Design of M-Bands Cosine-Modulated Filterbanks Victimization Computationally Economical Multiplier-Less FIR Filters

IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

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Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013 ISSN 2321-5984

Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2013 Page 1

ABSTRACT

An engaging filterbank structure with a simplified style, being supported one example filter is that the cosine-modulated
filterbank (CMFB) .Recent advances have greatly reduced its procedure value by using interpolated finite impulse response
(IFIR) and frequency response masking (FRM) approach to style the example filter. the current paper discusses the utilization
of rounding error and sharpening over typical approach to style CMFBs. it's verified that by applying totally different rounding
error factors, requiring minimum to most range of multipliers and stuck sharpening polynomials, the strategy will cut back the
procedure complexness and improves the performance of ensuing FBs. For minimisation of the distortion perform linear
improvement rule is employed. many examples square measure given to indicate the effectiveness of the projected technique
over typical one. Compared to standard filterbanks, the projected banks lower considerably the procedure complexness and
improve performance parameters while not introducing extra delay.
Keywords: Trigonometric function modulated filter bank, Rounding error issue, Sharpening polynomial.

1. INTRODUCTION
Cosine-modulated filterbanks (CMFBs) square measure usually employed in apply owing to 2 main options [1,2]: their
realization depends solely on the look of one example filter; second, they need computationally economical
implementations supported quick algorithms for the distinct trigonometric function transform(DCT). These filterbanks
(FBs) realize wide applications in numerous areas of digital signal process like feat of wireless channel, subband
writing, spectral analysis, reconciling signal process, denoising, feature detection and extraction. the elemental block in
implementation of such applications is CMFBs, wherever all the subfilters of analysis/synthesis sections square
measure trigonometric function modulated version of lowpass example filter Fig.(1). Over the last decades, a massive
range of papers on the idea and style of such filterbanks are revealed. the eye must an oversized extent been paid on
planning excellent reconstruction (PR) FBs., wherever the output sequence of the general system is solely a shifted
version of the input sequence. Imposing PR on a FB might result in the next arithmetic complexity; thus one ought to
use near-PR FBs. Also, throughout the look section, solely example filter coefficients square measure needed to
optimize just in case of near-PR (NPR). the normal styles of the example filters for CMFBs square measure sometimes
involve nonlinear improvement [3]. Cresure and Hindu deity [4 ] has projected a really economical example filter style
technique and is any improved by A.Jain et al [5]. during this paper, we tend to analyze the utilization of the rounding
error & sharpening over typical approach to style the example filters of CMFBs with same improvement rule as
given in [5].

2. PARADIGM FILTER STYLE
The impulse response coefficients of a causative (N-1) th order linear part FIR filter victimization window operate is
given by [6,7]:

Design of M-Bands Cosine-Modulated
Filterbanks victimization computationally
economical Multiplier-less FIR Filters

Mr. H. N. Nagan

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
University of AI-ISRA



Fig. 1. M-band uniform cosine-modulated filterbank

( ) ( ) ( ) p n w n p n
i
= (1)
where, pi(n) is that the impulse response of the perfect low pass filter and is expressed as:
( )
( )
( )
sin 0.5( 1)
( )
0.5( 1)
n N
c
P n
i
n N

=

(2)
where, is cut-off frequency of the perfect low pass filter and is that the window operate. during this work, wide used
Kaiser window operate is employed to style paradigm filter [8]. The filter length N and transition dimension is
calculable or so as

(3)
2 / ) (
p s
= A (4)
For a given worth of pass band p and stop band s, the specified range of adders and multipliers area unit capable
(N) and (N+1)/2, severally. just in case of FIR filters the filter order is reciprocally proportional to the transition
information measure. Thus, for slim transition information measure, filter order becomes terribly high that results high
process complexness. during this projected work, computationally economical and multiplier-less technique is
employed to style the paradigm lowpass filters as advised by Mitra et al. [9].
3. ROUNDING & SHARPENING
The impulse response misreckoning is given by
( ) ( ) ( ( ) / ) p n g n round p n
i
= = (5)
where, ( ) p n is AN impulse response of the FIR filter that satisfies the given specifications, means that the
misreckoning operation, is that the new impulse response derived by misreckoning all the coefficients of to the closest
number. The rounded impulse response is scaled by an element that determines the exactitude of the approximation of
to . The misreckoning constant is chosen within the type of wherever is AN number. The sharpening technique is
employed to enhance the gain response characteristics of a linear part FIR filter [9]. during this technique polynomial
relationship of the shape is used, wherever and area unit the amplitudes of the general and paradigm filters, severally.
This relationship is thought as amplitude modification operate (ACF). The expression of ACF for given values of and
is given as [9,10,11].

( )!
1 1
(1 ) ( , )(1 )
0
! !
0 0
m m
l s
l s l s
P P P P C l s s P
l s
x x
+
+ +
= = +
= =
(6)
where ( , ) l s s + is that the binomial constant. The amplitude operate ought to be horizontal close to passband and
stopband, i.e., features a spinoff of zero at these points, denoted as m and l , severally. ACF polynomials for m =
1, 2, 3 and l =1, 2, 3 area unit shown in Table one.
( 7.95) /(14.6 ) N A
s
= A


Table 1 ACF polynomials
m
l
ACFS
1 1 3P
2
-2P
3

1 2 4P
3
-3P
4

1 3 5P
4
-4P
5

1 4 6P
5
-5P
6

2 1 3P
4
-8P
3
+6P
2

2 2 6P
5
-15P
4
+10P
3

2 3 10P
6
-24P
5
+15P
4

2 4 15P
7
-35P
6
-21P
5

3 1 -4P
5
+15P
4
-20P
3
+10P
2

3 2 -10P
6
+36P
5
-45P
4
+20P
3

3 3 -20P
7
+70P
6
-84P
5
+35P
4

By following steps given below complexness of the filter/filter bank are often obtained [9]:
Within the rounded impulse response, some zero coefficients area unit introduced by the misreckoning method. the
quantity of nonzero number coefficients corresponds to the quantity of the sums.
the quantity of number multiplication corresponds to the quantity of a special positive number coefficients. (The
values one, recurrent coefficients and also the corresponding negative values aren't counted).
Computational complexness is expressed in terms of range of number multiplications, that itself depends on
misreckoning constant.
Computational reduction =(Multiplier
FIR
Multiplier
Rounding/Sharpening
) / (Multiplier
FIR
)
Coefficient saving =Number of null coefficients / Total coefficients
Computational requirement comparison

N+ve =Positive coefficients, Nr =Repeated coefficients, N-ve=Negative coefficients ,
N
nonzero =Non zero coefficients
4. COSINE MODULATED FILTERBANK
Cosine modulation is that the price effective technique to style the M-channel filterbanks as shown in Fig. 1. For given
impulse response of the image filter, the impulse responses of research and synthesis filters area unit given by [6,7,12].
( ) 2 ( )cos ( 0.5) ( 1)
2 4
( ) 2 ( )cos ( 0.5) ( 1)
2 4
0 1,0
N
r
h n p n k n
k
M
N
r
f n p n k n
k
M
for k M n N

= + +
= +
s s s s
| | (
|
(
\ .
| | (
|
(
\ .
0 / M s s (7)
where ( )
k
h n and ( )
k
f n , represent the impulse responses of the kth channel analysis and synthesis filters, severally. In
NPR form of CMFB, aliasing is canceled just about and distortion may be a delay solely just about. The condition for
S.No. Structure Multipliers Adders
1. FIR N/2 N
2. Polyphase N/2 N/2
3. IFIR (N
m
+N
s
)/2 (N
m
+N
s
)
4. R$S FIR
N+ve-1-Nr-N-ve Nnonzero


NPR are often expressed in terms of frequency response of the linear section image filter. to induce top quality
reconstruction in a very CMFB, the image filter should satisfy following conditions:
( )
/ 0 for
j
P e M
> ~ (8)

( ) ( )
2 2 1
( / )
1, where ( )
0 0
0
M
j j j k M
T e T e P e
k

~ =
=
(9)
Both conditions area unit to be happy as nearly as potential. The accuracy of the primary approximation offers a live of
the aliasing error, whereas the accuracy of the second approximation offers a live of the reconstruction error. the
primary condition for NPR (3.2) are often achieved by lease the stopband edge . By perceptive the expression of in
(3.3), we discover that it's amountic with period /M, therefore we want to think about solely within the interval [0,
/M]. With , we are able to approximate by
2 2
( / )
( ) ( ) (
0
j j M j
T e P e P e

~ + ,for 0 / M s s (10)
5. OPTIMIZATION FORMULA
The objective perform given in equivalent. (3.5) has been wont to minimize the reconstruction error to approximate
good reconstruction. The initial window coefficients area unit calculated before business the optimisation routine.

2 2
( / )
max ( ) ( 1
j j M
P e P e

= + ,for 0 / M s s
(11)

For given filter length N and also the parameter , the cutoff frequency (c) is optimized to reduce the target perform .
within the optimisation formula cutoff frequency (c) is varied to get the tiniest price of reconstruction error. The
formula adjusts the cutoff frequency (c) of rounded and scaled image filter by step size in every iteration, calculates
the new filter coefficients, computes the reconstruction error, compare it with previous error, consequently step size and
search direction has been modified. The iterations area unit halted once the error of gift iteration is at intervals the
required tolerance initialized antecedently or no improvement has been made up of the previous price. The formula of
the optimization technique is given in appendix as Fig. two and is enforced on MATLAB seven.0 on Pentium IV
processor.
Table.2
Performance parameters of 16-bands FB.

SN n
o
n
a
n
m
m, l A
s
E
pp
Coefficient
saving
Computational
reduction
1. 2
-5
22 21 01 1,3 72 6.51x10
-1
51.16% 95.45%
2. 2
-6
20 23 03 1,2 80 8.98x10
-1
46.51% 86.36%
3. 2
-7
10 35 08 1,2 88 9.97x10
-1
18.60% 63.63%
4. 2
-8
02 41 12 1,2 77 9.98x10
-1
04.65% 45.45%
5. 2
-9
02 41 13 1,2 72 9.99x10
-1
04.65% 40.90%
6. 2
-10
- 42 13 1,2 70 9.99x10
-1
- 40.90%
7. 2
-11
- 42 13 1,1 37 9. 40x10
-1
- 40.90%
8. 2
-12
- 42 13 1,1 37 4.31x10
-3
- 40.90%
9. 2
-13
- 42 13 1,1 37 6.21x10
-3
- 40.90%
10. 2
-14
- 42 13 1,1 37 5.30x10
-3
- 40.90%
11. 2
-15
- 42 13 1,1 37 5.32x10
-3
- 40.90%
12. 2
-16
- 42 13 1,1 37 5.33x10
-3
- 40.90%
13. 2
-17
- 42 13 1,1 37 5.35x10
-3
- 40.90%



0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 45
-0.02
-0.005
0.01
0.025
0.04
0.055
0.07
0.08 0.08
n
A
m
p
li
t
u
d
e
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
n
A
m
p
li
t
u
d
e
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 45
-0.02
-0.005
0.01
0.025
0.04
0.055
0.07
0.08 0.08
n
A
m
p
li
t
u
d
e

(a) Impulse response (b) At = 2
-5
(c) At = 2
-12

Fig.3. Actual and rounded impulse responses for different values of

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
00
Normalized frequency
M
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
(
d
B
)
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.2
-50
-48
-46
-44
-42
-41 -41
.... Conventional
__ Rounded & Scaled

(a)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
-60
-40
-20
00
M
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
(
d
B
)

(b)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
0.997
0.998
0.999
1
1.001
1.002
1.003
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n

(c)



0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
x 10
-3
A
l
i
a
s
i
n
g

e
r
r
o
r

(d)
Fig.4. Magnitude response of (a) optimized prototype and rounded & sharpened filter for =2
-12
, m =1 and l =1. Inset:
Zoom plot of subbands (b) 8-bands filterbank (c) amplitude distortion (d) aliasing error

Table 3: Performance parameters of 16-bands FB.

SN n
o
n
a
N
m
m, l A
s
E
pp
Coefficien
t saving
Computational
reduction
1. 2
-5
60 32 - 1,3 82 9.99x10
-1
64.51% 100%
2. 2
-6
48 44 01 1,2 80 9.98x10
-1
51.61% 97.97%
3. 2
-7
38 54 06 1,2 99 9.88x10
-1
40.86% 87.23%
4. 2
-8
34 58 08 1,1 72 9.88x10
-1
36.55% 82.97%
5. 2
-9
12 80 18 1,1 73 9.88x10
-1
12.90% 61.70%
6. 2
-10
06 86 23 1,1 91 9.87x10
-1
06.45% 51.06%
7. 2
-11
04 88 23 1,1 95 9.40x10
-1
04.30% 51.06%
8. 2
-12
- 92 26 1,1 47 5.24x10
-3
- 44.68%
9. 2
-13
- 92 26 1,1 47 4.76x10
-3
- 44.68%
10. 2
-14
- 92 26 1,1 49 3.89x10
-3
- 44.68%
11. 2
-15
- 92 26 1,1 48 2.29x10
-3
- 44.68%
12. 2
-16
- 92 26 1,1 48 1.98x10
-3
- 44.68%
13. 2
-17
- 92 26 1,1 48 3.67x10
-3
44.68%
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
-80
-60
-40
-20
00
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
d
B
)
0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5
-80
-77
-74
-71
-68
-65
.... Conventional
__ Rounded & Scaled

(a)


0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
-80
-60
-40
-20
00
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
d
B
)

(b)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
1
1.002
1.004
1.006
1.008
1.01
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
1
1.0005
1.001
1.0015

(c)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
x 10
-4
A
l
i
a
s
i
n
g

e
r
r
o
r

(d)


Fig.5. Magnitude response of (a) optimized prototype and rounded and sharpened filter for =2
-16
, m =1 and l =1 (c)
16-bands filterbank (d) amplitude distortion. Inset: Zoom plot showing one cycle between [0. ( / M)]. (e) aliasing
error.

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.5
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
00
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
d
B
)
.... Conventional
__ Rounded & Sharpened

(a)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.5
-150
-130
-110
-90
-70
-50
-30
-10
00
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
d
B
)

(b)
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.0140.015 0.015
0.9975
0.998
0.9985
0.999
0.9995
1
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n

(c)


0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
x 10
-7
A
l
i
a
s
i
n
g

d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n

(d)
Fig.6. Magnitude response of (a) optimized conventional and rounded & sharpened prototype filter for =2
-24
, m =1
and l =1 (b) 32-bands filterbank (c) amplitude distortion zoom plot (d) aliasing error.

Table 4 Performance comparison with conventional.

SN Work M A
s

s
N n
a
n
m
E
pp
E
aa

1.
Conventional 8 35.8 0.120 42 42 22 5.33x 10
-3
2.53x10
-3

Proposed
m =1,l =1
=2
-14
8 35.8 0.120 42 42 13 5.30x 10
-3
2.53x10
-3

=2
-12
8 35.8 0.120 42 42 13 4.31x 10
-3
2.54x10
-3

2.

3.
Conventional 16 45.0 0.059 92 92 47 4.00x 10
-3
2.21x10
-4

Proposed
m =1,l =1
=2
-17
16 45.0 0.059 92 92 26 1.14x 10
-3
1.79x10
-4

=2
-16
16 45.0 0.059 92 92 26 1.98x10
-3
1.79x10
-4

=2
-15
16 45.0 0.059 92 92 26 2.29x 10
-3
1.79x10
-4

Conventional 32 100 0.0320 466 466 234 3.99x10
-3
3.01x10
-7

Proposed
m =1,l =1
=2
-24
32 100 0.0320 466 464 116 3.27x 10
-3
1.73x10
-7

Table 5 provides the comparative performance the proposed work with latest work of Kha et al [12] and Lin et al [8].

Table 5 Performance comparison with the reported work

Reported
work
M

s
A
s
N
Add-
ers
Multi-
pliers
pp
E
a
E
Step
size
No.of
iteration
Kha et al[12]
proposed
8
8
35.8
35.8
0.120
0.120
40
42
40
42
21
13
5.50x 10
-3
4.31x10
-3

2.47x10
-3
2.54x10
-3
-
0.09
-
32
Kha et al[12]
Proposed
16
16
45.0
45.0
0.059
0.059
102
092
102
092
52
26
5.96x10
-3
1.98x10
-3
3.44x10
-4
1.79x10
-4

0.07
-
45
Lin et al[8]
Proposed
32
32
100
100
0.0320
0.0320
466
466
466
464
234
116
3.97x10
-3
3.27x10
-3

3.86x10
-7
1.73x

10
-7

-
0.01
-
127


0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Rounding constant
%
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

s
a
v
i
n
g
----16 bands
----8 bands
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Rounding constant
%
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
----16 bands
----8 bands

(a) (b)

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.5
x 10
-4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x 10
-3
Rounding constant
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
.... 8-Bands
.... 16-Bands

(c)
Fig. 7 (a) Rounding constant vs. % Computational saving plot (b) Rounded constant vs. % Computational reduction
plot (c) Rounding constant vs. Amplitude distortion plot

In the above study 3 examples square measure taken to indicate the performance of the designed CMFB. The
complexness of rounded filter depends on alternative of misestimation constant. At higher values of misestimation
constant null coefficients square measure a lot of, range of adders & multipliers square measure less, distortion in
gain response & aliasing error is a lot of, that results in high degree of sharpening polynomials, less procedure
complexness and high procedure saving. At the lower price of complexness is a lot of and distortion in gain response
is a smaller amount. within the field of filter bank style wherever distortion parameters play vital role, compromisation
with these can't be done at the value of procedure reduction. thus while not compromising with these parameters,
important reduction in computation is achieved. This approach will offer 100 percent procedure reduction at the value
of different performance parameters. there's no restriction within the specification of the filter.
6. CONCLUSION
In this planned work computationally economical styles for M band NPR CMFBs are conferred. totally different
rounding error factors with mounted sharpening polynomials area unit wont to improve the magnitude characteristic of
the parent filter. This approach yields linear part FIR filters that may meet the given specifications with a reduced
range of multipliers. The technique will be equally applied to narrowband and broadband filter style and at the lower
and better stop band attenuation level. However, the strategy exhibits a lot of economical results if the order of the


initial filter is a smaller amount than a hundred and fifty. For higher order filters the masking technique [13] will be
wont to get less order filters and to use the planned procedure for the model and masking filters. Since the planning is
in single stage, while not introducing extra delay, it considerably reduces the process quality of the epitome filter and
improvers the performance. The obtained values of performance parameters area unit smaller than the most recent
according work with vital reduction in computation. The simulation results show that the rounding error and
sharpening will give the filter banks with higher performance as compared to traditional technique. The technique will
be directly applied over FIR (Conventional), IFIR, FRM strategies to more improve the performance of the designed
FB. Computation time is nearly same as that of standard technique that makes this technique practicable for
applications wherever styles should be distributed in real or quasi-real time.

REFERENCE

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Design of M-Bands Cosine-Modulated Filterbanks Victimization Computationally Economical Multiplier-Less FIR Filters

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