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(Redirected from Celsius scale) Celsius, also known as centigrade,[1] is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701 1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. The unit was known until 1948 as "centigrade" from the Latin centum translated as 100 and gradus translated as "steps". From 1743 until 1954, 0 C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere with mercury being the working material. Although these defining correlations are commonly taught in schools today, by international agreement the unit "degree Celsius" and the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different temperatures: absolute zero, and the triple point of VSMOW (specially purified water). This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible at which matter reaches minimum entropy, is defined as being precisely 0 K and 273.15 C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as precisely 273.16 K and 0.01 C.[2] This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the kelvin as precisely 1 part in 273.16 (approximately 0.00366) of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Thus, it sets the magnitude of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin as exactly the same. Additionally, it establishes the difference between the two scales' null points as being precisely 273.15 degrees Celsius (273.15 C = 0 K and 0 C = 273.15 K).[3]
Contents
1 History 1.1 Centigrade and Celsius 1.2 Common temperatures 2 Name and symbol typesetting 2.1 Unicode character 3 Temperatures and intervals 4 Coexistence of Kelvin and Celsius scales 5 Melting and boiling points of water 6 Worldwide adoption 7 Conversion table between the different temperature units 8 See also 9 References 10 External links
History
In 1742, Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (17011744) created a temperature scale which was the reverse of the scale now known by the name "Celsius": 0 represented the boiling point of water, while 100 represented the freezing point of water. In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, he recounted his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is essentially unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how the boiling point of water varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that the zero point of his temperature scale, being the boiling point, would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level. This pressure is known as one standard atmosphere. The BIPM's 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) later defined one standard atmosphere to equal precisely 1 013 250 dynes per square centimeter (101.325 kPa).[4] In 1743, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of the Acadmie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de LyonFR, working independently of Celsius, developed a scale where zero represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water.[5][6] On 19 May 1743 he published the design of a mercury thermometer, the "Thermometer of Lyon" built by the craftsman Pierre Casati that used this scale.[7][8][9] In 1744, coincident with the death of Anders Celsius, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (17071778) reversed[10] Celsius's scale. His custom-made "linnaeusthermometer", for use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekstrm, Sweden's leading maker of scientific instruments at the time and whose workshop was located in the basement of the Stockholm observatory. As often happened in this age before modern communications, numerous physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are credited with having independently developed this same scale;[11] among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop) and with whom Linnaeus had been corresponding; Daniel Ekstrm[SV], the instrument maker; and Mrten Strmer (17071770) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius. The first known Swedish document[12] reporting temperatures in this modern "forward" Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis dated 16 December 1745 that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his, Samuel Nauclr. In it, Linnaeus recounted the temperatures inside the orangery at the Botanical Garden of Uppsala University: "... since the caldarium (the hot part of the greenhouse) by the angle of the windows, merely from the rays of the sun, obtains such heat that the thermometer often reaches 30 degrees, although the keen gardener usually takes care not to let it rise to more than 20 to 25 degrees, and in winter not under 15 degrees ..."
An illustration of Anders Celsius's original thermometer. Note the reversed scale, where 0 is the boiling point of water and 100 is its freezing point.
Common temperatures
Some key temperatures relating the Celsius scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.
Key scale relations Kelvin Absolute zero (precisely, by definition) Boiling point of liquid nitrogen Sublimation point of dry ice. 0K 77.4 K 195.1 K Celsius 273.15 C Fahrenheit 459.67 F
Melting point of H 2O (purified ice)[18] 273.1499 K 0.0001 C 31.99982 F Water's triple point 273.16 K (precisely, by definition) Normal human body temperature (approximate average)[19] 310. K 0.01 C 37.0 C 32.018 F 98.6 F 211.971 F
Water's boiling point at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) 373.1339 K 99.9839 C (approximate: see Boiling point)[20]
Unicode character
Unicode provides a compatibility character for the degree Celsius at U+2103 (decimal 8451), for compatibility with CJK encodings that provide such a character (as such, in most fonts the width is the same as for fullwidth characters). Its appearance is similar to the one synthesized by individually typing its two components () and (C). Shown below is the degree Celsius character followed immediately by the two-component version:
C
When viewed on computers that properly support Unicode, the above line may be similar to the image in the line below (enlarged for clarity):
The canonical decomposition is simply an ordinary degree sign and "C", so some browsers may simply display "C" in its place due to Unicode normalization.
Worldwide adoption
Throughout the world, except in the United States, Belize, Palau and the United States territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands[30] the Celsius temperature scale is used for practically all purposes. The only exceptions are some specialist fields (e.g., low-temperature physics, astrophysics, light temperature in photography) where the closely related Kelvin scale dominates instead.
Most of the entire scientific field and many engineering fields use the Celsius scale, and the metric system in general. However, most Americans remain more accustomed to the Fahrenheit scale, which is the scale that U.S. broadcasters and journalists use in weather forecasting, although the equivalent in Celsius is sometimes provided alongside.[31] It is also commonly used in the U.S. for measurement of body temperature, and household use such as cooking, and is the scale commonly seen on ovens and in recipes. In Canada, kitchen devices, literature, and packaging include both Fahrenheit and Celsius quotations. The United Kingdom has gradually increased use of the Celsius scale since the 1970s and it is now the predominant temperature scale used, but it is widely called centigrade. Occasionally broadcasters and publications quote Fahrenheit air temperatures alongside Celsius in weather forecasts, and air-temperature thermometers sold sometimes show both scales.
[R] = ([C] + 273.15) 5 [C] = ([R] 491.67) 5 9 For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures, 1 C = 1 K = 9 5 F = 95 R
Comparisons among various temperature scales
See also
Absolute zero ITS-90 Comparison of temperature scales Thermodynamic temperature
References
1. ^ "Celsius temperature scale" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101689/Celsiustemperature-scale). Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 19 February 2012. "Celsius temperature scale, also called centigrade temperature scale, scale based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water." 2. ^ "SI brochure, section 2.1.1.5" (http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/ kelvin.html). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Retrieved 9 May 2008. 3. ^ "Essentials of the SI: Base & derived units" (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/units.html). Retrieved 9 May 2008. 4. ^ "Resolution 4 of the 10th meeting of the CGPM (1954)" (http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/ db/10/4/). 5. ^ Don Rittner; Ronald A. Bailey (2005): Encyclopedia of Chemistry. (http://books.google.com/ books? id=Y2MNUNFg-8gC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=&source=bl&ots=8PbnYmZ7m3&sig=KYsy_ Urh8XCIGtf2COela_ D6YC4&hl=es&sa=X&ei=JIgIULmbFI6o8QTS4syOBA&ved=0CFIQ6AEwAQ&fb_ source=message#v=onepage&q&f=false) Facts On File, Manhattan, New York City. pp. 43. 6. ^ Smith, Jacqueline (2009). "Appendix I: Chronology" (http://books.google.com/books? id=lAfa1orgvwQC&pg=PA246). The Facts on File Dictionary of Weather and Climate . Infobase Publishing. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-4381-0951-0. "1743 Jean-Pierre Christin inverts the fixed points on Celsius' scale, to produce the scale used today." 7. ^ Mercure de France (1743): MEMOIRE sur la dilatation du Mercure dans le Thermomtre. (http://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=RJRQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1609&q&f=true# v=onepage&q&f=true) Chaubert; Jean de Nully, Pissot, Duchesne, Paris. pp. 16091610. 8. ^ Journal helvtique (1743): LION. (http://books.google.com.ar/books? id=h6EUAAAAQAAJ&pg=308&q&f=true#v=onepage&q&f=true) Imprimerie des Journalistes, Neuchtel. pp. 308-310. 9. ^ Memoires pour L'Histoire des Sciences et des Beaux Arts (1743): DE LYON. (http:// books.google.com.ar/books?id=tf10JPTNlCAC&pg=PA2125&q&f=true#v=onepage&q&f=true) Chaubert, Pars. pp. 2125-2128. 10. ^ Citation: Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus' thermometer (http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/ online/life/6_32.html) 11. ^ Citation for Daniel Ekstrm, Mrten Strmer, Christin of Lyons: The Physics Hypertextbook, Temperature (http://hypertextbook.com/physics/thermal/thermo-zero/); citation for Christin of Lyons: Le Moyne College, Glossary, (Celsius scale) (http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ archemc.html); citation for Linnaeus' connection with Pehr Elvius and Daniel Ekstrm: Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus' thermometer (http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/6_32.html); general citation: The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, History of the Celsius temperature scale (http://www.astro.uu.se/history/celsius_scale.html) 12. ^ Citations: University of WisconsinMadison, Linnus & his Garden (http:// www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/SpecialCollections/gardens/sectionpages/linnaeus.htm) and; Uppsala University, Linnaeus' thermometer (http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/6_32.html) 13. ^ "CIPM, 1948 and 9th CGPM, 1948" (http://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cipm/cipm-1948.html) . International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Retrieved 9 May 2008. 14. ^ According to The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the term "Celsius' thermometer" had been used at least as early as 1797. Further, the term "The Celsius or Centigrade thermometer" was again used in reference to a particular type of thermometer at least as early as 1850. The OED also cites this 1928 reporting of a temperature: "My altitude was about 5,800 metres, the temperature was 28 Celsius." However, dictionaries seek to find the earliest use of a word or term and are not a useful resource as regards to the terminology used throughout the history of science. According to several writings of Dr. Terry Quinn CBE FRS, Director of the BIPM (19882004), including Temperature Scales from the early days of thermometry to the 21st century ( The template PDFlink is being considered for possible deletion. here (http://www.imeko.org/publications/tc12-2004/PTC12-2004-PL-001.pdf) PDF (146 KiB) ) as well as Temperature (2nd Edition / 1990 / Academic Press / 0125696817), the term Celsius in connection with the centigrade scale was not used whatsoever by the scientific or thermometry communities until after the CIPM and CGPM adopted the term in 1948. The BIPM was not even aware that "degree Celsius" was in sporadic, non-scientific use before that time. It is also noteworthy that the twelve-volume, 1933 edition of OED didn't even have a listing for the word Celsius (but did have listings for both centigrade and centesimal in the context of temperature measurement). The 1948 adoption of Celsius accomplished three objectives: 1. All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them; namely, Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Raumur and Rankine. 2. Notwithstanding the important contribution of Linnaeus who gave the Celsius scale its modern form, Celsius' name was the obvious choice because it began with the letter C. Thus, the symbol C that for centuries had been used in association with the name centigrade could continue to be used and would simultaneously inherit an intuitive association with the new name. 3. The new name eliminated the ambiguity of the term "centigrade", freeing it to refer exclusively to the French-language name for the unit of angular measurement. 15. ^ 1985 BBC Special: A Change In The Weather - YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=9E21c02Vp9k#t=18m42s) 16. ^ "centigrade, adj. and n." (http://www.oed.com). Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 November 2011. 17. ^ Lide, D.R., ed. (19901991). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 71st ed. CRC Press. p. 422.
18. ^ The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 0.000 089(10) degrees Celsius see Magnum, B.W. (June 1995). "Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070307055524/http://www.cstl.nist.gov/ div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf) (PDF). Nist Technical Note 1411 . Archived from the original (http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf) on Mar 07, 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007. 19. ^ Elert, Glenn (2005). "Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)" (http:// hypertextbook.com/facts/LenaWong.shtml). The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2007-08-22. 20. ^ For Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water at one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100 C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1 mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see VSMOW in temperature measurement. There is a different approximation using ITS-90 which approximates the temperature to 99.974 C 21. ^ "Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)" (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/index.html). The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Historical context of the SI. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2000. Retrieved 16 November 2011. 22. ^ For more information on conventions used in technical writing, see the informative SI Unit rules and style conventions (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/checklist.html) by the NIST as well as the BIPM's SI brochure: Subsection 5.3.3, Formatting the value of a quantity. (http://www.bipm.org/en/ si/si_brochure/chapter5/5-3-2.html#5-3-3) 23. ^ Note (e) of SI Brochure, Section, 2.2.2, Table 3 (http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/ chapter2/2-2/table3.html) 24. ^ Decision #3 of Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM (http://www.bipm.fr/en/CGPM/db/13/3/) 25. ^ In 1948, Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM (http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/9/7/) stated, "To indicate a temperature interval or difference, rather than a temperature, the word 'degree' in full, or
the abbreviation 'deg' must be used." This resolution was abrogated in 1967/1968 by Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM (http://www.bipm.fr/en/CGPM/db/13/3/) which stated that ["The names "degree Kelvin" and "degree", the symbols "K" and "deg" and the rules for their use given in Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM (1948),] ... and the designation of the unit to express an interval or a difference of temperatures are abrogated, but the usages which derive from these decisions remain permissible for the time being." Consequently, there is now wide freedom in usage regarding how to indicate a temperature interval. The most important thing is that one's intention must be clear and the basic rule of the SI must be followed; namely that the unit name or its symbol must not be relied upon to indicate the nature of the quantity. Thus, if a temperature interval is, say, 10 K or 10 C (which may be written 10 kelvin or 10 degrees Celsius), it must be unambiguous through obvious context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval. Rules governing the expressing of temperatures and intervals are covered in the BIPM's SI Brochure, 8th edition ( The template PDFlink is being considered for possible deletion. [1] (http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf) PDF (1.39 MiB)). ^ H.D. Young, R.A. Freedman (2008). University Physics with Modern Physics (12th ed.). Addison Wesley. p. 573 ^ This fact is demonstrated in the book Biostatistics: A Guide to Design, Analysis, and Discovery By Ronald N. Forthofer, Eun Sul Lee and Mike Hernandez ^ "Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (1948)" (http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/9/3/). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Retrieved 9 May 2008. ^ Citation: London South Bank University, Water Structure and Behavior, notes c1 and c2 (http:// www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/data.html#c1) ^ "Belize Weather Bureau" (http://www.hydromet.gov.bz/). Retrieved 9 May 2008. ^ "Weather". The New York Times. 12 December 2012.
External links
NIST, Basic unit definitions: Kelvin (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/kelvin.html) The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, History of the Celsius temperature scale (http://www.astro.uu.se/history/celsius_scale.html) London South Bank University, Water, scientific data (http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/data.html) BIPM, SI brochure, section 2.1.1.5, Unit of thermodynamic temperature (http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kelvin.html) TAMPILE, Comparison of temperature scales (http://www.tampile.com/scales.php) C to F converter, Celsius to Fahrenheit Converter (http://www.metric-conversions.org/temperature/celsius-to-fahrenheit.htm) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celsius&oldid=552527492" Categories: SI derived units Units of temperature This page was last modified on 28 April 2013 at 05:49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.