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SPSS
Ijaz Hussain Bajwa 2065-FMS/BBA/F07
Graduate School of Business (IIUI), Islamabad
09
Contents:
1. Context 2. Introduction to SPSS Data View Variable View Values Measures Steps for Scatter Matrix Steps to Add Fit Line Steps for Correlation Matrix Steps for Split File 3. Putting Data into One Variable Quantitative Verbal 4. Combined Scatter Matrix 5. Combined Correlation Matrix 6. Scatter Matrix Results Interpretations 7. Correlation Results Interpretations 8. Arrangement of data in different classes 9. Improvement CGPA Inter-percentage
Context:
The objective of this assignment is to transform data into an effective form of information. Or we can also say that transforming data into knowledge or transform data into that shape from where we can get understanding and information. For the analysis and learning purposes we had taken data from the batch of BBA-16 (Both A and B) of Graduate Schools of Business at International Islamic University, Islamabad and there are only male students. We took there CGPA, Intermediate percentage, medium of instruction in metric , intermediate institution, accounting1, accounting 2, cost accounting, English1, English 2 and oral communication. At first, we entered the following data i.e. CGPA, Intermediate percentage, medium of instruction in metric , intermediate institution, accounting1, accounting 2, cost accounting, English1, English 2 and oral communication in Variable View by giving them appropriate value label dialogue box. After the entrance and description of data in the variable view, we make a scatter matrix of the following variables so that we can compare the dependency of each variable with that of the other variable. From the scatter matrix we can analyze whether the variables entered are positively correlated or negatively correlated which we can see from matrix drawn. The scatter matrix follows the correlation matrix in which we have to report and interpret the results of validity coefficients so that we can have a clearer view of our data. After having all this done, we will move towards the inspection of the results and interpretation of all six variable we use in our data i.e. CGPA, Intermediate percentage, medium of instruction in metric , intermediate institution, accounting1, accounting 2, cost accounting, English1, English 2 and oral communication, also Quantitative and Verbal.
Introduction to SPSS
Whenever we open the SPSS software we arrive at the Data Editor. In the bottom left hand side we have two views
1. Data View:
Columns = variable (questions, items q1, q2.) Rows= Cases/ Respondents. 2. Variable View: Columns = Description of the variable Rows = No. of Variables We will avoid entering the data directly in the data view rather it is more preferable to first give the name and the other features of the variable going into the variable view. Label is very important in the variable view. In the numeric area we entre the grey button and a dialogue box will appear. The description of the variable is given in the label. Label = Variable Description It is meant for out put. Label utilization is in the output. But is very important that not use too long statements because it may become a hurdle when we plot the graphs.
Values:
Values are used when we have categorical or Ordinal Data. First variables are to be entered in the Variable View and then we go for the Data entry in Data View.
Measures:
In the measures we have three scales Nominal, Ordinal and Scale. SPSS treats Interval and Rational as Scale. Scale = {Interval, Ratio}
If we click the SPSS then at first this type of file will appear
Data View
Data View:
The above page of SPSS (Version 17) shows the data view in data editor. When ever we open SPSS we come in the data editor. In the bottom left hand side we have two options Data view and Variable view. We never entre the data directly in the data view. In the data view we information regarding our variables like in this data we will entre CGPA, Interpercentage, MOIM, etc.
Variable View
VARIABLE VIEW:
The following page of SPSS shows the Variable view in Data editor. It is preferable to first give the name and other feathers of the variable going into the variable view. In the Name column entre the variables. In the Type column entre numeric type. Adjust the Width and Decimals according to your data. Label is very important in the variable view. The description of a variable is given in the label. Label = Variable Description
It is meant for out put. Label utilization is in the output. In graphs is shows the output.
Type:
Character String
From the above, we can see. If we click the type there come the different options like numeric, comma, dot, scientific notation, date, dollar and string. We select String because Names are string. And also width is shown in the bar that how many characters a name should have. Also the other type likes Numeric for other variable because these are represented as numeric numbers. As the given below which is used for the CGPA.
VALUES:
We use values when we have a data which is of Categorical or Ordinal nature. For example Medium of instruction in metric
We add value 0 for Urdu and like wise this we add other values. And in this dialogue there is value label of CGPA, where we label as under
1= F 2= C 3= C+ 4= B 5= B+ 6= A
MEASUREMENT:
A. B. C. D. E. CGPA : SCALE INTER-PERCENTAGE : SCALE MOIM : NOMINAL INSTITUTION : NOMILAL GRADES : SCALE
Act 2
Eng 2
QNT
VERBAL
DATA VIEW:
Now, we will add the data in the data view form of Data Editor of SPSS. The most important thing to remember when we add data is that we put the data according to the labels which we defined in the variable view form. And data entry neither should nor contradicts with the variable form of data.
For example if a person scores A grade in Act 1 we will put 6 instead of A. because we already label it. 1= F 2= C 3= C+ 4= B 5= B+ 6= A
Now, we will put one kind of variable into one variable. This is the process of finding this out
Compute variable
Transform
4.Target Variable
2.Compute
Compute Variable
All
Mean
Arrow Sign
In the function group option click ALL and in the function and special variable click Mean. Press the Upward arrow sign in the Numeric expression dialogue box. Write the following expression. Mean (Act1, Act2, Act3) Take the curser after the comma and delete the (?) sign and then press OK.
QNT and Verbal will appear on the Data view of the data editor screen.
Verbal
Mean
The verbal will appear like this. The procedure is same as followed for the QNT computations.
QNT
Verbal
After the previous steps the following two columns will appear on the SPSS page or on the Data View page.
Now we will draw the combined scatter matrix of the following matrix through the followings method. The six variable to be used in the scatter matrix are CGPA, Inter=percentage, MOIM, Institution, QNT and Verbal.
To draw SCATTER MATRIX we use
followings steps
Scatter Dot
Menu bar
Define (Click)
Graph
Matrix Scatter
Legecy Dialuge
In the scatter / Dot dialogue box click the Matrix scatter and then click define
Scatter Matrix
Define
Then there will open a define box, where we define the Variable as shown below
Matrix Variable
When the scatter/ dot dialogue box appears on the data editor area click the Matrix Scatter and click; the define a rough scatter will appear on the screen. In the scatter matrix dialogue box the six variables are entered into the matrix variables except the NAME.
To help the study the variable we can open Utilities box And then click the Variable to know the variable and there labels used in this study. For example if we see below screen Grades of Financial Accounting 1 has followings; Measurement level= Ordinal Value label; 1= F 2= C 3= C+ 4= B 5= B+ 6= A
Reporting Results:
MOIM Positive Correlation CGPA
Interpretation:
As medium of instruction goes from Urdu medium to English medium, the CGPA of students increases. The students whose medium of instruction is English, they perform better than the students whose medium of instruction is Urdu.
Reporting Results:
Inter Pct Slightly Positive Correlation CGPA
Interpretation:
As Intermediate percentage of students increases, the CGPA of students also increases. The students whose percentage is good in intermediate their CGPA is also good.
Reporting Results:
Institution of inter Slightly Negative Correlation CGPA
Interpretation:
As institution of intermediate of students changes from public to private, the performance of students also have a bad impact on CGPA.
Reporting Results:
QNT Positive Correlation CGPA
Interpretation:
Those students who get good grades in QNT, there CGPA is also good as compare to other students. So there is positive correlation between QNT and CGPA.
Reporting Results:
Verbal Positive Correlation CGPA
Interpretation:
Those students who get good grades in Verbal, their CGPA is also good as compare to other students. So there is positive correlation between Verbal and CGPA. QNT affects CGPA more than Verbal.
CORRELATION
Analyze Correlate Bivariate
This is the procedure how to find out the correlation of the data and find the result and give the interpretations.
Bivariate Correlation: means the correlation between two variables Test of Significance: significance means the chances of error in the results. Or the probability of commuting an error.
Bivariate Correlatio n
Variables
Test of Significance
THE CORRELATIONS
Reporting Results:
Ry2(43) = 0.237 ; p >.05
Interpretation:
As p>.05, so we accept H0 . So the result are not statistically significant at 5% level of significance the sample data do not support the alternative hypothesis (HA ). In other words we can say that the sample results do not hold good for the population. We can not generalize the results of sample for the whole population. We can also say that population correlation coefficient is not significantly from zero.
Reporting Results:
Ry3(43) = 0.086 ; p >.05
Interpretation:
As p>.05, so we accept H0 . So the result are not statistically significant at 5% level of significance the sample data do not support the alternative hypothesis (HA ). In other words we can say that the sample results do not hold good for the population. We can not generalize the results of sample for the whole population. We can also say that population correlation coefficient is not significantly from zero.
Reporting Results:
Ry3(43) = -0.058; p >.05
Interpretation:
As p>.05, so we accept H0 . So the result are not statistically significant at 5% level of significance the sample data do not support the alternative hypothesis (HA ). In other words we can say that the sample results do not hold good for the population. We can not generalize the results of sample for the whole population. We can also say that population correlation coefficient is not significantly from zero.
Reporting Results:
Ry3(43) = 0.532; p <.01
Interpretation:
As p<.01, so we reject H0 . So the result are statistically significant at 5% level of significance the sample data support the alternative hypothesis (HA ). In other words we can say that the sample results hold good for the population. We can generalize the results of sample for the whole population. We can also say that population correlation coefficient is significantly from zero.
Reporting Results:
Ry3(43) = 0.440; p <.01
Interpretation:
As p<.01, so we reject H0 . So the result are statistically significant at 5% level of significance the sample data support the alternative hypothesis (HA ). In other words we can say that the sample results hold good for the population. We can generalize the results of sample for the whole population. We can also say that population correlation coefficient is significantly from zero.
To
in a particular order
Short Classes
Followings are the steps 1. Go to data menu 2. Click the Short classes 3. Select the class of choice 4. Click ascending or descending order 5. Press OK
The new arrangement can be seen in below picture The arrangement is with respect to Names and in Ascending Order.
This is result at the output view of SPSS when we do the above process. Next process is the Z-intercepts which appear at the Data View in the Data Editor form of SPSS. The
Z scores are as
Go to Transform Menu:
Compute Variable
The next procedure will be that where we compute our Z scores of the variable of which we want to see the improvement.
Improvemen t
Z CGPA- Z Interpect
Now the improvement column will appear at the data view file
This is the procedure for finding out the improvement or difference between two different kinds of variables whose measurements are also taken in on different scales.
Remarks: