b)

Equal masses of two different solid substances A and B are at the same temperature. The
specific heat capacity of substance A is greater than the specific heat capacity of
substance B. The two substances now have their temperatures raised by the same amount.
Explain which substance will have the greater increase in internal energy assuming both
remain in the solid phase.
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(2)

(c)

In an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a metal, a piece of the metal is
immersed in boiling water and left there for several minutes. It is then transferred quickly
into some cold water in a calorimeter. The water is stirred and the maximum temperature
of the water is recorded.
(i)

State why the metal is left in the boiling water for several minutes.
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(1)

(ii)

Write down a word equation for the thermal energy QM lost by the metal to the
water.
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(1)

(iii)

Write down a word equation for the thermal energy QW gained by the water in the
calorimeter.
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(1)
5

(iv)

A value of the specific heat capacity of the metal may be calculated from (ii) and
(iii) by assuming that QM = QW.
State why in practice, this assumption leads to an error in the calculated value of
the specific heat capacity.
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(1)

(d)

The diagram below shows part of the heating circuit of a domestic shower.
insulated wire
water pipe
240V
supply

hot water 40C

cold water 14C

insulated heating element

Cold water enters the shower unit and flows over an insulated heating element. The
heating element is rated at 7.2 kW, 240 V. The water enters at a temperature of 14C and
leaves at a temperature of 40C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 103 J kg1
K1.

(i)

Describe how thermal energy is transferred from the heating element to the water.
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(3)

(ii)

Estimate the flow rate in kg s1 of the water.

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(4)

(iii)

Suggest two reasons why your answer to (b) is only an estimate.

1.

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2.

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(2)

(iv)

Calculate the current in the heating element when the element is operating at 7.2
kW.
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(2)

(v)

Explain why, when the shower unit is switched on, the initial current in the heating
element is greater than the current calculated in (iv).
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(2)

(e)

In some countries, shower units are operated from a 110 V supply. A heating element
operating with a 240 V supply has resistance R240 and an element operating from a 110 V
supply has resistance R110.
(i)

Deduce, that for heating elements to have identical power outputs

R110
0.21.
R240
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(3)

(ii)

Using the ratio in (i), describe and explain one disadvantage of using a 110 V
supply for domestic purposes.
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(2)
(Total 25 marks)