Mplab 1

MICROPROCESSORS & INTERFACING LAB
VISAKHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE SONTYAM, VIZAG Page 1

INTRODUCTION TO MASM/TASM

INTRODUCTION:

1. The first step in the development process is to write an assembly language program, can
be written with an ordinary text editor.
2. Assembler translates a source file that was created using the editor, into machine
language such as binary or object code
3. The Assembler generates two files on the floppy or hard disk during these two passes.
4. The first file is called as object file. This file contains the binary codes for the instructions
and information about the addresses of the instructions.
5. The second file generated by the assembler is called assembler list file. This file contains
the assembly language statements, The binary code for each instruction and the offset for
each instruction.

C:\MASM\BIN\>MASM myprog.asm;
Where myprog.asm is the name of the .asm file which is to be converted to .obj file

LINKING PROCESS:

A Linker is a program used to join together several object files into one large object file
The command on command prompt for converting .obj file to .EXE file as given below:

C : \ MASM \ BIN \ > LINK myprog.obj

DEBUGGING PROCESS:

A debugger is a program, which allows us to load our object code program into system
memory, execute the program, and debug it.

DEBUG COMMANDS:

Command Command Syntax and Description
Assembler - A [address]
A Command allows you to enter the mnemonic, or human readable,
instructions directly
GO - G [= address] [addresses]
G Command executes the program in the memory.
Quit - Q
Q Command quits the debug.
Register - R [register]
R Command displays the register contents on the screen.
Unassemble - U [range]
U Command translates memory into assembly language mnemonics.
INTRODUCTION TO ESA 86/88E


ESA 86/88E is an economical and powerful general-purpose microcomputer system that
can be operated with 8086 or 8088 CPU that may be used as an instructional and learning aid and
also as a development tool in R & D labs and industries.

8086 and 8088 are third generation CPUs from INTEL that differ primarily in their
external data paths. 8088 uses an 8-bit wide data bus while 8086 uses a 16-bit wide data bus.
ESA 86/88E can be operated with either CPU and the only is possible difference would be in the
speed of execution (with 8088 CPU, a small speed degradation occurs because of the 8-bit wide
data bus). In either case, the CPU is operated in maximum mode.

The basic system can be easily expanded through the system Bus connector. Powerful
features like monitor resident Symbolic One-line assembler and Disassemble simplifies the
programmer's task of entering Assembly language programs. On-board provision for 8087
Numeric Data Processor makes ESA 86/88E useful for number-crunching applications also.
Onboard battery backup provision for RAM is made to retain the user programs in the event of a
power failure or when the trainer is powered OFF. The trainer also features onboard
Programmable Peripheral Interfaces, Programmable Interval Timers, USART (for serial
communication), PC keyboard controller and parallel printer interface. Further, ESA 86/88E
firmware also supports ESA EPROM Programmer interface.

ESA 86/88E can be operated on single +5 Volts power supply in stand-alone mode using
LCD and optional PC/AT keyboard, or in serial mode with a host computer through its RS-232C
interface. User-friendly Widows and DOS Driver packages supplied with ESA 86/88E provide
for a powerful and versatile Assembly level programming/debugging environment.

SYSTEM CAPABILITIES:
- Assemble 8086/8088 Instruction Mnemonics using ESA 86/88E Symbolic One-Line
Assembler.
- Disassemble HEZ bytes from memory into 8086/88 BPU instructions using monitor
resident Disassembler.
- Perform fast numerical computations using the optional 8087 Numeric Data Processor.
- Execute the user program at full speed or debug the program through Single Step and
Breakpoint facilities.
- Examine/Modify the contents of memory locations in byte or word format.
- Examine/Modify the content of CPU registers.
- Write or read data to or from I/O ports (byte or word format).
- Operations on blocks of memory such as filling a block of memory with a constant byte
or word data, comparing a block of memory with another block, copying a block of data
or program within the memory and displaying memory blocks in byte or word format.
- Communicate with a Host PC serially through RS232C interface at a baud rate of up to
19200 and develop/debug applications using the user-friendly Windows or DOS driver
packages.

- Supports for downloading user programs into ESA from a host computer system in Intel
HEX as well as Intel Extended HEX format.
- Support for uploading user programs to Host Computer system and saving them as HEX
files on a system.
- Read, Program, verify and Blank check of popular EPROM s Programmer interface
module.
- Use the monitor resident Centronics compatible Parallel printer driver software and
obtain hard copies of Serial mode operations.

SPECIFICATIOS:

Central Processor: 8086 or 8088 CPU operating at 5 MHz in maximum mode.
(Supplied with 8086 CPU)

Co-Processor: On-board 8087 Numeric Data processor.

Memory: ESA 86/88E provides a total of 128 Kbytes of onboard memory.

64K Bytes of ROM using two 27256 EPROMS.

64K Bytes of RAM using two 62256 Static RAM s.

ONBOARD PERIPHERALS AND INTERFACING OPTIONS:

8251A: Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter supporting
standard baud rates from 110 to 19,200. Baud rate is selected through on-board
DIPswitch setting.
8253-5:Programmable Interval Timer; Timer 0 is used for Baud clock generation.
Timer 1 and Timer 2 are available to the user.
8255A: 3 Programmable Peripheral Interfaces provide up to 72 Programmable I/O
lines. One 8255 is used for controlling LCD and reading DIP Switch. Two 8255s are
for the user, of which one is populated by default and the other is optional.
8288 Bus Controller used for generating control signals in Maximum Mode
operation.
- 8042/8742 UPI (Universal Peripheral Interface)
Interrupts


External:
- NMI: 8086/8088 Type 2 Interrupt connected to KBINT key on the trainer. The
vectoring information for this interrupt is fully user-defined.
- INTR: Available to user on system expansion connector J6.

Internal: Interrupt Vectors 1 (Single step Interrupt) and 3 (Breakpoint Interrupt) reserved for
monitor.
External Interface Signals

CPU Bus: De-multiplexed and fully buffered, TTL compatible, Address, Data and Control
signals are available on two 26-pin ribbon cable connectors.

Parallel I/O: 48 programmable parallel I/O lines (TTL Compatible) through two 26-pin ribbon
cable connectors. Note that only one 8255 and its corresponding 26-Pin ribbon cable connector is
available as default factory installation, which may additionally be used as a parallel printer
interface. Further, ESA 86/88E firmware uses this 8255 for operations with ESA EPRON
Programmer interface also.

Serial I/O: RS 232C through on-board 9 pin D-type female connector.

PC Keyboard: PS/2 connector is provided for interfacing PC Keyboard.

20 x 4 LCD: 15-Pin flow-strip for interfacing the 20x4 LCD.

Timer Signals: Timer 1 and Timer 2 signals are brought to a header.

Power Supply: + 5V @ 1A (approx.)

Battery backup: 3.6V Ni-Cd battery as power backup to RAM (optional).

ESA 86/88E MONITOR COMMANDS


N
Single Step:
Executes single instruction
of the user program
N<CR>[<start address>,],[,/<new
address>]*<CR>
COMMAND FUNCTION FORMAT/SYNTAX
S
Substitute Memory bytes:
Displays/Modifies memory bytes
S [<address>]<CR>[,/[<new
data>],]*<CR>
SW
Substitute Memory Words:
Displays/modifies memory
words.

SW [<address>]<CR>[, /[<new
data>],]*<CR>

D
Display Memory bytes:
Displays block of memory in
word format
D<start address>[,<end address>] <CR>

DW
Display Memory words:
Displays block of memory in
word format
DW<start address>[,<end address>]
<CR>
X
Examine/modify registers:
Displays modifies
8086/8088CPU registers

X [<reg><CR>[<new data>/,]]<CR>

M
Move Memory:
Copies a block of memory from
one location to the other
M<start address>,<end
address>,<destination address><CR>
F
Fill Memory (Byte):
Fills a block of Memory with
constant byte data
F<start address>,<end address>,<byte
value><CR>

FW
Fill Memory (Words):
Fill a block of Memory with
constant Word data
FW<start address>,<end
address>,<byte value><CR>

I
Input byte:
Accepts and displays the data
byte at the input port
I<port address><CR>[,]*<CR>

IW
Input Word:
Accepts and displays the data
word at the input port
IW<port address><CR>[,]*<CR>
O
Output byte:
Outputs a data byte to the output
port
O<port address><CR>[<data>/,]*<CR>
OW
Output byte:
Outputs a data word to the output
port
OW<port
address><CR>[<data>/,]*<CR>
C
Compare Memory:
Compares a block of memory
with another block
C<start address1>,<end
address1>,<start address2><CR>

H
Help Command:
Lists Monitor commands
with their valid syntax.
H [<Command mnemonic>]<CR>

P*
Invoke Programmer
Software: Invokes the
software for ESA EPROM
Programmer Interface
P<CR>
A**
Enter Assembler:
Invokes EAS 86/88E
Symbolic One-line
Assembler
A [address]<CR>
LL**
List Labels:
Lists all labels defined in
the symbol table

LL<CR>
LC**
Label Clear:
Clears all previously
defined label from the
Symbol Table
LC<CR>
Z**
Disassembly Command:
Disassemble Hex code into
8086 mnemonics for a
specific memory range
Z [<start address>[, <end
address>]]<CR>


MULTIBYTE ADDITION

A) AIM: To perform addition of 2 signed and unsigned words

ALGORITHM:

1. Get 1
st
operand from memory that is pointed by source index [SI] register and store it in
AX register.
2. Get 2
nd
operand from memory and store it in BX register.
3. Add contents of AX and BX registers and the result will be in AX register.
4. Store the result in memory location pointed by DI.

PROGRAM:

PROGRAM STARTS AT 3000(ORIGIN) MEMORY LOCATION

LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
MOV AX,0000 ; Clearing accumulator
MOV SI,2100 ; SI pointed to 2100 memory location
MOV DI,2200 ; DI pointed to 2200 memory location
MOV AX,[SI] ; get 1
st
number in to accumulator
INC SI ; increment SI by one
INC SI ; increment SI by one to get next number
MOV BX, [SI] ; move second number into BX register
ADD AX, BX
; add two numbers and the result is in the AX
register
MOV [DI], AX
; store the result in memory location pointed
by DI
INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells the
processor to end the program.


INPUT:

For Unsigned Numbers For Signed Numbers

SW 2100 SW 2100
0000:2100 1BCD, 0000:2100 3345,
0000:2102 1234 0000:2102 DDAB (-2255)
d

EXECUTION: EXECUTION:

G 3000 G 3000
Displays status of all registers. Displays status of all registers

AX = 2E01 BX = 1234 AX = 10F0 BX = DDAB
CX = 0000 DX = 0000 CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000 SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2102 DI = 2200 SI = 2102 DI = 2200
DS = 0000 SS = 0000 DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000 ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3013 FL = F008 IP = 3013 FL = F008

OUTPUT: OUTPUT:

DW 2200 DW 2200

0000:2200 2E01 0000:2200 10F0


B) AIM: To perform addition operation of multibyte numbers for signed and unsigned nos.

ALGORITHM:
1. Make a register as a pointer to the memory location where the result is stored.
2. Make another two registers as pointers to the two operands stored in different locations.
3. Get the first 16-bits of the first operand from the memory store in register AX.
4. Get the higher 16-bit of the first operand from memory store in another register BX.
5. Get the first 16-bits of the second operand from the memory store in register CX
6. Get the higher 16-bits of the second operand from the memory store in register. DX.
7. Add BX to AX, result in AX.
8. Add with carry contents of DX to CX, result in CX, if carry occurs increment DL
register.
9. Result stored in the memory location of DI

PROGRAM:

MOV SI, 3000 ; Make SI as pointer to 3000 memory location
MOV DI, 4000 ; Make DI as pointer to 4000 memory location
CLC ; clear carry flag
MOV AX, [SI] ; get contents from memory pointed by SI into AX register
INC SI ; increments SI memory location
MOV CX, [SI] ; load higher 16 bit number of first number
MOV BX, [SI] ; get lower 16 bit number of second number
MOV DX, [SI] ; get higher 16 bit number of second number
ADD AX, BX ; adding the lower 16 bit contents of two numbers
ADC CX, DX ; adding the higher 16 bit contents with carry of the two numbers
MOV DL, 00 ; to represent the carry bit
JNC NEXT ; if there is no carry jump to the specified label

INC DL ; increments DL register
NEXT: MOV [DI], AX ; store the contents in the memory pointed by DI
INC DI ; increments the memory location of DI
MOV [DI], CX ; store the contents in the memory location pointed by DI
MOV [DI], DL ; store carry in memory location of DI
INT 03
; it is a breakpoint interrupt which tells processor it is end of the
program

INPUT:
Unsigned Numbers
SW 2100

0000:3000 1234,
0000:3002 5678,
0000:3004 1111,
0000:3006 1111

EXECUTION:

G 5000
Displays status of all registers.

AX = 2345 BX = 1111
CX = 6789 DX = 1100
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 3006 DI = 4004
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 5028 FL = F806
PC = 05028

OUTPUT:

DW 4000,4004

2345 6789 00

MULTIBYTE SUBTRACTION

A) AIM: To perform subtraction of 2 signed and unsigned numbers.

ALGORITHM:

1. Get 1
st
operand from memory, which is pointed by source index [SI] register and store it
in AX register.
2. Get 2
nd
3. Subtract contents of AX and BX registers and the result will be in AX register.

PROGRAM:
MOV AX,[SI] ; get 1
st
SUB AX, BX
; subtract two numbers and the result is in the
AX register
MOV [DI], AX
by DI
INT 03


INPUT:

For Unsigned Numbers For Signed Numbers

SW 2100 SW 2100
0000:2100 3345, 0000:2100 3345,
0000:2102 2234 0000:2102 DDCC (-2234)
d


G 3000 G 3000

AX = 1111 BX = 2234 AX = 5579 BX = DDCC
CX = 0000 DX = 0000 CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000 SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2102 DI = 2200 SI = 2102 DI = 2200
DS = 0000 SS = 0000 DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000 ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3013 FL = F008 IP = 3013 FL = F008

OUTPUT: OUTPUT:

DW 2200 DW 2200

0000:2200 1111 0000:2200 5579

B)AIM: To perform subtraction operation on two multibyte numbers

ALGORITHM:
1. Make a register as a pointer to the memory location where the result is stored.
2. Make another two registers as pointers to the two operands stored in different locations.
3. Get the first 16-bits of the first operand from the memory store in register AX.
4. Get the higher 16-bit of the first operand from memory store in another register BX.
5. Get the first 16-bits of the second operand from the memory store in register CX
6. Get the higher 16-bits of the second operand from the memory store in register. DX.
7. Subtract BX from AX, result in AX.
8. Subtract with borrow contents of DX from CX, result in CX
9. Result stored in the memory location of DI

PROGRAM:
MOV SI, 3000 ; Make SI as pointer to 3000 memory location
MOV DI, 4000 ; Make DI as pointer to 4000 memory location
CLC ; clear carry flag
MOV AX, [SI] ; get contents from memory pointed by SI into AX register
MOV CX, [SI] ; load higher 16 bit number of first number
MOV BX, [SI] ; get lower 16 bit number of second number
MOV DX, [SI] ; get higher 16 bit number of second number
SUB AX, BX ; subtracting the lower 16 bit contents of two numbers
SBB CX, DX ; subtracting the higher 16 bit contents with barrow of the two nos.
MOV [DI], AX ; store the contents in the memory pointed by DI
MOV [DI], CX ; store the contents in the memory location pointed by DI
IN`T 03
; it is a breakpoint interrupt which tells processor it is end of the
program

INPUT:

SW 2100

0000:3000 1234,
0000:3002 5678,
0000:3004 1111,
0000:3006 1111

EXECUTION:

G 5000

AX = 0123 BX = 1111
CX = 4567 DX = 1111
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 3006 DI = 4002
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 501F FL = F806
PC = 0501F

OUTPUT:

DW 4000,4002

0123 4567


MULTIBYTE MULTIPLICATION

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 16-BIT NUMBERS

AIM: To perform multiplication of two words of signed and unsigned numbers and observe the
result after executions.

ALGORITHM:

1. Get 1
st
operand from memory that is pointed by source index [SI] register and store it in
AX register.
2. Get 2
nd
3. Multiply contents of AX and BX registers and the result will be in AX&DX registers.

PROGRAM:
MOV DX,0000 ; Clearing DX register
MOV DI,2200 ; DI memory pointed to 2200 location
MOV AX,[SI] ; get 1
st
MUL BX
; multiply two numbers and the result is in the
AX & DX registers
MOV [DI], AX
; store the result in memory location pointed by
DI
INC DI
; increments DI memory location

INC DI
; increments DI memory location to store DX
contents
MOV [DI], DX
; Store the result in memory location pointed by
DI
INT 03

INPUT:

For Unsigned Numbers For Signed Numbers (Use IMUL
instruction instead of MUL)

SW 2100 SW 2100
0000:2100 2045, 0000:2100 3345,
0000:2102 0035 0000:2102 DDCC (-2234)
d


G 3000 G 3000

AX = AE49 BX = 0035 AX = 6BFC BX = DDCC
CX = 0000 DX = 0006 CX = 0000 DX = 2C6B
SP = 0100 BP = 0000 SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2102 DI = 2202 SI = 2102 DI = 2202
DS = 0000 SS = 0000 DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000 ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 301A FL = F008 IP = 301A FL = F008
PC = 0301A PC = 0301A
OUTPUT: OUTPUT:

DW 2200 DW 2200

DW 2200,2202 DW 2200,2202

AE49 0006 2C6B 6BFC


MULTI BYTE DIVISION

A) DIVISION OF 16-BIT NUMBER BY 8-BIT NUMBER

AIM: To perform division of word with a byte.

ALGORITHM:

1. Get 1
st
operand from memory, which is pointed by source index SI register and store it in
AX register.
2. Get 2
nd
operand from memory and store it in BL register.
3. Divide contents of AX with BL register and the results will be in AX register.

PROGRAM:
MOV AX,[SI] ; get 1
st
INC SI ; Increment SI by one
INC SI ; Increment SI by one
MOV BL, [SI] ; move second number into BL register
DIV BL
; divide the 16 bit number with an 8 bit
number and the result is in the AX register
MOV [DI], AX
by DI
INT 03


INPUT:

For Unsigned Numbers For Signed Numbers (Use IDIV
Instruction instead of DIV)

SW 2100 SW 2100
0000:2100 0010, 0000:2100 2234,(8756)
d

0000:2102 03 0000:2102 DE (-22)
d


G 3000 G 3000

AX = 0105 BX = 0003 AX = FE72 BX = 00DE
CX = 0000 DX = 0000 CX = 0000 DX = 2C6B
SP = 0100 BP = 0000 SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2102 DI = 2200 SI = 2102 DI = 2202
DS = 0000 SS = 0000 DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000 ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3013 FL = F008 IP = 301A FL = F008
PC = 03013 PC = 0301A
OUTPUT: OUTPUT:

DW 2200 DW 2200

DW 2200 DW 2200

0105 FE72


B) DIVISION OF 32-BIT NUMBER BY 16-BIT NUMBER

AIM: To perform division of double word by a word and observe the result after
executions.

ALGORITHM:
1. Get 32 bit number from memory that is pointed by source index SI register and store it in
AX & DX registers.
2. Get dividend from memory and store it in BX register.
3. Divide contents of AX and DX registers with BX register and the result will be in
AX&DX registers.

PROGRAM:
MOV DX,0000 ; Clearing DX register
MOV DI,2200 ; DI memory pointed to 2200 location
MOV AX,[SI] ; get lower 16 bit number in to accumulator
MOV DX, [SI] ; get higher 16 bit number into DX register
MOV BX, [SI] ; get dividend in BX register
DIV BX
; dividing 32 bit number which is in AX and DX
registers with a 16 bit number which is in BX register.
MOV [DI], AX ; store the result in memory location pointed by DI
INC DI ; increments DI memory location
INC DI ; increments DI memory location to store DX contents
MOV [DI], DX ; Store the result in memory location pointed by DI
INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells the processor to
end the program.

INPUT:

SW 2100

0000:2100 AE49,
0000:2102 0006,
0000:2004 0035

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 2045 BX = 0035
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2104 DI = 2202
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 301E FL = F807
PC = 0301E

OUTPUT:

DW 2200,2202

2045 0000


ASCII ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

A) ASCII ADDITION
AIM: To perform ASCII arithmetic addition on 8086 kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Initialize SI register with 2100 memory location.
2. Get 1
st
operand into AL register and add with 2
nd
operand that is in next memory location
of SI.
3. Perform ASCII adjust for AL contents.
4. Add 30 to AL contents to obtain ASCII equivalent result.
5. Store the result in the memory location of SI.

PROGRAM:
MOV SI,2100 ; initialize SI with 2100 memory location
MOV AL,[SI] ; get 1
st
number into AL
ADD AL,[SI]01
; add 1
st
number with 2
nd
number which in the next
memory location of SI
AAA ; ASCII adjust after addition to AL contents
OR AX,3030 ; add 30 to AL contents to obtain ASCII equivalent
INC SI ; increments the memory location of SI
MOV [SI], AX ; store the result in the memory location of SI
INT 03 ; it is a software interrupt which terminates the program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 34,
0000:2101 35

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 0039 BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2102 DI = 2200
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 300F FL = F006
PC = 0300F

OUTPUT:

DW 2102

0000:2102 30 39


B) ASCII SUBTRACTION

AIM: To perform ASCII arithmetic subtraction on 8086 kit.

ALGORITHM:

2. Get 1
st
operand into AL register and subtract with 2
nd
operand which is in next memory
location of SI.
3. Perform ASCII adjusts for AL contents.
4. Add 30 to AL contents to obtain ASCII equivalent result.

PROGRAM:
PROGRAM STARTS AT 3000(ORIGIN)MEMORY LOCATION
LABEL MNEM Operand COMMENTS
MOV SI,2100 ; initialize SI with 2100 memory location
MOV AL,[SI] ; get 1
st
number into AL
SUB AL,[SI]01
; subtract 1
st
number with 2
nd
number which in the next
memory location of SI
AAS ; ASCII adjust after subtraction to AL contents
OR AX,3030 ; add 30 to AL contents to obtain ASCII equivalent
MOV [SI], AX ; store the result in the memory location of SI
INT 03 ; it is a software interrupt which terminates the program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 35,
0000:2101 34

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 0031 BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2102 DI = 2200
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 300F FL = F006
PC = 0300F

OUTPUT:

DW 2102

0000:2102 30 31


C) ASCII MULTIPLICATION
AIM: To perform ASCII arithmetic multiplication on 8086 kit.

ALGORITHM:

2. Get 1
st
operand into AL register and multiply with 2
nd
location of SI.
3. Perform ASCII adjust for AL contents.
4. Add 3030 to AX contents to obtain ASCII equivalent result.

PROGRAM:
MOV SI,2100 ; Initialize SI with 2100 memory location
MOV AL,[SI] ; Get 1
st
number into AL
SUB AL,30 ; Converting to unpacked BCD number
INC SI ; Increment SI memory location
MOV BL, [SI] ; Get 2
nd
operand into BL register
SUB BL,30 ; Converting to unpacked BCD number
MUL BL
; Multiply 1
st
number with 2
nd
number which in the
next memory location of SI
AAM ; ASCII adjust to AXcontents
OR AX,3030 ; Add 3030 to AX contents to obtain ASCII equivalent
INC SI ; Increments the memory location of SI
MOV [SI], AX ; Store the result in the memory location of SI
INT 03
; It is a software interrupt which terminates the
program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 34,
0000:2101 35

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 3230 BX = 0005
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2102 DI = 2200
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3011 FL = F006
PC = 03011

OUTPUT:

DW 2102

0000:2102 32 30

C) ASCII DIVISION
AIM: To perform ASCII arithmetic division on 8086 kit.

ALGORITHM:

2. Get 1
st
operand into AL register and multiply with 2
nd
location of SI.
3. Perform ASCII adjust for AX contents.
4. Add 3030 to AX contents to obtain ASCII equivalent result.

PROGRAM:
MOV SI,2100 ; Initialize SI with 2100 memory location
MOV AX,[SI] ; Get 1
st
number into AX
SUB AX,3030 ; Converting to unpacked BCD number
MOV BL, [SI] ; Get 2
nd
operand into BL register
SUB BL,30 ; Converting to unpacked BCD number
AAD ; ASCII adjust to AX contents
DIV BL
; Multiply 1
st
number with 2
nd
number which in the
next memory location of SI
OR AX,3030 ; Add 3030 to AX contents to obtain ASCII equivalent
INC SI ; Increments the memory location of SI
MOV [SI], AX ; Store the result in the memory location of SI
INT 03
; It is a software interrupt which terminates the
program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 3230,
0000:2101 35

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 3034 BX = 0035
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2102 DI = 2200
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3013 FL = F006
PC = 03013

OUTPUT:

DW 2102

0000:2102 30 34


USING SHIFT AND ROTATE INSTRUCTIONS

A) NUMBER OF EVEN AND ODD NUMBERS IN A GIVEN SERIES

AIM: To find the no. of even and odd numbers from the given series of the numbers.

ALGORITHAM:

1. Make the SI as a pointer to the locations where the series of operands are stored. Store
the number of bytes to be checked in CL
2. Get the number to be checked into AL.
3. Shift right the contents of AL and check for carry condition.
4. If carry is there that number is odd number otherwise it is a even number.
5. Number is even number increment one register for storing even number count. If the
number is odd number increment another register, for storing odd number count.
6. Decrement the count and check for zero if not zero repeat from step 2.

PROGRAM:
PROGRAM STARTS AT 5000(ORIGIN)MEMORY LOCATION.

MOV SI, 4100 ; make SI as pointed to 4100 memory location

MOV DI, 4200 ; make DI as pointed to 4200 memory location

MOV CL, [SI] ; get count from memory location

MOV BL, 00 ; clear BL register to count odd numbers

MOV DL,00 ; clear DL register to count even numbers
BACK:

MOV AL, [SI] ; get 1
st
number from memory location into AL register

SHR AL, 01 ; shift right contents of AL register

JNC NEXT
; check for carry condition if there is no carry jump to the
specified label, to increment DL register

INC BL ; else increment BL which represents odd number

JMP XX ; jump to the specified label.
NEXT:
INC DL ; increments DL register
XX:
LOOP BACK ; decrements count and check for zero condition

MOV [DI], BL ; store the odd number count in the memory location of DI


MOV [DI], DL ; stores the even number count in the memory location of DI

INT 03 ; it is a software interrupt which tells end of the program

NPUT:

S 4100

0000:4100 05,
0000:4101 FF,
0000:4102 AB,
0000:4103 DE,
0000:4104 20,
0000:4105 36

EXECUTION:

G 5000

AX = 0036 BX = 0002
CX = 0000 DX = 0003
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 4106 DI = 4201
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 5020 FL = F000
PC = 05020

OUTPUT:

D 4200,4201

02 03


B) NUMBER OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS IN A GIVEN SERIES

AIM: To find the no. of Positive and Negative numbers from the given series of the numbers.
ALGORITHAM:

1. Make the SI as a pointer to the locations where the series of operands are stored. Store
the number of bytes to be checked in CL
2. Get the number to be checked into AL.
3. Shift left the contents of AL and check for carry condition.
4. If carry is there that number is positive number otherwise it is a negative number.
5. Number is positives number increment one register for storing positive number count. If
the number is negative number increment another register, for storing negative number
count.
6. Decrement the count and check for zero if not zero repeat from step 2.
PROGRAM:
LABEL
MNEMONICS COMMENTS
MOV SI, 4100 ; make SI as pointed to 4100 memory location
MOV DI, 4200 ; make DI as pointed to 4200 memory location
MOV CL, [SI] ; get count from memory location
MOV BL, 00 ; clear BL register to count negative numbers
MOV DL,00 ; clear DL register to count positive numbers
BACK: INC SI ; increments the memory location of SI
MOV AL, [SI]
; get 1
st
number from memory location into AL
register
SHL AL, 01 ; shift left contents of AL register
JNC NEXT
; check for carry condition if there is no carry jump to
the specified label, to increment DL register
INC BL
; else increment BL which represents negative
number
JMP XX ; jump to the specified label.
NEXT: INC DL ; increments DL register
XX: LOOP BACK ; decrements count and check for zero condition
MOV [DI], BL
; store the negative number count in the memory
location of DI
MOV [DI], DL
; stores the positive number count in the memory
location of DI
INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells end of the
program

INPUT:

S 4100

0000:4100 05,
0000:4101 FF,
0000:4102 AB,
0000:4103 DE,
0000:4104 20,
0000:4105 36

EXECUTION:

G 5000

AX = 0036 BX = 0003
CX = 0000 DX = 0002
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 4106 DI = 4201
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 5020 FL = F000
PC = 05020

OUTPUT:

D 4200,4201

03 02

C) BCD TO HEXA DECIMAL CONVERSION

AIM: To convert BCD number in to Hexadecimal number.

ALGORITHM:

1. Initialize AX with zeros.
2. Make SI as a pointer to the location, where BCD number is stored.
3. Move the BCD number to AL and BL register.
4. Logical AND the contents of BL with 0F the result will be in BL register.
5. Logical AND the contents of AL with F0 and the result will be in AL register.
6. Rotate the contents of AL with CL times.
7. Load BH with 0A and multiply AL contents with BH contents.
8. Add contents AX and BX and result is in AX register.
9. Store the contents of AX in to memory.

PROGRAM:

MOV AX,0000 ; Clear AX register

MOV SI,2100 ; make SI as pointer to 2100 location

MOV AL,[SI] ; contents of memory location stored in AL register

MOV BL,AL ; copy the contents of AL to BL.

AND BL, 0F
; Logical AND the contents of BL with 0F and result is
in BL register

AND AL, F0
; Logical AND the contents of AL with F0 and result is
in AL register

MOV CL, 04 ; load CL register with 04

ROR AL,CL ; rotate right AL contents with CL times

MOV BH,0A ; load BH with 0A

MUL BH ; multiply AL contents with BH contents

ADD AL, BL
; Add contents of AL and BL and result is in AL
register

INC SI ; increment SI by one time

MOV [SI],AL ; store the result in to memory location pointed by SI

INT 03
; break pointer interrupt which tells processor end of
program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 45

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 002D BX = 0A05
CX = 0004 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2101 DI = 8000
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 501C FL = F000
PC = 0501C

OUTPUT:

D 2101

0000:2101 2D


D) CONVERTION OF HEXADECIMAL NUMBER TO DECIMAL NUMBER

AIM: To find the decimal number from the given hexadecimal numbers

ALGORITHM:

1. Initialize AX with zero.
2. Make SI as a pointer to the location, where hex number is stored.
3. Divide the hex number with 64H to find number of hundreds in the hex number.
4. Store the number of hundreds in the memory.
5. Store the remainder in AL. Divide it with 0A, to find number of 10s in the number.
6. Store the number of 10s in to next memory location.
7. Remainder obtained in the units place of the decimal number, store that in to next
memory location.

PROGRAM:
MOV AX,0000 ; Clear AX register
MOV SI, 2100 ; make SI as pointer to 2100 location
MOV AL,[SI] ; contents of memory location stored in AL register
MOV BL,64 ; load 64 to BL register
DIV BL ; divides AX content with BL register
INC SI ; increment SI
MOV [SI],AL
; store the coefficient which is in AL into SI memory
location
MOV AL,AH
; contents of AH register will be moved into AL
register
MOV AH,00 ; clear AH register
MOV BL,0A ; load 0A to BL register
DIV BL ; divides AX content with BL register
MOV [SI],AL
; store the coefficient which is in AL into SI memory
location
MOV [SI],AH
; store the reminder which is in AH into SI memory
location
INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells end of a
program

INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 FF

EXECUTION:

G 5000

AX = 0505 BX = 000A
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2103 DI = 8000
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 501D FL = F000
PC = 0501D

OUTPUT:

D 2101,2103

02 05 05


CONVERSION OF PACKED BCDNUMBER TO UNPACKED
BCDNUMBER

AIM: Program to convert packed BCD to unpacked BCD.

ALGORITHM:

1. Initialize SI as a pointer to the memory location where packed BCD number is stored.
2. Initialize DI as a pointer to memory location where unpacked BCD number is to be
stored.
3. Get the packed BCD number in to AL and BL register.
4. Load CL register with 04 and rotate BL contents with CL times.
5. By logical AND the AL and BL contents 0F the packed BCD is converted into unpacked
BCD.

PROGRAM:
MOV DI,2200 ; make DI as pointer to 2200 location
MOV CL,04 ; load CL with 04
MOV AL,[SI] ; get BCD number to accumulator
MOV BL, AL ; copy the contents of AL to BL register
ROL BL, CL ; rotate BL contents with CL times
AND AL, 0F
; logical AND of AL contents and 0F to
unpack the BCD number
AND BL, 0F
; logical AND of BL contents and 0F to
MOV [DI], BL ; store the result to DI memory location
INC DI ;increment DI by one location
MOV [DI], AL ; store the result to DI memory location
INT 03
; It is a software interrupt which tells the
processor end of the program

INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 35

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 0005 BX = 0003
CX = 0004 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2100 DI = 2201
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 5018 FL = F000
PC = 05018

OUTPUT:

D 2200,2201

03 05


BCD TO ASCII CONVERSION

AIM: To perform the BCD to ASCII conversion by assembly language program.

ALGORITHM:

1. Initialize SI with 2100, where BCD number is stored.
2. Initialize DI with 2200, where ASCII number is to be stored.
3. Store the number of times loop to be repeated in to CL.
4. Get the BCD number in to AL and AH.Unpack the BCD number in AL and AH.
5. To convert unpack BCD number to ASCII add 3030 to AX.
6. Move ASCII number in AX into memory.

PROGRAM:
MOV DI,2200 ; make DI as pointer to 2200 location
MOV CL,04 ; load CL with 04
MOV AL,[SI] ; get BCD number to accumulator
MOV AH, AL ; copy the contents of AL to AH register
ROL AH, CL ; rotate AH contents with CL times
AND AL, 0F
; logical AND of AL contents and 0F to
AND AH, 0F
; logical AND of AH contents and 0F to
OR AL, 30
; OR AL contents to 30 to get ASCII
equivalent
OR AH, 30
; OR AH contents to 30 to get ASCII
equivalent
MOV [DI], AH ; store the result to DI memory location
INC DI ;increment DI by one location
MOV [DI], AL ; store the result to DI memory location
INT 03
; It is a software interrupt which tells the
processor end of the program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 35

EXECUTION:

G 5000

AX = 3335 BX = 0003
CX = 0004 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2100 DI = 2201
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 501D FL = F000
PC = 0501D

OUTPUT:

D 2200,2201

33 35


MOVE BLOCK

AIM: To execute a program to move string of bytes from one location to the other location in
the memory.

ALGORITHM:

1. Make SI as a pointer to the source block.
2. Make DI as a pointer to the destination block.
3. Store the number of bytes to transfer from one block to another block in CX.
4. Using MOVSB transfer byte from one location to another location.
5. Repeat step 4, count number of times in CX.

PROGRAM:
PROGRAM STARTS AT 3000 (ORIGIN) MEMORY LOCATION
MOV SI, 2100 ; make SI as pointed to memory location 2100
MOV DI, 2200 ; make DI as pointed to memory location 2200
MOV CX, 000A ; load CX register with the count
CLD ; clear direction flag
REP ; moves the strings from SI location to DI location and
; increments SI location and DI location and repeats
; this loop until CX becomes zero.

MOVSB

INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells the processor it is
; end of the program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 01,
0000:2101 02,
0000:2102 03,
0000:2103 04,
0000:2104 05,
0000:2105 06,
0000:2106 07,
0000:2107 08,
0000:2108 09,
0000:2109 10

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 0001 BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 210A DI = 220A
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3016 FL = F000
PC = 03016

OUTPUT:

D 2200,2209

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

REVERSE STRING

AIM: To execute a program to obtain reverse of a given string

ALGORITHM:

1. Make SI as pointer to Data segment i.e., DS:SI and make DI as pointer to extra segment
i.e., ES:DI .
2. Load CX register with the count.
3. Clear the direction flag, get data using SI to AL.
4. Set direction flag and store AL content into a location pointed out by DI.
5. Decrement the count and check for zero condition. If it is not zero go to step 3, else
continue.

PROGRAM:
MOV CX, 000A ; load the counter with CX register
MOV SI, 2100 ; initialize SI register to 2100 memory location
MOV DI, 2209 ; initialize DI register to 220A memory location
L1: CLD ; clear direction flag
LODSB ; get the data from SI to AL
STD ; set direction flag
STOSB ; store the data from AL to DL
LOOP L1
; decrement count check for zero condition. If no
zero jump to the specified label
INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells end of the
program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 01,
0000:2101 02,
0000:2102 03,
0000:2103 04,
0000:2104 05,
0000:2105 06,
0000:2106 07,
0000:2107 08,
0000:2108 09,
0000:2109 10

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 0010 BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 210A DI = 2200
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 300F FL = F000
PC = 0300F

OUTPUT:

D 2200,2209

10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01

SORTING

A) ASCENDING ORDER

AIM: To perform the ascending order by the assembly language programming on 8086 kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Load CX and BX registers with a length of array.
2. Get 1
st
number from memory to AX register.
3. Compare AX register contents with the contents of next memory location.
4. Check for carry condition if there is no carry exchange the contents of AX register and
[SI] 02 memory location.
5. If there is a carry increment SI by two times to get next number.
6. Decrement counter
7. If counter is not zero go to step 3, else continue.
8. Decrement the contents of CX, if CX is not zero go to step 2, else continue.

PROGRAM:
MOV CX, 0005 ; initialize CX register with number of elements
L1: MOV SI, 2100 ; make SI as pointer with 2100 location
MOV BX, CX ; initialize BX register with number of elements
L2: MOV AX,[SI] ; get 1
st
number into AX register
DEC BX ;decrements counter by one
CMP AX,[SI]02 ; compare AX with the contents of next memory location
JB L3
; check for carry condition if there is a carry jump to the
specified label
XCHG AX, [SI]02 ; exchange the contents of AX and [SI]02
XCHG AX,[SI] ; exchange the contents of AX and [SI]
L3: INC SI ; increment SI
DEC BX ; decrement the counter
JNE L2
; check for zero condition, if there is no zero jump to the
specified label.
LOOP L1
; decrement CX register and check for zero condition, if
there is no zero jump to the specified label.
INT 03
; it is a break point interrupt which tells the processor end
of the program

INPUT:

SW 2100

0000:2100 FFFF,
0000:2102 BBBB,
0000:2104 CCCC,
0000:2106 DDDD,
0000:2108 AAAA

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = FFFF BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 210A DI = 8000
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 301C FL = F800
PC = 0301C

OUTPUT:

DW 2100,2108

AAAA BBBB CCCC DDDD FFFF

B) DESCENDING ORDER

AIM: To perform the descending order by the assembly language programming on 8086 kit.

ALGORITHM:

1. Load CX and BX registers with a length of array.
2. Get 1
st
number from memory to AX register.
3. Compare AX register contents with the contents of next memory location.
4. Check for no carry condition if there is carry exchange the contents of AX register and
[SI] 02 memory location.
5. If there is a no carry increment SI by two times to get next number.
6. Decrement counter
7. If counter is not zero go to step 3, else continue.
8. Decrement the contents of CX, if CX is not zero go to step 2, else continue.

PROGRAM:
MOV CX,0005 ; initialize CX register with number of elements
L1: MOV SI,2100 ; make SI as pointer with 2100 location
MOV BX,0005 ; initialize BX register with number of elements
L2: MOV AX,[SI] ; get 1
st
number into AX register
DEC BX ; decrements counter by one
CMP AX,[SI]02
; compare AX with the contents of next memory
location
JNB L3
; check for no carry condition if there is no carry jump
to the specified label
XCHG AX,[SI]02 ; exchange the contents of AX and [SI]02
XCHG AX,[SI] ; exchange the contents of AX and [SI]
L3: INC SI ; increment SI
DEC BX ; decrement the counter
JNE L2
; check for zero condition, if there is no zero jump to
the specified label.
LOOP L1
; decrement CX register and check for zero condition, if
there is no zero jump to the specified label.
INT 03
; it is a break point interrupt which tells the processor
end of the program

INPUT:

SW 2100

0000:2100 AAAA,
0000:2102 CCCC,
0000:2104 DDDD,
0000:2106 BBBB,
0000:2108 FFFF

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = AAAA BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 210A DI = 8000
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 301C FL = F800
PC = 0301C

OUTPUT:

DW 2100,2108

FFFF DDDD CCCC BBBB AAAA

INSERTING A STRING BYTE

AIM: Program to insert a sub string in to main string.

ALGORITHM:

1. Make SI as pointer to data segment i.e., DS: SI.
2. Make DI as pointer to extra segment i.e., ES: DI.
3. Load CX with 0003 and clear the direction flag.
4. Repeat the loop until CX is not zero.
5. Move a byte from DS to ES and increment SI & DI memory locations
6. Make SI as pointer to data segment i.e., DS; SI and make DI as pointer to extra segment
i.e., ES: DI
7. Load CX register with 0003 and clear direction flag.
8. Repeats the loop until CX is not zero.
9. Moves the substring from DS to ES.

PROGRAM:
MOV SI, 3003 ; Make SI as pointer to 3003
MOV DI, 3006 ; make DI as pointer to 3006
MOV CX, 0003 ; load CX register with 0003
CLD ; Clear direction flag
REPE
; repeat the loop if CX is not equal to zero

MOVSB
; moves a byte from DS to ES and increments SI
and DI memory locations
MOV SI,4000 ; Make SI as pointer to 4000
MOV DI,3003 ; Make DI as pointer to 3003
MOV CX,0003 ; load CX register with 0003
CLD ; Clear direction flag
REPE
; repeat the loop if CX is not equal to zero

MOVSB
; moves a byte from DS to ES and increments SI
and DI memory locations
INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells the processor
end of the program.


INPUT:

S 3000 S 4000

0000:3000 01, 0000:4000 AA,
0000:3001 02, 0000:4001 BB,
0000:3002 03, 0000:4002 CC
0000:3003 04,
0000:3004 05,
0000:3005 06
EXECUTION:

G 5000

AX = 0001 BX = 0003
CX = 0000 DX = FF00
SP = 0100 BP = 03B4
SI = 4003 DI = 3006
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 5018 FL = F002
PC = 05018

OUTPUT:

D 3000,3008

01 02 03 AA BB CC 04 05 06

DELETION OF A SUBSTRING FROM A MAIN STRING

AIM: Program to delete the sub string form main string and the result stored in particular
location

ALGORITHM:

1. Make DI as a pointer to main string.
2. Make SI as a pointer to location.
3. Number of times the loop in repeated (or) number of bytes to be deleted is in CX.
4. Move the contents of 3004 and 3005 memory locations to 3002 and 3003,so the contents
of these locations will be deleted
PROGRAM:
MOV SI, 3004 ; Make SI as pointer to 3004 location
MOV DI, 3002 ; Make DI as pointer to 3002 location
MOV CX, 0002 ; Load CX register with 0002
CLD
; clear direction flag which increments SI & DI by
one time
REPE ; repeat until CX becomes zero
MOVSB
; moves a byte from SI memory location to DI
memory location
INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells end of a
program


INPUT:

S 3000

0000:3000 01,
0000:3001 02,
0000:3002 03,
0000:3003 04,
0000:3004 05,
0000:3005 06

EXECUTION:

G 5000

AX = 0006 BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 3005 DI = 3003
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 500C FL = F002
PC = 0500C

OUTPUT:

D 3000,3003

01 02 05 06

LENGTH OF THE STRING

AIM: To execute program for finding the length of the string.

ALGORITHM:

1. Load CX register with 0000 to represent the length of string.
2. Make SI as pointer to data segment.
3. Get content from memory location and compare with 00.
4. If they are not equal repeat step 3.
5. Increment CX contents and get next number again compare with 00.
6. Finally the length is in CX register.

PROGRAM:
MOV CX,0000 ; clear CX register with 0000
MOV SI,2100 ;make SI as pointer to 2100 location
MOV AX,0000 ; clear accumulator
L1: LODSB
; get contents to AL register and increment SI
memory location by one
CMP AL,00 ; compare AL contents with 00
JE L2
; Check for equal condition, if the contents are
equal jump to specified label.
INC CX ; increment CX register
JMP L1 ; jumps to the specified label
L2: MOV DI, 2200 ;make DI as pointer to 2200 location
MOV [DI], CX ; store result in the memory location of DI
INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells processor
end of the program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 01,
0000:2101 02,
0000:2102 03,
0000:2103 04,
0000:2104 06,
0000:2105 00

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = B385 BX = 00FF
CX = 0005 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2105 DI = 2200
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3016 FL = F046
PC = 03016

OUTPUT:

DW 2200

0000:2200 0005

STRING COMPARISION

AIM: To execute a program to compare the string bytes given in two different memory
Locations.

ALGORITHM:

1. Make SI as pointer to data segment and DI as pointer to extra segment.
2. Load CL with the count of string and clear direction flag.
3. Compare the two strings in SI and DI if both are equal store 00 in AL register, else store
FF.

PROGRAM
MOV SI,2100 ; initialize the source location
MOV DI,2200 ; initialize the destination location
MOV CX,0005 ; initializing the count
CLD
; clear direction flag, increments SI and DI
memory locations
REP ; repeat until CX becomes zero
CMPSB
; compare source contents with destination
contents
JCXZ NEXT
; checks CX = 0, if CX is zero jumps to the
specified label
MOV AL, FF
; move AL with FF to represent to unequal
condition
JMP XX ; jumps to the specified label
NEXT: MOV AL, 00
; move AL with 00 to represent to the equal
condition
XX: INT 03
processor it is the end of the program


INPUT: (For equal strings)

S 2100 S 2200

0000:2100 01, 0000:2200 01,
0000:2101 02, 0000:2201 02,
0000:2102 03, 0000:2202 03,
0000:2103 04, 0000:2203 04,
0000:2104 06 0000:2204 06

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 0000 BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2105 DI = 2205
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3014 FL = F002
PC = 03014

INPUT: (For unequal strings)

S 2100 S 2200

0000:2100 01, 0000:2200 01,
0000:2101 02, 0000:2201 02,
0000:2102 05, 0000:2202 03,
0000:2103 06, 0000:2203 04,
0000:2104 07 0000:2204 06

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 00FF BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 2105 DI = 2205
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3014 FL = F002
PC = 03014

SEARCH STRING

AIM: To execute program for searching a byte string.

ALGORITHM:

1. Load CX register with 0005 to represent the length of string.
2. Make DI as pointer to extra segment.
3. Get content from memory location and compare with AL content.
4. If they are not equal repeat step 3.
5. Decrement CX contents and get next number again compare with AL.
6. Finally AL content will represents the presence of AL content in DI location.

PROGRAM:
PROGRAM STARTS AT 3000(ORIGIN) MEMORY LOCATION.
MOV CX,0005
; move CX register with the length of the
string
MOV DI,2100 ;make DI as pointer to 2100 location
MOV AL,0F0
; load accumulator with the byte, which is to
be searched in the string
L1: SCASB
; it searches the AL contents with the string
pointed by DI
LOOPNE L1
; it decrements CX and checks for not equal
condition
JCXZ L2
; Check for zero condition, if the contents are
zero jump to specified label.
MOV AL,00
; Load AL with 00 to represent the presence of
byte
JMP L3 ; jumps to the specified label
L2: MOV AL,0FF
; Load AL with 0FF i.e. the byte is not there in
the string pointed by DI.
L3: MOV [SI],AL ; store result in SI memory location
INT 03
; it is a software interrupt which tells processor
end of the program


INPUT:

S 2100

0000:2100 0A,
0000:2101 0B,
0000:2102 F0,
0000:2103 09,
0000:2104 06

EXECUTION:

G 3000

AX = 0000 BX = 0000
CX = 0000 DX = 0000
SP = 0100 BP = 0000
SI = 5000 DI = 2105
DS = 0000 SS = 0000
ES = 0000 CS = 0000
IP = 3018 FL = F006
PC = 03018

OUTPUT:

D 5000

0000:5000 00


DISPLAY CHARACTERS

AIM: Display a message on screen

PROGRAM:

- DATA SEGEMNT

msg DB Hello world $

- DATA ENDS

- CODE SEGMENT

ASSUME CS : - code, DS: - data; Initialize CS and DS to segments

Start : MOV AX, - data
MOV DS, AX

MOV AH, 09 display string function
MOV DX, OFFSET msg initialize DX to msg
INT 21 H call DOS service

MOV AH, 4CH Program terminate function
MOV AL, 00H return code for error level setting
INT 21H call DOS service

- Code ENDS End of segment
End start end of program

OUTPUT:

"Hello World"

Initialize DS to the data segment

READING KEYBOARD

AIM: Read a character from keyboard and echo using DOS function calls.

PROGRAM:

- DATA SEGEMNT

msg DB Enter characters from the keyboard

- DATA ENDS

- CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS : - code, DS: - data; Initialise CS and DS

Start : MOV AX, - data
MOV DS, AX

MOV AH, 09
MOV DX, OFFSET msg
INT 21 H

Next Character:
MOV AH, 08H
INT 21H

MOV AH, 02H Output character
MOV DL, AL DL = character
INT 21H Call DOS service
CMP AL, # Compare input character with #
JNE next character If not end, go for next character

MOV AH, 4CH
MOV AL, 00H
INT 21H

- Code ENDS End of segment
End start end of program

INPUT:

From keyboard 'WELCOME'

OUTPUT:

'WELCOME'
Initialize DS to the data segment
Display string function
call DOS service
Read request without echo
call DOS service
returns character in AL
Program terminate functions
return code for error level setting
call DOS services

8259-STUDY CARD

AIM: To Generate an interrupt using 8259 timer.

THEORY:
The Intel 8259 is a programmable interrupt controller handles up to eight vectored
priority interrupts for the CPU. It is cascadable for up to 64 vectored priority interrupt without
additional circuitry. It is packaged in a 28 pin DIP, uses NMOS technology, and requires a
single +5V supply. Circuitry is static, requiring no clock input.
The interrupts at the IR input lines are handled by two registers in cascade, the Interrupt
Request Register and the In-service Register (ISR). The IRR is used to store all the interrupt
levels, which are requesting service and the ISR is used to store all the interrupt levels, which are
being serviced.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUIT:
The 8259-study card allows the user to study the different modes of operation of 8259 by
connecting it to different microprocessor/controller trainers. The interrupts to 8259 can be given
from on-board provision or from external source through jumper selections. The on-board
interrupt source uses a four-way dipswitch to select the eight different interrupts and the push
button switch is to give the interrupt. For the on-board interrupt user has to place the jumpers JP1
to JP8 in the position 23.For external interrupt place the jumpers JP1 to JP8 at 12 positions,
depends on the interrupt number. The study card has got two 26-pin (J3 & J4) and one 50-pin
(P1) connectors for interfacing with different trainers.
Default factory settings for on-board interrupts for ESA 86E trainer is as follows

JP1 = 23 JP6 = 23
JP2 = 23 JP7 = 23
JP3 = 23 JP8 = 23
JP4 = 23 JP9 = 23
JP5 = 23 JP10 = 12
JP11, JP12 & JP13 must be left open.
4-Way Dip Switch selection for different interrupts is as follows:

SWI 4 WAY
3 2 1 Interrupt No
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
IR7
IR6
IR5
IR4
IR3
IR2
IR1
IR0


INTIALIZATION COMMAND WORDS (ICWs):

GENERAL

Whenever a command is issued with A0 = 0 and D4 = 1, this is interrupted as initialization
command word (ICW1), ICW1 starts the initialization sequence during which the following
automatically occur.

a. The edge sense circuit is reset, which means the following initialization; an interrupt
request (IR) input must make a low- to-high transition to generate an interrupt.
b. The Interrupt Mask Register is cleared.
c. IR7 input is assigned priority 7.
d. The slave mode address is set to 7.
e. Special Mask mode is cleared and status read is set to IRR.
f. If IC4 = 0, then all functions selected in ICW4 are set to zero. (Non Buffered mode*,
no auto EOI, MCS 80,85 system).

Note: Master/Slave in ICW4 is only used in the buffered mode.

ICW2


A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1
A15
T7
A14
T6
A13
T5
A12
T4
A11
T3
A10 A9 A8

ICW4

A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 0 0 0 SFNM BUF M/S AEOI PM

1=8086/8088 MODE
0=MCS 80/85 MODE

1=AUTO E OI
0=NORMAL E OI

0 X - NON BUFFERED MODE
- BUFFERED MODE/SLAVE
- BUFFERED MODE/MASTER
1 0
1 1

A15-A8 OF
INTERUPT VECTOR
ADDRESS (MCS80/85
MODE)T7-T3 OF
INTERRUPT
VECTOR ADDRESS
(8086/8088 MODE)
1=SPECIAL FULLY
NESTED MODE
0=NOT SPECIAL FULLY
NESTED MODE

OPERATION COMMAND WORDS (OCWs):
After the initialization command words (ICWs) are programmed into the 8259A, the chip is
ready to accept interrupt requests at its input lines. However, during the 8259A operation, a
selection of algorithms can command the 8259A to operate in various modes through the
operation command words (OCWs).
OCW1
A0

OCW1 sets and clears the mask bits in the interrupt Mask Register (IMR). M
7
M
0
represents
the eight mask bits. M = 1 indicates the channel is masked (inhibited), M = 0 indicates the
channel is enabled.

PROGRAM:
PROGRAM STARTS AT 2000(ORGIN) MEMORY LOCATION.
MOV AX,0000

; INT0 VECTOR ADDRESS
;0120 IS THE BASE OF
; INT VECTOR TABLE

;ICW1 (IC4 NEEDED, SINGLE,
;INTERVAL 4, EDGE TRIG INT)
;ICW2 (MULTIPLE FOR INT VECTOR
;(ADDRESS TABLE) FOR MAKING
;120H AS BASE ADDRESS OF INT
;VECTOR TABLE
; ICW4(8086 MODE, AUTO EOI)

; OCW1 (ENABLE ALL INTERRUPTS)

; ENABLE INTR OF (8086)

MOV CS,AX
MOV ES,AX
MOV SS,AX
MOV SP,3000
MOV SI,0120
MOV AX,2200
MOV [SI],AX
ADD SI,02
MOV AX,0000
MOV [SI],AX
MOV DX,0FFC8
MOV AL,17
OUT DX,AL
MOV DX,0FFCA
: MOV AL,48
OUT DX,AL
MOV AL,03
OUT DX,AL
MOV AL,00
OUT DX,AL
STI
HERE: JMP HERE

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
M7 M6 M5 M4 M3 M2 M1 M0
1

0RG 2100
ADDRESS ; MESSAGES FOR ISRs
2100 20 20 0A 49 4E 54 MSG0:DB 'INT0 OCCURRED'
30 20 4F 43 43 55
52 45 44 0A 0D
2106
210C

PROGRAM STARTS AT 2200(ORGIN) MEMORY LOCATION.
CLI ; INT0 ISR
MOV DX, 2100
JMP 2300(DISP)
INT 03

ORIGIN 2300H
MOV SI,DX ; COMMON DISPLAY ROUTINE
; FOR ALL ISRs

;CALL ROUTINE TO DISPLAY
;MESSAGE

; GET CHAR ROUTINE

; RETURN TO INTERRUPT
MOV CX,0011
L1: MOV AL,[SI]
CALLS 0FE00:0000
INC SI
LOOP L1
CALLS 0FE00:00A9
STI
IRET

EXECUTION:

G 2000

OUTPUT: INT0 OCCURRED (When PUSH button is pressed on Onboard 8259 study card the
'INTO OCCURD' message will be displayed on LCD display of 8086 Microprocessor kit).


8279-STUDY CARD

AIM: Program to display a string of characters.

THEORY:
8279 is a general purpose Programmable Keyboard and Display I/O Interface device
designed for use with Intel microprocessors. The keyboard portion can provide a scanned
interface to a 64- contact key matrix. The keyboard portion will also interface to an array of
sensors or a strobed interface keyboard, such as Hall effect and ferrite variety. Key depressions
can be 2-key lockout or N-key rollover. Keyboards entries are debounced and strobed in an 8-
character FIFO. If more than 8 characters are entered, overrun status is set. Key entries set the
interrupt output line to the CPU.
The display portion provides a scanned display interface for LED, incandescent, and
other popular display technologies. Both numeric and alphanumeric segment displays may be
used as well as simple indicators. The 8279 has 16X8 display RAM, which can be organized into
dual 16X4. The RAM can be loaded or interrogated by the CPU. Both right entry, calculator and
left entry typewriter display formats are possible. Both read and write of the display RAM can be
done with auto increment of the display RAM address.

The 8279-study card provides a keyboard as well as a display section. The display section
features six 8 digit seven segment displays, while the keyboard section comprises a 4 X 4
matrix Hex Keypad and associated circuitry. The option for using shift and control keys during
key scanning is also provided. The interface has 3 connectors. P1, J3 and J4. To interface the
card with ESA 86/88E trainer, connect the 50 pin FRC connector P1 to J2 of ESA 86/88E
study card adaptor.

For Encode method:
place the jumpers as follows:
JP1 = 1 2
JP2 = 2 3
JP3 = 2 3
JP4 = 1 2
JP5 = 2 3

For Decode method:
place the jumpers as follows:
JP1 = OPEN
JP2 = 1 2
JP3 = 1 2
JP4 = 2 3
JP5 = 1 2


COMMAND WORDS OF 8279:

1 0 0 A
I
A A A A

The CPU seta up the 8279 for a write to display RAM by first writing this command. After
writing the command with A
0
= 1, all subsequent writes with A
0
= 0 will be to the display RAM.
The addressing and Auto increment functions are identical to those for the Read Display RAM.

PROGRAM:

PROGRM STARTS AT 2000(ORIGIN) MEMORY LOCATION.
MOV CX,0006

; Routine to clear
;all displays

; Eight 8-bit character
; display left entry
;decoded scan keybd

; Write to 8279
; display RAM
;Routine to display
; a string of characters

MOV AL,00
MOV DX,0FFC2
OUT DX,AL
MOV AL,90
OUT DX,AL
RPT: MOV AL,00
MOV DX,0FFC0
OUT DX,AL
LOOP RPT
MOV DX,0FFC2
MOV AL,90
OUT DX,AL
MOV SI,2100
MOV CX,0006
BC0: MOV AL,[SI]
MOV DX,0FFC0
OUT DX,AL
INC SI
LOOP BC0
INT 03 ; Termination of the program

The segments of Seven Segment display are connected as shown in below

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

INPUT:


S 2100

0000:2100 E3,
0000:2101 60,
0000:2102 F6,
0000:2103 45,
0000:2104 77,
0000:2105 45

EX: A B C D H E F G

For letter I 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 60H
For letter n 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 = 45H
For letter d 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 = E5H
For letter I 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 60H
For letter A 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 = 77H
For letter n 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 = 45H

I n d I A n

G 3000

OUTPUT:

Displays 'IndIan' on 8279 Keyboard display






DUAL DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTOR

AIM: Programs to generate different waveforms (Sine, Square, Triangular and Saw tooth
waveforms) using DAC interface.

THEORY:

The digital to analog converter (DAC) is a device widely used to convert digital pulses to
analog signals. There are two methods of creating a DAC; one is Binary weighted method and
other one is R/2R Ladder method. The vast majority of integrated circuit DACs, including the
DAC0808 uses the R/2R method since it can achieve a much higher degree of precision. The
first criterion for judging a DAC is its resolution, which is a function of the number of binary
inputs. In the MC1408 (DAC0808), the digital inputs are converted to current (I
out
), and by
connecting a resistor to the I
out
pin, we convert the result to voltage. The total current provided
by the Iout pin is a function of the binary numbers at the D0-D7 inputs of the DAC0808 and the
reference current (I
ref
), and is follows:

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
out ref
D D D D D D D D
I I
| |
= + + + + + + +
|
\ .
Generally I
ref
= 2mA


As can be seen in the circuit only 17 lines from the connectors are used totally. The port-
A and port-B 8255 programmable. Peripheral interface are used as o/p ports. The digital inputs
to the DAC are provided through port-A and port-B of 8255. The reference voltage for the
DACs is derived from an on-board voltage regulator A 723. It generates the voltage of about
8V. The offset voltage balancing of op-amps is done by making use of the two 10K pots
provided. The analog outputs of DACs connecting to inverting inputs of op-amps A 741 which
act as current to voltage converter.


CONTROL WORD:

D7
D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Port C
lower bit Group B
1-I/O modes
0-BSR mode Port B bit
Mode of port B
Mode of Port C upper bit
GroupA Port A bit GroupA

B
6
B
5
MODE
0 0 mode 0
0 1 mode 1
1 0 mode 2
1 1 x

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
BITS 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HEX CODE 8 0

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