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PUBLIC SCHOOLS ADOLESCENTS OBESITY AND GROWTH CURVES IN LEBANON

http://www.lebanesemedicaljournal.org/articles/59-2/original5.pdf

ARTICLE ORIGINAL / ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Hilda R. CHACAR1, Pascale SALAMEH2

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE : Our objective was to draw growth curves and assess obesity prevalence in adolescents of public schools, and to explore selected food consumption frequency and physical activity. METHODS : A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lebanese public schools. From the list of schools provided by the Ministry of Education, a random sample of 20 schools was chosen, distributed in all Lebanese regions. Participants were 2547 adolescents, aged between 11 to 18 years. Anthropometric measures of height and weight were taken, growth curves were drawn. Obesity and at risk of obesity prevalences were also calculated. Selected food intake frequency, physical activity and sedentary behavior were also analyzed. RESULTS : Growth curves were drawn for boys and girls. Overall, 6.6% of adolescents were obese, while 20.5% were at risk of obesity. There were significant differences in obesity prevalence estimates between age groups in girls : increased age was associated with higher obesity (3.8% in those 13 years of age versus 10.6%in those > 17 y ; p = 0.02) ; this trend was not found in boys (6.5% in those 13 y and 7.2% in those > 17y ; p = 0.78). As expected, a significant increase in the risk of being overweight was found with increased frequency of eating fried potatoes, chocolate and eating out. In contrast, eating fruits and having physical activity were associated with a lower risk of being overweight. CONCLUSION : In Lebanese public schools, we found high rates of obesity and associated behaviors. Preventing obesity should focus on promoting healthy lifestyles for adolescents of low socioeconomic status.
INTRODUCTION

Chacar HR, Salameh P. Public schools adolescents obesity and growth curves in Lebanon. J Med Liban 2011 ; 59 (2) : 80-88.

Departments of Clinical Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Lebanon ; Epidemiology & Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University. Correspondence : Pascale Salameh, PharmD, MPH, PhD. Jdeidet El Meten, Chalet Suisse St. Ramza Azzam Bldg. Beirut. Lebanon. Tel. : +961 3 385542 Fax : +961 1 691167 e-mail : psalameh@ul.edu.lb OR pascalesalameh1@hotmail.com
1 2

Obesity and risk of obesity have become epidemic in childhood and adolescence, in developing [1] and in developed countries [2-3]. In Lebanon, the prevalence of overweight, including obesity, has been established in some portions of the population [4]. A cross-sectional survey of a sample of 2104 children (3-19 years of age) and adults, showed overall higher prevalence rates of at

risk of obesity and obesity for boys than girls (22.5% versus 16.1% at risk and 7.5% versus 3.2% obese, respectively) [5]. We had also carried out a study about adolescent obesity in Lebanese private schools: among 12,299 adolescents, we found high obesity (7.5%) and risk of obesity (24.4%).

RSUM OBJECTIFS : Nos objectifs taient de tracer les courbes de croissance et dvaluer lobsit des adolescents dans les coles publiques libanaises, en plus de lexploration de la frquence de leur consommation de quelques aliments et de leur activit physique. MTHODES : Une tude transversale a t mene dans les coles publiques libanaises. De la liste des coles pourvue par le ministre de lEducation, un chantillon alatoire de 20 coles a t choisi, distribues dans toutes les rgions libanaises. Les participants taient 2547 adolescents, gs de 11 18 ans. Des mesures anthropomtriques de taille et de poids ont t prises, et les courbes de croissance ont t traces. Les prvalences du risque dobsit et de lobsit ont aussi t calcules. La frquence de quelques aliments, lactivit physique et la sdentarit taient aussi values. RSULTATS : Les courbes de croissance ont t traces pour les garons et les filles. 6,6% des adolescents taient obses, et 20,5% risque dobsit. Des diffrences significatives ont t retrouves entre les groupes dge chez les filles : un ge plus avanc est associ une obsit plus leve (3,8% chez celles 13 ans versus 10,6% chez celles > 17 ans ; p = 0,02) ; cette tendance na pas t retrouve chez les garons (6,5% chez ceux 13 ans et 7,2% chez ceux > 17 ans ; p = 0,78). Tel quattendu, une augmentation significative du risque de surpoids a t retrouve avec laugmentation de la frquence de consommation de frites, de chocolat et des repas pris hors de la maison. En contrepartie, la consommation de fruits et lactivit physique taient associes un risque infrieur de surpoids. CONCLUSION : Dans les coles publiques libanaises, nous avons trouv des prvalences leves dobsit et de ses comportements associs do limportance de la prvention chez ces adolescents de bas niveau socioconomique, en insistant sur lamlioration du style de vie.

Chacar HR, Salameh P. Obsit et courbes de croissance chez les adolescents des coles publiques au Liban. J Med Liban 2011 ; 59 (2) : 80-88.

In girls, the risk of obesity and obesity prevalences decreased with increasing age (p < 0.001), while no such change occurred in boys [6]. No such study has been carried out in public schools adolescents, which are known to differ from those of private schools by parents socioeconomic status and educational level. The underlying reasons for obesity in Lebanese children and adolescents are still unknown. Social, economic and lifestyle behaviors have contributed to increase the number of obese adolescents with low health related quality of life, and adults with multiple chronic illnesses worldwide [7]. Since lifestyle and behavior choices develop during school-age years, a child food intake and physical activity at school are important determinants of body weight [8]. Having an overweight parent is another risk factor for childhood obesity [9]. As for socioeconomic status, it has been shown to differ in affecting obesity according to countries: in developing countries, obesity is more prevalent in high socioeconomic status populations, while the opposite is observed in developed countries [10-11]. Thus, performing such a study in public schools is expected to give results that differ from those obtained in private schools. The objective of our study was to draw growth curves and assess overweight and obesity prevalences in adolescents of public schools, and explore the frequency of selected food consumption, physical activity and sedentary behavior. Study design It is a cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 2547 adolescents in Lebanese public schools, aged 11 to 18 years, between April and June 2007.
MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sampling procedure From the list of Lebanon public schools provided by the Ministry of Education, a random sample of 20 schools was chosen, distributed in all Lebanese regions. A permission of the Ministry of Education allowed an easy access to these schools. Directors were contacted to explain the objective of the study and its procedure, and 16 (80%) agreed to participate to the current study: 2 in Beirut, 7 in Mount Lebanon, 5 in North Lebanon, 1 in South Lebanon, and 1 in the Bekaa plain. This population of school students is considered of low to median socioeconomic status. The schools that refused to participate had students with similar socioeconomic background to those which agreed to participate. Data collection Body measures were taken between April and June 2007. A trained researcher was sent to record gender, birth date and measure weight and height of all students in the required age group; these activities were performed in collaboration with the school health professional. One calibrated scale and one stadiometer for height measurement were used; shoes were systematically removed, and mea-

Statistical analysis Data entry and analysis were performed on SPSS statistical software, version 11.5. Before analysis, a weighting of cases was performed, according to the latest publication of the Central Administration of Statistics in Lebanon, showing the distribution of Lebanon residents according to age group, sex and district [12], to ensure better representativity of the sample: this maneuver was performed by multiplying every individuals weight with a weighting index, thus changing the sample structure into one that represents the Lebanese population according to age group, sex and district. Cluster effect was taken into account according to the method suggested by RumeauRouquette and collaborators [13]. Absolute body mass index (BMI) was calculated as mass in kg over height in meters squared; this is a practical, useful and preferred index to assess body fat [14-15]. However, since in children changes in weight may be confounded by linear growth and puberty-related changes in body composition that differ between boys and girls, body mass index relative to age and sex, in the form of percentiles on standardized Z scores are needed to define risk of obesity and obesity in children [16]. If appropriate cutoff points are used, a high body mass index level is a moderately sensitive and a very specific indicator of excess adiposity among children [17-18]. Therefore, obesity and risk of obesity were defined according to cut-off values taken from International Obesity Taskforce for BMI of boys and girls aged 2 to 18 years [19]. We used the term overweight to define the subgroup of adolescents above normal BMI, including obese individuals and those at risk of obesity. For every year of rounded age, percentiles were calculated, allowing curves drawing for weight in kg, height in cm and body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2, according to the LMS method described by Cole in 1992 [20], which summarizes the data in terms of three smooth age specific curves called L (lambda), M (mu), and S (sigma). The M and S curves correspond to the median and coefficient of variation of body mass index at each age whereas the L curve allows for the substantial age-dependent skewness in the distribution of body mass index. Further details of the method are explained in Cole paper [20]. Pearson Chi2 and trend tests were used to compare obesity and at risk of obesity prevalence between boys and
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surements were made with light indoor clothing only. In addition, for exploratory purposes only, a self-completed questionnaire was filled in by adolescents on that day. This questionnaire included a limited Food Frequency Questionnaire (chocolate, fried potatoes, traditional Lebanese dishes, salads, and fruits weekly consumption), in addition to frequency of eating out of home, and usual physical and intellectual activity (sports, walking to school, studying, working on the computer or watching television). Although students had the possibility to refuse to participate, none did since it was recommended by the school direction.

H. CHAKAR, P. R. SALAMEH Obesity in public schools adolescents

girls and within age classes, respectively. Student T-test was used to compare quantitative continuous variables, such as food and activity frequencies between subgroups. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. For weekly frequency variables, classes were created as follows: 0, 1-2 times weekly, 3-4 times weekly, and 5 times weekly or more. For daily frequency variables, frequency classes were created: 0, 0.01-1 hour daily, 1.012 hours daily, and more than 2 hours daily. A stepwise Likelihood Ratio descendent logistic regression for overweight was then performed, taking into account multiple variables: age, gender, geographic distribution, food frequency, physical and other activities. Descriptive results The sample was distributed proportionally to the general Lebanese population distribution across Lebanese regions, due to weighting procedure; it was composed of 1416 females (55.6%) and 1131 males (44.4%). 21.1% of the sample had 13 years of age or less, 32.8% had between 13 and 15 years, 30.9% between 15.1 and 17 years, and 14.8% had 17 years or more (Table I). Chocolate, fried potatoes, fruits and traditional platters were consumed 4 to 5 times per week on average, while salads were consumed 3 to 4 times weekly. These adolescents also declared eating out around 3 times per week. 25% of the adolescents walked to school for a mean time of 11 minutes. They also spent an average of 2 to 3 hours per day studying, watching TV and playing computer, making a total of 6 to 9 hours of extracurricular sedentary activity, compared with around 90 minutes per day of physical activity (Table I).
RESULTS

TABLE I
Variable

DESCRIPTIVE RESULTS OF THE SAMPLE POPULATION Frequency n = 2547 265 1017 523 422 320 1131 1416 540 834 786 378 1853 523 167 641 Mean 55.32 158.92 21.70 15.21 5.41 4.34 3.66 5.48 2.96 5.67

District distribution Beirut Mount Lebanon North Lebanon South Lebanon Bekaa Gender Male Female Age class 13 years 13.1-15 years 15.1-17 years > 17 years Obesity class Normal weight At risk of obesity Obese Walks to go to school Weight (kg) Height (cm) BMI (kg/m2) Age (years)

% 100

10.4 39.9 20.5 16.6 12.6 44.4 55.6 21.1 32.8 30.9 14.8 72.7 20.5 6.6 25.2 SD 14.02 12.12 4.02 2.09

Growth curves for boys and girls Weight, height and BMI curves are presented in figures 1 to 6, for boys and girls separately. At 18 years of age, the 97th percentiles for the BMI of boys and girls were at 30 kg/m2, while the 75th percentiles were at 25 kg/m2 (Fig. 1 to 6). BMI appears to stabilize at 15 years for girls, while it continues to increase for boys beyond 18 years (Fig. 1 & 2). In figures 3 & 4, girls weight seems to reach
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Obesity and risk of obesity For obesity, 20.5% (95% CI [18.9%-22.1%]) of the sample population were at risk of obesity while 6.6% (95% CI [5.6%-7.6%]) were obese (Table I). Difference in obesity prevalence estimates between regions was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). In addition, obesity prevalence estimates did not differ significantly between boys and girls (p = 0.79), except for the subgroup lower than 13 years of age (p = 0.05) (Table II). In the boys subgroup, obesity prevalence estimates did not differ across age groups; however, in girls, a significant difference was found between age groups, with a trend for obesity to be lower in lower age category (p = 0.02) (Table II).

Chocolate / week Fried potatoes / week Salad / week Traditional platters / week Eating out / week Fruits / week

Studying hours / day Minutes walking to school / day TV watching hours / day Computer playing hours / day Physical activity hours / day
BMI: Body mass index

Food frequency and activity in normal and overweight adolescents As expected, overweight individuals ate chocolate and fried potatoes more frequently than normal BMI individuals; they also ate outside home more frequently (p < 10-4). On the other hand, they performed a lower duration of physical activity per day (p = 0.002) (Table III).

a plateau at 15 years, while that of boys continues to increase up to18 years. A similar plateau appears for girls height at 15 years, while boys continue to grow in height up to 18 years and beyond (Fig. 5 & 6).

SD: Standard deviation

2.80 11.16 2.87 1.81 1.58

1.71 8.46 2.27 1.96 1.35

4.98 3.63 2.25 2.01 3.50 2.69

H. CHAKAR, P. R. SALAMEH Obesity in public schools adolescents

TABLE II
OBESITY IN BOYS N = 1126 Normal weight N = 816 (72.5%) At risk of obesity N = 234 (20.8%) Obese N = 76 (6.7%) OBESITY IN GIRLS N = 1409 Normal weight N = 1038 (73.7%) At risk of obesity N = 286 (20.3%) Obese N = 85 (6.0%) 13 years N = 246 (100%) 183 (74.4%) 47 (19.1%) 16 (6.5%) N = 293 (100%) 203 (69.3%) 79 (27.0%) 11 (3.8%) 0.05

OBESITY, AGE CLASS AND GENDER DISTRIBUTION 13.1-15 years N = 328 (100%) 246 (75.0%) 61 (18.6%) 21 (6.4%) N = 506 (100%) 387 (76.5%) 93 (18.4%) 26 (5.1%) 0.73 AGE 15.1-17 years N = 372 (100%) 260 (69.9%) 86 (23.1%) 26 (7.0%) N = 411 (100%) 302 (73.5%) 82 (20.0%) 27 (6.6%) 0.52 > 17 years N = 180 (100%) 127 (70.6%) 40 (22.2%) 13 (7.2%) N = 199 (100%) 146 (73.4%) 32 (16.1%) 21 (10.6%) 0.21

p-value for differences between age classes

0.775

0.02

Multivariate analysis We performed a stepwise Likelihood Ratio descendent logistic regression for overweight (both obese and at risk of obesity individuals) as a dependent variable, taking multiple variables into account (age, gender, geographic distribution, food frequency, physical and other activities); we found that eating fried potatoes (ORa = 1.28 [1.14-1.44]; p < 10-4) and chocolate (ORa = 1.11 [1.00-1.24]; p = 0.06) were associated with increased risk of overweight, while eating salads (ORa = 0.88 [0.79-0.97]; p = 0.01), fruits consumption (ORa = 0.87 [0.77-0.98]; p = 0.02) and
FOOD CONSUMPTION & PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FREQUENCY BETWEEN NORMAL & OVERWEIGHT INDIVIDUALS

p-value for differences between genders

daily physical activity (ORa = 0.81 [0.74-0.90]; p < 10-4) were inversely correlated with overweight. Eating out was also associated with increased risk of overweight (ORa = 1.21 [1.10-1.34]; p <10-4). Variables of age, gender, geographic distribution and different activities gave no significant results and were thus eliminated from the model. In this study, we drew growth curves for boys and girls in Lebanese public schools. Compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) international growth charts [21], we note several differences: for BMI versus age charts, we obtained lower 3rd percentiles, approximately equal 50th percentiles, and higher 97th percentiles for both boys and girls. As for height versus age charts, we found lower 3rd and 50th percentiles, and 97th percentiles superior or equal to those of the WHO; one exception was that of the 97th percentile of boys at 18 years, which was lower than the WHO value. These differences may be explained by the low socioeconomic status of public schools students in Lebanon, showing both features of underweight and overweight versus international standards [21]. It is noteworthy that our charts are derived from crosssectional data, taken from the measurements of many children at various ages. This method is usually used to derive standard growth charts [22]. Nevertheless, individual children do not necessarily grow according to these standard curves. In adolescence, there may be quite large deviations from the derived percentile lines, depending on factors such as nutrition, exercise, and genetics [22]. Longitudinal studies would be expected to give more accurate curves.
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DISCUSSION

TABLE III

Variables frequency M (SD)

Normal BMI 4.92 (4.42) 3.72 (2.33) 3.65 (2.29) 5.47 (2.11) 2.63 (3.21) 5.72 (2.66)

Overweight* 6.72 (6.07) 6.02 (5.48) 3.67 (2.14) 5.52 (2.09) 3.83 (4.04) 5.51 (2.74)

Chocolate / week Fried potatoes / week Salad / week Traditional platters / week Eating out / week Fruits / week

Studying hours / day Minutes walking to school / day TV watching hours / day Computer playing hours / day Physical activity hours / day

* Overweight individuals include obese and at risk of obesity categories.

2.79 (1.67) 10.92 (7.58) 2.84 (2.15) 1.78 (1.95) 1.63 (1.36)

2.83 (1.82) 11.06 (8.31) 2.94 (2.57) 1.89 (2.00) 1.44 (1.31)

< 10-4 < 10-4 0.88 0.58 < 10-4 0.07 0.64 0.84 0.35 0.21 0.002

H. CHAKAR, P. R. SALAMEH Obesity in public schools adolescents

97th percentile 95th percentile 90th percentile 75th percentile 50th percentile

Body Mass Index in kg/m2

25th percentile

10th percentile 5th percentile 3rd percentile

FIGURE 1

Body Mass Index of Girls in Lebanese Public Schools

Age in years

97th percentile 95th percentile 90th percentile 75th percentile 50th percentile

Body Mass Index in kg/m2

25th percentile

10th percentile 5th percentile 3rd percentile

FIGURE 2

Body Mass Index of Boys in Lebanese Public Schools


H. CHAKAR, P. R. SALAMEH Obesity in public schools adolescents

Age in years

84 Lebanese Medical Journal 2011 Volume 59 (2)

97th percentile 95th percentile

90th percentile

75th percentile 50th percentile 25th percentile 10th percentile 5th percentile 3rd percentile

Weight in kg

FIGURE 3

Weight of Girls in Lebanese Public Schools

Age in years

97th percentile 95th percentile 90th percentile 75th percentile 50th percentile 25th percentile 10th percentile 5th percentile 3rd percentile

Weight in kg

FIGURE 4

Weight of Boys in Lebanese Public Schools


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Age in years

H. CHAKAR, P. R. SALAMEH Obesity in public schools adolescents

97th percentile 95th percentile 90th percentile 75th percentile 50th percentile 25th percentile

10th percentile

5th percentile 3rd percentile

Height in cm

FIGURE 5

Height of Girls in Lebanese Public Schools


97th percentile 95th percentile 90th percentile 75th percentile 50th percentile 25th percentile 10th percentile 5th percentile 3rd percentile

Age in years

Height in cm

FIGURE 6

Height of Boys in Lebanese Public Schools


H. CHAKAR, P. R. SALAMEH Obesity in public schools adolescents

Age in years

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Overall 6.6% of public schools adolescents were obese, while 20.5% were at risk of obesity, with no significant difference in obesity prevalence estimates except for categories under 13 years of age. These results are generally similar to the ones we found in private schools: a high prevalence of obesity (7.5%) and risk of obesity (24.4%); however, differences between boys and girls were not found in public schools as in our previous work in private schools [6]. Our results are also comparable to those obtained in Lebanese boys and girls, where 22.5% of boys versus 16.1% of girls were overweight; they are also identical for obesity prevalence in boys (7.5%) but higher than that of girls (3.2%) [5]. Our results are however lower than those reported for the American population, with 10.9% of obese and 22% at risk of obesity in children aged 6 to 17 years of age [23], and somehow similar to those found in European and Asian countries [24]. There were significant differences in obesity prevalence estimates between age groups in girls: increased age was associated with higher obesity (3.8% in those 13 y of age versus 10.6%in those > 17 y; p = 0.02); this trend was not found in boys (6.5% in those 13 y and 7.2% in those > 17 y; p = 0.78). These results are opposite to the ones we found for private schools girls, where the risk of obesity and obesity prevalences had decreased with increasing age (p < 10-4), while there is no change in obesity prevalence estimates with age in boys in both studies [6]. Discrepancies between boys and girls obesity prevalence estimates according to high and low socioeconomic levels remain to be explained. In developed countries, children of public schools have a higher prevalence of obesity during their adolescent years than those with higher socioeconomic status [25]; in these countries, food insecurity, and poverty are clear risk factors for obesity in these children [26]. However, in developing countries, the opposite seems to happen, and high socioeconomic level is associated with higher levels of obesity [10]. We note that the International Obesity Task Force cutoff values have a low sensitivity for detecting obesity [27], and there is a substantial variability of BMIs accuracy as an indicator of adiposity; thus, caution should be taken in interpreting our results [28], particularly for boys and lower BMI adolescents [29]: sensibly higher results would be expected if BMI measures would be replaced by more sensitive measures, such as fat mass index and fat free mass index [28]; this would put our Lebanese public schools adolescents at one of the highest points of the international ladder regarding obesity prevalence and risk of obesity. From a public health point of view, these results are alarming: obesity in adolescents is known to be the cause of several physical, mental and social problems [7]. As expected, a significant increase in the risk of being overweight was found with increased frequency of eating fried potatoes, chocolate and eating out. In contrast, eating fruits and having physical activity were associated with a lower risk of being overweight. These results are similar to those of other researchers in the world. For example, in Puerto Rican children, frequency of fruit juice consumpH. CHAKAR, P. R. SALAMEH Obesity in public schools adolescents

tion, hours of daily TV viewing, maternal BMI and lower dairy product intake were associated with obesity [30]. Television viewing has been correlated with lower physical activity in girls, and with higher snacking frequency and sweets consumption in boys [30-32]. However, patterns of relationships may differ according to parental weight status. For overweight families, television viewing may provide a context for excessive snack consumption, in addition to inactivity [32]. Moreover, similar to our results, obese adolescents seem less physically active than are normal-weight adolescents, girls in particular [33-36]. The decline in physical activity with age is antithetical to public health goals, so methods of countering the decline need to be developed, based upon an improved understanding of the phenomenon and its causes [35]. Modifiable determinants of decreased physical activity are numerous [37-38], and they should be taken into account when encouraging adolescents to increase they physical activity. Thus, dietary and physical activity guidelines [39-40] could be applied to induce the required changes in adolescents behavior, after adaptation to the Lebanese culture and habits. Health education campaigns focusing on healthy eating and physical activity are suggested. However, some environmental influences beyond a childs control may make dietary and physical activity habits especially resistant to change [41], such as peers and media, with varying effects in boys and girls [42]. Further studies are still needed to thoroughly explain the nutritional behavior of Lebanese adolescents, evaluate the impact of globalization and westernization of social habits on nutrition and physical activity in the Lebanese society, in addition to interactions with genetic, hormonal, biological, psychological, and environmental factors in causing obesity. More adequate nutritional tools (extended food frequency questionnaires, three-day diet history, and 24 hours recalls) would be required to thoroughly evaluate adolescents nutritional habits. An extension of the sample to lower age children would also be needed to have a wider idea about childhood obesity in Lebanon. In conclusion, the growth curves we generated can be used for public schools adolescents in Lebanon; they add to the knowledge about trends in child growth and development and could be useful to monitor prevalent conditions in this specific population such as overweight and obesity. Furthermore, several factors related to school and family environments were associated to overweight among the public schools adolescents. Prevention measures should focus on healthy lifestyles and target all adolescents, especially those of a low to median socioeconomic status.
1. World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland : World Health Organization, 2003. 2. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents
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H. CHAKAR, P. R. SALAMEH Obesity in public schools adolescents

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