1

Problem Solutions for Chapter 8

8-1. SYSTEM 1: From Eq. (8-2) the total optical power loss allowed between the light
source and the photodetector is
P
T
= P
S
- P
R
= 0 dBm - (-50 dBm) = 50 dB
= 2(l
c
) +
f
L + system margin = 2(1 dB) + (3.5 dB/km)L + 6 dB
which gives L = 12 km for the maximum transmission distance.
SYSTEM 2: Similarly, from Eq. (8-2)
P
T
= -13 dBm - (-38 dBm) = 25 dB = 2(1 dB) + (1.5 dB/km)L + 6 dB
which gives L = 11.3 km for the maximum transmission distance.
8-2. (a) Use Eq. (8-2) to analyze the link power budget. (a) For the pin photodiode,
with 11 joints
P
T
= P
S
- P
R
= 11(l
c
) +
f
L + system margin
= 0 dBm - (-45 dBm) = 11(2 dB) + (4 dB/km)L + 6 dB
which gives L = 4.25 km. The transmission distance cannot be met with these
components.
(b) For the APD
0 dBm - (-56 dBm) = 11(2 dB) + (4 dB/km)L + 6 dB
which gives L = 7.0 km. The transmission distance can be met with these
components.
8-3. From g(t) = ( ) 1 - e
-2Bt
u(t) we have

,
_
1 - e
-2Bt
10
= 0.1 and

,
_
1 - e
-2Bt
90
= 0.9
so that
2
e
-2Bt
10
= 0.9 and e
-2Bt
90
= 0.1
Then
e
2Bt
r
= e
2B(t
90
-t
10
)
=
.9
.1
= 9
It follows that
2Bt
r
= ln 9 or t
r
=
ln 9
2B
=
0.35
B

8-4. (a) From Eq. (8-11) we have
1
2
exp

_
-
t
2
1/2
2
2
=
1
2

1
2
which yields t
1/2
= (2 ln 2)
1/2

(b) From Eq. (8-10), the 3-dB frequency is the point at which
G() =
1
2
G(0), or exp

]
1
1
-
(2f
3dB
)
2

2
2
=
1
2

Using as defined in Eq. (8-13), we have
f
3dB
=
(2 ln 2)
1/2
2
=
2 ln 2
t
FWHM
=
0.44
t
FWHM

8-5. From Eq. (8-9), the temporal response of the optical output from the fiber is
g(t) =
1
2
exp

_
-
t
2
2
2

If
e
is the time required for g(t) to drop to g(0)/e, then
g(
e
) =
1
2
exp

_
-

e
2
2
2
=
g(0)
e
=
1
2 e

3
from which we have that
e
= 2 . Since t
e
is the full width of the pulse at the
1/e points, then t
e
= 2
e
= 2 2 .
From Eq. (8-10), the 3-dB frequency is the point at which
G(f
3dB
) =
1
2
G(0). Therefore with = t
e
/(2 2 )
G(f
3dB
) =
1
2
exp

]
1
1
-
1
2
(2f
3dB
)
2
=
1
2

1
2

Solving for f
3dB
:
f
3dB
=
2 ln 2
2
=
2 ln 2
2

2 2
t
e
=
0.53
t
e

8-6. (a) We want to evaluate Eq. (8-17) for t
sys
.
Using D
mat
= 0.07 ns/(nm-km), we have
t
sys
=

'

(2)
2
+ (0.07)
2
(1)
2
(7)
2
+

]
1
1 440(7)
0.7
800
2
+

]
1
1
350
90
2 1/2

= 4.90 ns
The data pulse width is T
b
=
1
B
=
1
90 Mb/s
= 11.1 ns
Thus 0.7T
b
= 7.8 ns > t
sys
, so that the rise time meets the NRZ data requirements.
(b) For q = 1.0,
t
sys
=

'

(2)
2
+ (0.49)
2
+

]
1
1
440(7)
800
2
+

]
1
1
350
90
2 1/2
= 5.85 ns
8-7. We want to plot the following 4 curves of L vs B =
1
T
b
:
(a) Attenuation limit
P
S
- P
R
= 2(l
c
) +
f
L + 6 dB, where P
R
= 9 log B - 68.5
so that L = (P
S
9 log B + 62.5 - 2l
c
)/
f
(b) Material dispersion
4
t
mat
= D
mat

L = 0.7T
b
or
L =
0.7T
b
D
mat

=
0.7
BD
mat

=
10
4
B
(with B in Mb/s)
(c) Modal dispersion (one curve for q = 0.5 and one for q = 1)
t
mod =
0.440L
q
800


=
0.7
B
or L =

]
1
1

_
800
0.44

0.7
B
1/q

With B in Mb/s, L = 1273/B for q =1, and L = (1273/B)
2
for q = .5.
8-8. We want to plot the following 3 curves of L vs B =
1
T
b
:
(a) Attenuation limit
P
S
- P
R
= 2(l
c
) +
f
L + 6 dB, where P
R
= 11.5 log B - 60.5, P
S
= -13 dBm,
f
=
1.5 dB/km, and l
c
= 1 dB,
so that L = (39.5 - 11.5 log B)/1.5 with B in Mb/s.
(b) Modal dispersion (one curve for q = 0.5 and one for q = 1)
t
mod =
0.440L
q
800


=
0.7
B
or L =

]
1
1

_
800
0.44

0.7
B
1/q

With B in Mb/s, L = 1273/B for q =1, and L = (1273/B)
2
for q = .5.
8-9. The margin can be found from
P
S
- P
R
= l
c
+ 49(l
sp
) + 50
f
+ noise penalty + system margin
-13 - (-39) = 0.5 + 49(.1) + 50(.35) + 1.5 + system margin
from which we have
system margin = 1.6 dB
5
8-10. Signal bits
8-11. The simplest method is to use an exclusive-OR gate (EXOR), which can be
implemented using a single integrated circuit. The operation is as follows: when
the clock period is compared with the bit cell and the inputs are not identical, the
EXOR has a high output. When the two inputs are identical, the EXOR output is
low. Thus, for a binary zero, the EXOR produces a high during the last half of the
bit cell; for a binary one, the output is high during the first half of the bit cell.
A B C
L L L
L H H
H L H
H H L
1
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1
Signal bits
Baseband (NRZ-L) data
Clock signal
Optical Manchester
6
8-12.
8-13.
Original 010 001 111 111 101 000 000 001 111 110
code
3B4B 0101 0011 1011 0100 1010 0010 1101 0011 1011 1100
encoded
8-14. (a) For x = 0.7 and with Q = 6 at a 10
-9
BER,
P
mpn
= -7.94 log (1 - 18k
2

4
h
4
) where for simplicity h = BZD

NRZ data
Freq. A
Freq. B
PSK data
7
(b) With x = 0.7 and k = 0.3, for an 0.5-dB power penalty at
140 Mb/s = 1.410
-4
b/ps [to give D in ps/(nm.km)]:
0.5 = -7.94 log {1 - 18(0.3)
2
[(1.410
-4
)(100)(3.5)]
4
D
4
}
or
0.5 = -7.94 log {1 - 9.09710
-4
D
4
} from which D = 2 ps/(nm.km)
B (Mb/s) D [ps/(nm.km)]
140 2
280 1
560 0.5